Economic Model Research Articles

The complexity of integrating land-use and transportation policies to promote sustainable compact development

ABSTRACT Urban compaction is widely recognized as a key strategy for promoting sustainability, yet successful implementation cases remain rare in the United States. We use the Transportation, Economic, and Land-Use Model (TELUM) to examine to what extent a land-use or transportation policy must be regulated to make the compaction occur in a typical auto-dependent city, Fresno, California with five policy scenarios. The results from the land-use policy scenarios suggest that high-density development and outskirt restriction can promote compaction, with the latter accelerating the process. Transportation policy scenarios, locational impedance and mileage-based impedance, demonstrate that transportation interventions can either create barriers between regions or foster the formation of a polycentric compact city, respectively. The policy analysis approach we propose not only evaluates the outcomes of specific compaction policies but also assesses whether development trends align with the intended objectives of policy interventions designed to achieve urban compaction.

Migration and Environment: Multiscalar Impact in the Binational Colombian-Venezuelan Pamplonita River Basin

ABSTRACT This article addresses the implications of international migration on the social, economic, political, and environmental configuration of the binational Pamplonita River Basin along the Colombia–Venezuela border. It focuses on three scalar levels of analysis: at the global scale, it examines the geopolitical causes impacting migration worldwide, particularly through political ideologies and economic models that affect socioeconomic inequalities and environmental degradation. At the regional level, it highlights the influence of the neoliberal paradigm in Latin America, which has generated migratory movements towards developed countries. At the local scale, it explores the Colombian-Venezuelan migratory dynamics driven by economic and social crises, affecting population movement and the socio-ecosystems of the basin, particularly the tropical dry and riparian forests. The research adopts a multiscalar perspective to understand the interconnections and complexities of the factors influencing migration and its effects on the social and natural environment. A holistic approach is essential in analyzing the institutional challenges related to migratory dynamics and the sustainability of the binational basin’s forests, considering the historical trajectories of political, socioeconomic, and environmental aspects.

A tunnel to the other side of the world: what sort of writing can contribute to social change?

ABSTRACT Journal articles are not widely read, so can academics cultivate their skills in genres which are more popular and persuasive? Can we ‘write differently’? This paper presents an account of a children's story aimed at engaging children and adults in understanding the relationship between inequality and the climate and ecological crises, and aimed at stimulating readers to engage in social change. The subtext of the children’s story is a critique of mainstream political economy through using the concept of ‘cosmolocal’ production relying on ideas about the commons. We explore whether and how academics can convey these ideas effectively through different forms of publication, and we focus on comparing children's books and journal articles. Many academics would agree that they want to co-create a better future by addressing wealth inequality and environmental degradation through alternative economic and technological models. The question is whether journal articles help achieve that aim.

Tacrolimus and diabetic rodent models.

Tacrolimus (TAC) is an immunosuppressant widely utilized in organ transplantation. One of its primary adverse effects is glucose metabolism disorder, which significantly increases the risk of diabetes. Investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying TAC-induced diabetes is essential for developing effective prevention and treatment strategies for these adverse effects. In addition, TAC can induce cost-effective, non-obese animal models of diabetes, where the metabolic parameter changes closely resemble those observed during the onset and progression of type 2 diabetes (T2DM), post-transplantation diabetes mellitus (PTDM), and associated complications. This review, based on articles indexed in PubMed up to August 19, 2024, identified 48 studies focusing on TAC-induced diabetic rodent models and 22 studies exploring the effects of TAC on diabetic or obese rodent models. These studies were systematically summarized based on TAC dosage, route of administration, duration of administration, and glucose metabolism indices used for evaluation. Additionally, the impact of TAC dose reduction or discontinuation on glucose metabolism was assessed, along with pharmacological agents that modulate TAC-induced diabetes, including anti-diabetic medications, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant compounds, biologics, and antibiotics. Key signaling pathways implicated in TAC-induced diabetes include CaN/NFAT, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, and TGF-β/Smad, all of which impair islet β-cell function, thereby contributing to diabetes development. This review provides a concise summary of the characteristics of relevant murine models, offering valuable guidance for selecting appropriate and economical animal models for future research.

Evaluating the Cost-Effectiveness of Antenatal Screening for Major Structural Anomalies During the First Trimester of Pregnancy: A Decision Model.

