Moderate Intensity Interval Training Research Articles

Effects of Supramaximal Intensity Interval Training on Resistin and Cardiometabolic Health Indices in Overweight Nonpostmenopausal Women.

Adipose tissue is an endocrine organ that produces various bioactive molecules known as adipokines, including resistin, which is be highly expressed in people with obesity and cardiovascular disease (CVD). The effects of supramaximal high intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity interval training (MIIT) on serum levels of resistin and various cardiometabolic health indices, were investigated. Supramaximal and moderate interval training induce comparable effects on serum resistin levels and cardiometabolic health indices. Cohort study. Thirty overweight adult women were assigned to 1 of 3 groups: HIIT (2 sets of 8 intervals, each with 30 seconds exercise at 100%-110% maximal aerobic speed [MAS] followed by 30 seconds rest at 50% MAS; for 6 weeks with 3 sessions per week), MIIT (2 sets of 8 intervals, each with 30 seconds exercise at 70%-80% MAS followed by 30 seconds rest at 50% MAS; for 6 weeks with 3 sessions per week), or a control group. Triglyceride levels were significantly higher in the control group compared with both the HIIT and MIIT groups (P = .02 and .01, respectively). High-density lipoprotein levels were also elevated significantly in the experimental groups compared with the control group (P = .04 and .03, respectively). Serum resistin increased significantly from pretest levels in the control group (P < .01). Between-group comparisons showed that resistin levels were significantly higher in the control group than in the experimental groups (P < .01 and .01, respectively). Six weeks of HIIT can reduce resistin levels and improve cardiometabolic health indicators in nonpostmenopausal women. Although 6 weeks of MIIT does not reduce resistin, it does decrease systolic blood pressure and obesity-related factors in nonmenopausal women. Supramaximal interval training may be recommended to control bioactive molecules produced from adipose tissue that are linked to CVD.

The Effect of Eight Weeks of Moderate-Intensity Interval Training on Uncarboxylated Osteocalcin Levels and Insulin Resistance Markers in Obese Women

Background: Osteocalcin (OC) carboxylation functions as a hormone in glucose metabolism, enhancing insulin secretion, sensitivity, and energy consumption. Objectives: This study aimed to examine the effect of eight weeks of moderate-intensity interval training on uncarboxylated OC levels and insulin resistance markers in obese women. Methods: This semi-experimental study included 20 obese women aged 35 to 45, who were randomly divided into two groups: An experimental group (10 participants) and a control group (10 participants). The moderate-intensity interval training program lasted eight weeks, with three sessions per week, each lasting 20 to 40 minutes, at an intensity of 50% to 75% of maximum heart rate. A one-way repeated measures analysis of variance was used to assess intra-group and inter-group changes. Results: The moderate-intensity interval training program resulted in significant reductions in weight, Body Mass Index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio, insulin levels, and the Insulin Resistance Index. Additionally, uncarboxylated OC levels and maximal oxygen consumption significantly increased by the end of the study period. Time interaction changes within the group were statistically significant for waist-to-hip ratio, glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, and maximal oxygen consumption. Conclusions: Moderate-intensity interval training increased uncarboxylated OC levels and decreased the Insulin Resistance Index in obese women. These findings suggest that moderate-intensity interval training can be recommended as a preventive or therapeutic strategy for managing obesity and potential metabolic diseases associated with obesity.

Moderate Intensity Interval Training (MIIT) and High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) exercise therapy against irisin levels in obesity

Obesity can cause physiological disorders. These physiological disturbances cannot be separated from the roles of irisin. Exercising with the right measure, measurable, and regularly is a strategy for dealing with obesity. The aims of this study were (1) to determine the effect of irisin levels on exercise with the Moderate Intensity Interval Training (MIIT) and High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) levels models in obese rats. This research is a true experimental laboratory study with a pretest-posttest control group design. This research was conducted at the Bioscience Laboratory of Brawijaya University, Malang. The research sample used 27 obese male Wistar rats divided into 9 MIIT group rats, 9 HIIT rats, and 9 control rats. Exercise intervention is given for 6 weeks at a frequency of 4 times per week. The intensity of MIIT (60–80% of base line ability), HIIT (90–100% of base line ability), irisin levels are obtained from blood tests using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Data analysis used the Anova test and post hoc Tukey analysis with a significance level of 0.01. The results showed that there was no significant difference in irisin levels (p = 0.507). The HIIT irisin difference was lower than MIIT (p = 0.932) and Control (p = 0.491), and there was no difference in irisin value between the MIIT and Control groups (p = 0.708).

Effect of Moderate Intensity Interval Training on the Expression of Genes Related to Necroptosis of Heart Tissue in Male Heart Attack Model Rats

Introduction: Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury is a set of cellular and molecular patho-mechanisms that lead to the death of living cardiomyocytes and compromised cardiac function. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of moderate intensity interval training on the expression of RIPK-1, RIPK-3 and MLKL genes in the heart of male heart attack model rats. Methods: In this experimental study, thirty 16-week-old male Wistar rats weighing 220 to 280 gr were randomly divided into three groups: control (healthy), myocardial infarction (MI), and moderate intensity interval training. Myocardial infarction was performed by direct intervention with occlusion in the left anterior descending artery (LAD) for 30 minutes. Interval training protocol was performed three days a week, for 8 weeks, with moderate intensity of 60 minutes of interval running on a treadmill, each interval including 4 minutes of running with an intensity of 65-70% of VO2max and 2 minutes of active recovery with an intensity of 50-60% of VO2max. qRT-PCR method was used to check the gene expression of research variables. Data were compared using SPSS software version 16, one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test at a significance level of p&lt;0.05. Results: The expression of cardiac RIPK-1, RIPK-3 and MLKL genes were higher in the MI group compared to the control group; however, moderate intensity interval training decreased the expression of RIPK-1, RIPK-3 and MLKL genes compared to the MI group (p=0.001 and p=0.006, respectively). Conclusion: The results of the research showed that myocardial infarction is associated with the activation of the necroptosis cell death pathway, likewise, interval training with moderate intensity has an effect on reducing the expression of necroptosis genes (RIPK1, RIPK3, and MLKL). However, due to the lack of evidences and limitations of research, it still needs more investigations.

Impact of diverse aerobic exercise plans on glycemic control, lipid levels, and functional activity in stroke patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

This study aimed to assess the effects of Low-to-Moderate Intensity Continuous Training (LMICT), Moderate-Intensity Interval Training (MIIT), and Reduced-Exertion High-Intensity Training (REHIT) on blood glucose regulation, functional recovery, and lipid levels in individuals who have experienced a stroke and are diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). Forty-two T2DM stroke patients were randomly allocated to four groups: LMICT, MIIT, REHIT, and a control group (CON). Participants continuously monitored their blood glucose levels throughout the intervention using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices. The study comprised two exercise intervention cycles: the first lasting from Day 3 to Day 14 and the second from Day 15 to Day 28, with the initial two days serving as contrasting periods. Primary outcomes encompassed CGM-derived blood glucose measurements, the Barthel Index (BI), Fugl-Meyer Assessment lower-extremity subscale (FMA-LE), and alterations in triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c). Compared with the CON, the MIIT group showed significant improvements in mean glucose (MG), glucose standard deviation (SD), time above range (TAR), and time in range (TIR). The REHIT group exhibited significantly reduced time below range (TBR), glucose SD, and coefficient of variation (CV). Regarding lipid levels, although the REHIT group achieved a significant reduction in TG levels compared with the CON, the overall effects of LMICT, MIIT, and REHIT on lipid profiles were relatively modest. Concerning functional recovery, the REHIT group significantly improved the BI and FMA-LE. Although the short-term quantitative impact of exercise on lipid levels may be limited, both REHIT and MIIT significantly improved glycemic management and reduced glucose variability in post-stroke patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Additionally, REHIT notably enhanced functional recovery.

Protocol for a randomized controlled trial of moderate intensity interval training in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and obstructive sleep apnea overlap syndrome who have excessive daytime sleepiness

BackgroundThe term “Overlap Syndrome” (OS) describes the presence of both chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in a single individual. Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) is a common symptom of OS shown to be associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) that could be reduced through exercise. Thus, we propose to investigate a novel exercise intervention in individuals with the EDS-OS phenotype as they are at highest risk of CVD yet have the greatest barriers to exercise. MethodsWe will conduct a single-site, randomized, two-arm, parallel group-controlled exercise trial in individuals with EDS-OS. The Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) will be assessed at baseline. Individuals with OS and the EDS-OS phenotype (ESS >10) (n = 46) will be randomized to a moderate intensity interval training (MIIT, i.e. intervals of 5 min at 50% VO2peak followed by 3 min of active recovery at 10% VO2peak) or a control group of standard of care. We will investigate if MIIT intervention decreases the risk of CVD in EDS-OS, which will be assessed by: 1) quality of life, measured by the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey; 2) physical activity, measured by daily step counts; and 3) cardiovascular health, assessed as VO2peak, flow-mediated dilation and serum high sensitivity C-reactive protein, lipids, and glucose. ConclusionOur findings will guide future development and implementation of exercise interventions that could reduce the risk of CVD in the understudied EDS-OS phenotype.