To assess the cost-effectiveness of modifying current antenatal screening by adding first trimester structural anomaly screening to standard of care second trimester anomaly screening. Health economic decision model. National Health Service (NHS) in England and Wales. Pregnant women attending for first trimester antenatal screening. The decision model estimated pregnancy outcomes (maternal and foetal) and 20-year costs for current screening practice and for a policy adding a protocol screening for eight major structural anomalies to the current first trimester ultrasound scan. Event probabilities, costs, and outcomes for the model were informed by meta-analyses, published literature, and expert opinion. Expected numbers of pregnancy outcomes, healthcare costs, and maternal quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). Estimation of the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER), likelihood of cost-effectiveness, and a value of information (VoI) analysis assessing if further research is needed before making a decision about screening. First trimester anomaly screening increased mean per woman costs by £11 (95% CI £1-£29) and maternal QALYs by 0.002065 (95% CI 0.00056-0.00358). The ICER was £5270 per QALY and the probability of cost-effectiveness at a willingness to pay value for a QALY of £20 000, exceeded 95%. VoI analysis showed further research would be unlikely to represent value for money. The protocol would likely lead to a reduction in infant healthcare costs and QALYs. A protocol to screen for eight major structural anomalies during the first trimester appears to represent value for money for the NHS. The opposing implications for mothers and infants, however, raise complex, challenging, and sensitive issues.

The Reconfiguration of China's Economic Model: The Drive of New Productive Forces and Their Link to International Tensions

The Reconfiguration of China's Economic Model: The Drive of New Productive Forces and Their Link to International Tensions

Approaches to Incorporation of Preferences into Health Economic Models of Genomic Medicine: A Critical Interpretive Synthesis and Conceptual Framework.

Genomic medicine has features that make it preference sensitive and amenable to model-based health economic evaluation. Preferences of patients, caregivers, and clinicians related to the uptake and delivery of genomic medicine technologies and services that are not captured in health state utility weights can affect the intervention's cost-effectiveness and budget impact. However, there is currently no established or agreed-on approach for integrating preference information into economic evaluations. The objective of this study was to explore approaches for incorporating preferences into model-based economic evaluations of genomic medicine and to develop a conceptual framework to consider preferences in health economic models. We conducted a critical interpretive synthesis of published literature guided by the following question: how have preferences been incorporated into model-based economic evaluations of genomic medicine interventions? We integrated findings from the literature and expert opinion to develop a conceptual framework of ways in which preferences influence economic value in the context of genomic medicine. Our synthesis included 14 articles. Revealed and stated preference data were used to estimate choice probabilities and to value outcomes. Our conceptual framework situates preference data in the context of health system, patient, clinician, and family characteristics. Preference data were sourced from clinicians, patients and families impacted by a condition or intervention, and the general public. Evaluations employed various types of models, including discrete event simulation, microsimulation, Markov, and decision tree models. When evaluating the broad benefits and costs of implementing new interventions, sufficiently accounting for preferences in the form of model inputs and valuation of outcomes in economic evaluations is important to avoid biased implementation decisions. Incorporation of preference data may improve alignment between predicted and real-world uptake and more accurately estimate welfare impacts, and this study provides critical insights to support researchers who seek to incorporate preference information into model-based health economic evaluations.

Karma-related influences on moral obligation and empathy: an ethical perspective

PurposeThis study aims to explore how the three dimensions of karma – karmic duty orientation, indifference to rewards and equanimity – influence empathy and moral obligation, with implications for social economics.Design/methodology/approachThe research was conducted on a valid sample of 401 university students in Vietnam, using hierarchical regression to test formulated hypotheses.FindingsThe analysis reveals that karmic duty orientation and indifference to rewards significantly enhance empathy and moral obligation, indicating that individuals with a strong sense of moral duty and intrinsic motivation are more likely to engage in ethical and pro-social behaviors. Equanimity was not found to impact empathy or moral obligation significantly.Practical implicationsOrganizations and policymakers should focus on cultivating moral duties, intrinsic motivations and resilience in ethical behavior to promote social responsibility and sustainability and ensure long-term social and economic stability.Originality/valueThis study contributes to social economics by integrating ethical dimensions of karma into the analysis of moral behavior, offering a fresh perspective that challenges traditional economic models centered on self-interest. The research provides a comprehensive framework for understanding how moral principles influence economic decisions and social outcomes.Peer reviewThe peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/IJSE-07-2023-0571

Beyond glycated haemoglobin: Modelling contemporary management of type 2 diabetes with the updated Cardiff model.