Oxygen Consumption During Moderate-Intensity Interval Exercise in Overweight Young Adults

Background: Overweight and obesity have become a problem for younger generations, so weight management must be introduced. Moderate-intensity interval training (MIIT) has been recommended for aging and obese populations because it is friendly and accessible. However, little information is known about the physiological response during moderate-interval intensity exercise, especially for overweight and obese persons. Objectives: To evaluate cardiorespiratory alteration upon a single bout of MIIT exercise among sedentary, overweight young Thai adults. Methods: Fifteen overweight young adults (8 males and 7 females, body mass index between 25.0 - 29.9 kg/m2, aged between 18 - 25 years) underwent cycling ergometry for 45 minutes (warm-up 5 minutes; 3 × 5 minutes at 20 - 40% of heart rate reserve and 5 minutes at 50 - 60%; cool down 10 minutes). A gas analyzer and limb lead electrocardiogram were used to record oxygen consumption (V̇O2), heart rate (HR), and dioxide production (V̇CO2) throughout the experiment. Results: During the 45-minute MIIT exercise protocol, the participants consumed 25.1 ± 8.1 L, equal to approximately 530 ± 171 kJ. As expected, heart rate, O2 uptake, and CO2 production increased during moderated-intensity exercise and declined during low-intensity exercise. A low to moderate duration ratio of 1: 1 was sufficient to return both O2 consumption and CO2 production to their stage level, but not for heart rate. Although there was a very linear relationship between V̇O2 and heart rate for the overall period (0.761 ± 0.090), the correlation was weaker when selectively computed during low (0.549 ± 0.161) or moderate exercises (0.658 ± 0.105). Interestingly, RER larger than one during moderate-intensity exercise indicated the possibility of high acid accumulation. Conclusions: The MIIT protocol in the present study provided a responsive effect on overweight persons toward anaerobic metabolism but was a little aggressive.

Moderate intensity continuous and interval training increased VEGF and decreased cholesterol levels in female rats high calorie diet

This study investigated the impact of moderate-intensity continuous training and moderate-intensity interval training on VEGF and cholesterol levels in female rats given high-calorie diet. The research was a randomized post-test with only a control group design. Thirty-two female rats were randomly assigned to four groups, P1 (n=8, standard diet group), P2 (n=8, high-calorie diet group), P3 (n=8, combination high-calorie diet and moderate intensity continuous training), P4 (n=8, combination high-calorie diet and moderate intensity interval training). The P2,P3,P4 consisted of an ad libitum standard diet plus a dextrose solution for 4 weeks. The intervention group of P3 underwent swimming plus 6% load of body weight for 10 minutes in first week, 20 minutes in second week, and 30 minutes in third and fourth week. The intervention group of P4 underwent swimming with a ratio of 2:1 between swimming and rest time, plus 6% load of body weight, progressively increased each week. Cholesterol and VEGF levels were measured post-intervention. The mean cholesterol levels in both high-calorie diet group combined with MICT and MIIT were significantly lower (p &lt; 0.001) compared to high-calorie diet group. The mean VEGF of high-calorie diet group combined with MICT was significantly higher (p = 0.025) compared to standard and high-calorie diet group, and high-calorie diet group combined with MIIT was significantly higher (p = 0.004) compared to high-calorie diet group. It can be concluded that both moderate-intensity continuous and interval training significantly increased VEGF and reduced cholesterol levels. Key Words: obesity, interval training, continuous training, cholesterol, VEGF.

The impact of interval training on adiponectin to leptin ratios and on blood pressures in severely obese adolescent girls: A randomized controlled trial

ABSTRACT Interval-training is widely implemented among populations with obesity to decrease metabolic-disorders; however, high-intensity-interval-training (HIIT) has rarely been studied in severely obese adolescent girls. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the effects of 8 weeks of (HIIT) or moderate-intensity interval-training (MIIT), on cardiometabolic risk factors and hormonal-ratios in severely-obese-girls. For this aim, 35 female-adolescents (14.4 ± 1.4 years) were assigned randomly into HIIT (n = 12) and MIIT (n = 12), groups and a control group (CG, n = 11). Both training groups significantly improved (p < 0.05): the body-mass, body-mass-index (BMIp95), body-fat (BF%), waist-circumference (WC), mean-arterial-pressure (MAP), with a slight increase in the HIIT group. However, HIIT induced greater improvements on the maximal oxygen uptake (VO2MAX) and the speed related (24.7 and 11.8%) compared to MIIT. Higher improvements occurred in HIIT group related to leptin and adiponectin concentrations and the A/L ratio at (p < 0.001). In conclusion, the findings indicate that both HIIT and MIIT can positively influence body composition and cardio-respiratory fitness. Given the significant correlation noted between the A/L ratio, BMIp95, BF%, and MAP post-HIIT, this training modality may be considered a more advantageous approach over MIIT for mitigating cardio-metabolic issues in severely obese adolescent girls.

Eeffect of Eight Weeks of Moderate Intensity Interval Training with Selenium Supplementation on Oxidative Stress Levels, Body Composition, and Functional Indices in Women with Hypothyroidism

Introduction: Thyroid diseases are common health issues worldwide, especially among women. The occurrence of thyroid diseases is increasingly associated with oxidative stress. The present study aimed to assess the effect of eight weeks of moderate intensity interval training with selenium supplementation on oxidative stress levels, body composition, and functional indices in women with hypothyroidism. Method: In this quasi-experimental study, 46 women with hypothyroidism were randomly assigned to four groups: placebo, selenium supplement, moderate-intensity interval training+ selenium, and moderate-intensity interval training+placebo. Selenium tablets contain 200 micrograms of selenium and placebo contains chickpea flour, which should be taken daily in one meal before exercise. The exercise program consisted of eight weeks, three sessions per week, each lasting 20-40 minutes at an intensity equivalent to 60%-80% of maximum heart rate. Paired t-test was used for intragroup changes, and one-way analysis of variance with repeated measures was employed for between-group changes. Results: The results indicated significant statistical differences in the time interaction changes within the groups in variables, such as body weight (P=0.001), body mass index (P=0.001), body fat percentage (P=0.001), malondialdehyde (P=0.001), glutathione peroxidase (P=0.004), muscle endurance (P=0.001), and hand grip strength (P=0.001). Conclusion: As evidenced by the findings of the current study, it is likely that intermittent moderate-intensity exercise with selenium supplementation can be used to improve thyroid hormones and prevent the negative effects of hypothyroidism in women.

Effect of the High-Intensity Interval Training on BDNF Level in Ischemic Stroke Rat Model on the Recovery of Motor Function

BACKGROUND: Stroke is one of the major causes of disability in the world. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is known as a novel treatment to promote stroke recovery. However, the results differ in their effects on irisin, which is a regulator of brain-delivered neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of HIIT on BDNF and irisin levels in a rat model of ischemic stroke with middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) induction on recovery motor function.METHODS: Rats were categorized into 4 groups: sham, MCAO, MCAO+moderate-intensity interval training (MIIT), and MCAO+HIIT. MCAO induction was performed to create the ischemic stroke rats model. The motor function was assessed through rotarod and footprint tests. Blood samples were obtained 6 days before MCAO and 14 days after MCAO to examine BDNF and irisin levels with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Brain tissue samples were collected 14 days after MCAO for histopathological examination of cortical tissue with hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining.RESULTS: Rats in the MCAO+HIIT group exhibited an enhanced ability to walk on the rotarod (p=0.016). The stride-length hind paw right in the MCAO+HIIT group demonstrated a noteworthy increase in comparison to baseline value (p=0.036), and the stride-length fore paw right showed a significant increase in both the MCAO+HIIT (p=0.036) and MCAO groups (p=0.034). BDNF significantly improved in the MCAO+MIIT (p=0.043) and MCAO+HIIT groups (p=0.018). The irisin level only showed a significant enhancement in the MCAO+HIIT group (p=0.018).CONCLUSION: HIIT increased motor function, while BDNF level increased with HIIT and MIIT intervention. This preclinical research is useful for supporting the recovery of stroke patients by HIIT intervention.KEYWORDS: BDNF, HIIT, MIIT, irisin, ischemic stroke, MCAO