Recommendations on the use of newer type 2 diabetes (T2D) treatments (e.g., SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists [RA]) in contemporary clinical guidelines necessitate a change in how T2D models approach therapy selection and escalation. Dynamic, person-centric clinical decision-making considers factors beyond a patient's HbA1c and glycaemic targets, including cardiovascular (CV) risk, comorbidities and bodyweight. This study aimed to update the existing Cardiff T2D health economic model to reflect modern T2D management and to remain fit-for-purpose in supporting decision-making. The Cardiff T2D model's therapy selection/escalation module was updated from a conventional, glucose-centric to a holistic approach. Risk factor progression equations were updated based on UKPDS90; the cardio-kidney-metabolic benefits of SGLT2i and GLP-1 RA were captured via novel risk equations derived from relevant outcomes trial data. The significance of the updates was illustrated by comparing predicted outcomes and costs for a newly diagnosed T2D population between conventional and holistic approaches to disease management, where the latter represents recent treatment guidelines. A holistic approach to therapy selection/escalation enables early introduction of SGLT2i and GLP-1 RA in modelled pathways in a manner aligned to guidelines and primarily due to elevated CV risk. Compared with a conventional approach, only considering HbA1c, patients experience fewer clinical events and gain additional health benefits. Predictions based on a glucose-centric approach to therapy are likely to deviate from real-world observations. A holistic approach is more able to capture the nuances of contemporary clinical practice. T2D modelling must evolve to remain robust and relevant.

Democratic Theory and Economic Planning

The participatory economics model (ParEcon) of Michael Albert and Robin Hahnel represents an important contribution to the debate about feasible alternatives to capitalism. What distinguishes the model from other proposals, like market socialism or cybersocialism, is the central role given to the participation of citizens in economic planning. Citizens form workers’ and neighbourhood consumers’ councils which develop production and consumption proposals. These councils form federations responsible for the coordination of planning. An Iteration Facilitation Board plays a mere perfunctory role in the facilitation of the planning process. This way, economic planning is done entirely by the citizens themselves rather than planners at a central planning agency. The ParEcon model is thereby supposed to be more democratic than historical central planning.In this paper, I consider whether three possible justifications for democracy can also be used to support this kind of participatory economy. These justifications can be referred to as (1) the protection of citizens’ interests, (2) the revealing of preferences and (3) liberty. In my paper, I show that these three justifications of democracy do not in fact support democratic participation in concrete economic plans in the way envisaged by Albert and Hahnel. Instead of individual plans, citizens should choose general planning procedures. This prevents citizens from being subjected to the arbitrary power of their co-workers or neighbours. Such an algorithmic planning process also prevents central planners from holding arbitrary power since, much like the Iteration Facilitation Board in the ParEcon model, they simply facilitate the prescribed planning process without retaining significant discretion. As I elaborate in the case of consumption planning, citizens can still participate in planning, however they do so through their individual choices rather than a democratic vote. Individual citizens should not require the approval of their neighbours for their personal consumption.

СУЧАСНІ КОНЦЕПЦІЇ ТА ІНСТРУМЕНТИ АДАПТАЦІЇ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЙНИХ МОДЕЛЕЙ УПРАВЛІННЯ ЗОВНІШНЬОЕКОНОМІЧНОЮ ДІЯЛЬНІСТЮ