Comparative effects of moderate-intensity interval training on sleep quality and functional capacity in atrial fibrillation patients with two types of sleep apnea

IntroductionThis study aimed to examine the effects of moderate-intensity interval training (MIIT) on the quality of sleep and functional capacity in atrial fibrillation (AF) patients with different presentations of sleep apnoea after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery.Methods18 participants with AF and sleep apnoea aged 45–65 years were assigned into two groups: AF with obstructive sleep apnoea group (group A, n1 = 9) and AF with mixed sleep apnoea group (group B, n2 = 9). Both groups received MIIT for ten weeks (3 sessions / week) and medical treatment (i.e., Continuous Positive Airway Pressure and drug therapy). Exclusion criteria were unstable cardiac comorbidities and neurological/musculoskeletal limitations to exercise intervention. Outcome measures included sleep parameters collected from the actigraphy, overall sleep quality rating domain of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and six-minute walk distance (6-MWD).ResultsSignificant changes were present in the means of all outcomes in group A (p &lt; 0.05) and two outcomes (i.e., cut points &amp; 6-MWD) in group B compared to baseline (p &lt; 0.05). Also, there were significant differences in the absolute mean changes from baseline (∆) between the two groups, in favour of group A, in sleep latency (p &lt; 0.001), total sleep duration (p = 0.026), sleep efficiency (p &lt; 0.001), overall sleep quality rating item of the PSQI (p = 0.001), and 6-MWD (p = 0.008).ConclusionsMIIT can be a supplementary therapeutic intervention that could contribute to greater positive changes in sleep quality and functional capacity in AF patients with obstructive sleep apnoea rather than in AF patients with mixed sleep apnoea post-CABG. MIIT could enhance the functional capacity independent of improving sleep quality in patients with AF and mixed sleep apnoea post-CABG.

Using training impulse and monotony methods to monitor aerobic training load in rats.

This study is the first to apply training impulse (TRIMP) and Training Monotony (TM) methodologies, within the realm of sport science, in animal model studies. Rats were divided into Sedentary (SED, n=10) and Training (TR, n=13). TR performed a four-week moderate-intensity interval training with load progression. Lactate kinetics, lactate training impulse (TRIMPLac), maximal speed training impulse (TRIMPSmax) and TM were utilized to develop and monitor training protocol. TR showed an 11.9% increase in time to exhaustion at the second maximum incremental test and a 17.5% increase at the third test. External work was increased by 17.8% at the second test and 30.3% at the third. There was a 10.6% increase in external work at the third test compared to the second for TR. No difference in TRIMPLac between the 1st week (94±9 A.U) and 3rdweek (83±10 A.U) were seen. TRIMPSmax was 2400 A.U. in the 1st week, 2760 A.U. in the 2nd and 3rd weeks, and 3120 A.U. in the 4th week. The TM remained at 1.24 A.U throughout the protocol and there was no dropouts. TRIMPLac and TRIMPSmax contributed to the development and monitoring loads, demonstrating their potential to improve the accuracy of training protocols in animal model research.

The Effect of Moderate Intensity Interval Training (MIIT) on Short-Term Memory Function, the Ratio of Neocortical Neurons and Glial Cells, and the Number of Hippocampal Pyknotic Granule Cells in Rats on a High-Calorie Diet

Consumption of a high-calorie diet correlates with increased metabolic disturbances that lead to various organ disorders, including neurodegenerative disease. Women are more susceptible to metabolic disorders due to a high-calorie diet, so they have higher risk factors for neuroinflammation. This study was conducted to explain the effect of Moderate Intensity Interval Training (MIIT) on short-term memory, neocortex glia neuron ratio, and hippocampal pyknotic granule cells in female Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) with a high-calorie diet. The Wistar rats used were two months old. The study was conducted for four weeks, preceded by the acclimatization of experimental animals. MIIT intervention in the form of swimming is done every 5 minutes with a rest period of 2.5 minutes with two repetitions. Measurement of short-term memory using Y-maze instrument. Results: Before treatment, the highest average body weight was in groups C, B, and A (p=0.006). After treatment, the highest average body weight was found in groups B, C, and A (p=0.569). The test results of short-term memory measurement using the alternation indicator showed no significant difference between groups in the pre-alternation test (p=0.481). There was a significant difference between groups for the neuron-glia ratio (p=0.370) and the hippocampus of the pyknosis granule cells (p=0.078). In conclusion, there is a significant difference between groups A, B, and C towards the MIIT intervention.

The effect of low- and moderate-intensity interval training on cognitive behaviors of male and female rats with VPA-induced autism

IntroductionThis study was performed to evaluate the effects of low and moderate treadmill exercise for one month on social interaction, anxiety-like behaviors, and spatial learning and memory in male and female autistic rats. MethodsPregnant rats received valproic acid (VPA) (600 mg/kg/i.p) once on gestational day 12.5 to induce autism-like symptoms in the offspring. After delivery, the offspring were divided into six main groups, each with male and female subgroups: Control (CTL, prenatal normal saline), autism (prenatal VPA), low-intensity training (LIT,normal saline + low treadmill exercise), moderate -intensity training (MIT, normal saline + moderate treadmill exercise), VPA + LIT, and VPA + MIT. On the 60th day, the offspring were tested by the elevated plus maze (EPM), open field test (OFT), social interaction test (SIT), and Morris water maze (MWM). ResultsThe results showed that both LIT and MIT could partly alleviate anxiety-like behaviors induced by prenatal VPA exposure in two sexes. Social impairment was observed in the autistic rats and was improved by LIT in both sexes and MIT in females. No significant change was seen in the spatial learning and memory of autistic rats by exercise. ConclusionThe findings suggest that treadmill exercise can be helpful for improving some autism-like behaviors. Further studies are needed to investigate the involved mechanisms.

High-intensity Interval Training Versus Moderate-intensity Interval Training: Anthropometrics, Inflammation, Stress Markers And Exercise Enjoyment

High-intensity Interval Training Versus Moderate-intensity Interval Training: Anthropometrics, Inflammation, Stress Markers And Exercise Enjoyment

Sport as Medicine for Dyslipidemia (and Other Risk Factors).

Dyslipidemia is a common condition characterized by abnormal lipid levels in the blood, which can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. Physical activity and participation in sports have been shown to have a positive impact on lipid profiles and reduce the risk of dyslipidemia. Additionally, regular physical activity can lead to weight loss and improved insulin sensitivity, both of which are associated with improved lipid profiles. This review aims to provide an overview on the utility of physical activity in the management of dyslipidemia. Improvements in lipid profiles were observed across both short- and long-term durations of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate intensity interval training (MIIT). However, it seems that more significant improvements in lipid profiles can be achieved with longer periods of physical activity and more intense exercise regimens. Several studies have investigated the relationship between aerobic exercise and HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), and the results suggest that HDL-C levels are more responsive to aerobic exercise compared to LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglycerides (TG). Although findings on the effect of aerobic exercise on LDL-C levels have been inconsistent, there may still be beneficial changes in LDL-C subfractions that could provide cardiovascular protection. One such subfraction is plasma Lp(a), which contains Apo(a). However, unlike other LDL subfractions, Lp(a) is determined by genetics and is not influenced by physical activity. Therefore, it cannot be improved through exercise. Exercise is commonly believed to lead to a decrease in plasma TG concentrations. However, it is important to note that the baseline TG level may play a crucial role in determining the effect of exercise on the TG response. Factors such as individual variability and metabolic differences can influence the response of TG levels to exercise. Overall, exercise plays a crucial role in improving lipid profiles and promoting cardiovascular health. In conclusion, sport can be considered a form of medicine for dyslipidemia. Regular physical activity and participation in sports can improve lipid profiles, reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, and improve overall health. It is essential to incorporate exercise and a healthy lifestyle into one's daily routine to prevent and manage dyslipidemia effectively.

The Effect of Training Type on The Signaling P athway of Ceramide-Dependent Insulin Resistance in The Flexor Hallucis Longus Muscle of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats.

This study aimed to compare the effect of different physical training on the mechanism of ceramidedependent insulin resistance in the flexor hallucis longus (FHL) muscle of diabetic rats. In this experimental study, 7 healthy as a healthy control (HC) group, and 21 diabetics (55 mg/ kg Streptozotocin) Wistar rats (200-220 g; 8-10 weeks old) divided into the diabetic control (DC), moderate continuous training (MCT), and moderate intensity interval training (MIIT) groups. Both MCT (55-70% of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), and MIIT (85% VO2max) groups trained for 10-25 minutes at a speed of 10-20 m/minutes. The changes in the expression of blood glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, lipid profile and total ceramide were measured as well as ceramide synthase-1, Glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4), Protein kinase B known as Akt, phosphorylated protein kinase B known as pAkt, protein kinase C (PKC), and tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα). Blood glucose, triglyceride (TG) and ceramide synthase-1 (CS1) expression levels in the MCT group decreased in comparison with the DC group. FHL protein expression of GLUT4 in the MCT group was higher than the DC group. FHL expression of GLUT4, pAKT, AKT/pAKT, PKC, CS1 and total ceramide in the MIIT group were higher than the DC group. Cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), TG, and TNF-α protein expression in the MIIT group were lower than the DC group. GLUT4, PKC, pAKT, AKT/pAKT in the MIIT group were higher, and total ceramide and TNF-α were lower in the MIIT group than the MCT group. It seems that both training plan MIIT and MCT have favorable effects on the metabolism of glucose, insulin, lipids, and the decrease of TNFα level in the diabetes, but in connection with the improvement of the ceramides mechanism, it seems that the MIIT training plan is more optimal than MCT training plan.

Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training Versus Moderate-Intensity Interval Training: Effects on Cardiometabolic Factors in Spanish Obese Adults.

Excess weight and obesity are related to cardiometabolic diseases and limit physical activity. Until now, the effects of moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) compared with moderate-intensity interval training (MIIT) in Spanish obese adults have not been analyzed. This study aimed to investigate the effect of MICT and MIIT together with a 1300-to-1400 caloric restrictive diet on cardiovascular disease risk factors in overweight and obese patients. The MICT and MIIT groups trained during 4 sessions a week for 12 weeks while performing the diet. The MICT group trained for 32 minutes per session in a cycloergometer, initially at 60% maximal oxygen uptake during the first month and increasing by 10% every 4 weeks. The MIIT group performed 4 × 4 intervals (at 60% maximal oxygen uptake and active rest at 60% maximal oxygen uptake minus 20 W), with a 10% increase every 4 weeks. The control group neither trained nor followed the restrictive diet. One hundred fifty-nine obese adults participated in the study. The control group did not present any significant changes during the study. The MICT group significantly improved in all the variables (P < .05) except for high-density lipoproteins. The MIIT group improved in all the variables (P < .05) except for high-density lipoproteins and triglycerides. The MIIT group lost weight in less time than the MICT group. Overweight and obese adults of both the MICT and MIIT groups decreased their risk for cardiovascular disease, although the MIIT group lost weight in a shorter amount of time.

Effects of moderate- vs. high-intensity interval training on physical fitness, enjoyment, and affective valence in overweight/obese female adolescents: a pre-/post-test study.

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of 12-week moderate-intensity interval training (MIIT) vs. high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on body composition, physical fitness, and psychological valence in overweight/obese (OW/OB) female adolescents. Thirty-eight OW/OB female students were randomized into HIIT (n=13), MIIT (n=13) or control (n=12) groups. The participants underwent a 12-week interval-training program at 100% to 110% and 60% to 75% of maximal aerobic speed for HIIT and MIIT, respectively. The control group kept their usual physical activity without completing the training program. Pre- and post-training measurements were performed to assess body composition, aerobic capacity, and anaerobic performance (using selected tests evaluating speed, jumping ability, and strength). Ratings of perceived exertion and the feeling scale were evaluated every three weeks. Enjoyment was measured at the end of the program. A two-way analysis of variance with repeated measurements was applied to test for "group×time" interactions for body composition, physical fitness, and affective variables. Significant "group×time" interactions were detected for aerobic and anaerobic performance, body composition indices, and the feeling scale. HIIT resulted in more noticeable improvements in body composition and physical performance than MIIT, while no significant changes were found in the control group. Throughout the program, the feeling score has progressively increased in the MIIT group but decreased in the HIIT group. Ratings of the perceived exertion have increased in both groups, more noticeably in the HIIT group. At the end of the program, the MIIT group showed a higher enjoyment score. Despite offering better body composition improvement and physical fitness enhancement, HIIT offered lesser enjoyment and affective valence than MIIT in OW/OB female adolescents. MIIT might be an alternative time-efficient protocol for improving health in this population.