Introduction. In conditions of market destabilization, there is a growing need to define effective concepts and tools for adapting organizational models of foreign economic activity management in the context of increasing digitalization and increasing instability of the world economy. Changing regulatory conditions, rapid technological breakthroughs and increased competition require enterprises to be flexible and innovative. This is of particular importance for Ukrainian enterprises that are integrating into global markets. All this determines the relevance of defining effective approaches to increasing their competitiveness, efficiency and sustainability. The purpose of the article. The purpose of the study is identification of effective concepts and tools for adapting organizational models of foreign economic activity management to changes in the external environment, which ensure flexibility, competitiveness and sustainable development of the enterprise Methods. The research methodology is based on a comprehensive approach, including the analysis of scientific sources, economic data and modern approaches to the adaptation of foreign economic activity management. Comparative analysis methods were used to assess the effectiveness of organizational models, a systems approach to identify key adaptation tools, as well as modeling methods to develop recommendations. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of innovative technologies, such as artificial intelligence, blockchain and big data, to improve management efficiency. Results. The article examines modern concepts and tools for adapting organizational management models to the challenges of foreign economic activity. The impact of globalization, digitalization, and geopolitical instability on the efficiency of enterprises operating in international markets is examined. Key approaches to adapting foreign economic activity management models are analyzed, including decentralization, customer orientation, and integration of innovative technologies. Practical tools for increasing organizational flexibility and improving the decision-making process are identified. The problems faced by Ukrainian enterprises in the process of integration into global value chains are investigated. The need to develop adaptive organizational models that meet the principles of sustainable development is proven. The need to support the competitiveness and efficiency of Ukrainian enterprises in a dynamic global economic environment is identified. Conclusions. The importance of adapting organizational models of foreign economic activity management to ensure the competitiveness of enterprises in a globalized environment has been proven. It has been determined that the introduction of innovative technologies and flexible management structures will contribute to increasing the efficiency and integration of Ukrainian enterprises into world markets.

The U.S. Biodiesel Outlook: A Pathway Toward Sustainability

Policies to support renewable fuels are associated with economic and environmental sustainability in the United States and relate to the United Nations’ sustainable development goals. Consequently, these fuels have been subject to scientific scrutiny and public debate; however, new developments in biomass-based diesel can overturn past understandings and create new trends and questions. An applied economic model of these fuels, their feedstocks, and related markets is used to project volumes and associated GHG emissions into the medium-term future. Results suggest a growing use of renewable diesel that directly displaces diesel and some recovery in biodiesel use, a near-substitute fuel. Yellow grease (used cooking oil)-based feedstock usage rises, while soybean and similar oil use remain stable. The expansion of renewable diesel made from yellow grease is associated with lower GHG emissions given the regulatory settings, but these projections also raise questions about the implications for environmental and economic sustainability.

Innovative surgical and stress-stimulated rat model of ligamentum flavum hypertrophy

Background and purposeAnimal models of LFH are still in the exploratory stage. This study aimed to establish a reliable, efficient, and economical model of LFH in rats for the study of human ligamentum flavum (LF) pathological mechanisms, drug screening, development, improvement of surgical treatment, disease prevention, and other aspects.Methods and materialsForty rats were divided into an experimental group and a sham group of 20 rats. The experimental group (n = 20) was treated with an innovative operation combined with stress stimulation at the L5-L6 segments, the L5 and L6 spinous processes, transverse processes, and supraspinous ligaments were excised, along with removal of the paraspinal muscles at the L5-L6 level. One week after surgery, the rats were subjected to slow treadmill running daily. In the experimental group (n = 20), the spinous process, transverse process, supraspinous ligament and paraspinous muscle of L5 and L6 were excised. And for a week after the surgery, the rats ran on a treadmill at a slow pace every day. While the sham group (n = 20) was treated with sham operation only. Seven weeks later, MRI, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and western blot (WB) will be performed on the LF of the L5-6 segment in the two groups of rats.ResultsMRI results showed that the LF in the experimental group was significantly thicker than that in the sham group. Masson staining results indicated that LF thickness, collagen fiber area, and collagen volume fraction (CVF) were significantly higher in the experimental group than in the sham group. IHC and WB showed that the expression of TGF-β1, COL1, and IL-1β in the LF of the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the LF of sham group.ConclusionThrough innovative surgical intervention combined with stress stimulation, a relatively reliable, efficient, and convenient rat LFH model was established.

Biobased Strategies for E-Waste Metal Recovery: A Critical Overview of Recent Advances

The increasing e-waste volumes represent a great challenge in the current waste management landscape, primarily due to the massive production and turnover of electronic devices and the complexity of their components and constituents. Traditional strategies for e-waste treatment focus on metal recovery through costly, energetically intensive, and environmentally hazardous processes, such as pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical approaches, often neglecting other e-waste constituents. As efforts are directed towards creating a more sustainable and circular economic model, biobased alternative approaches to these traditional techniques have been increasingly investigated. This critical review focuses on recent advances towards sustainable e-waste treatment, exclusively considering studies using e-waste sources. It addresses, from a critical perspective, approaches using inactive biomass, live biomass, and biogenic compounds, showcasing the diversity of strategies and discussing reaction parameters, advantages and disadvantages, challenges, and potential for valorization of generated by-products. While ongoing research focuses on optimizing operational times and metal recovery efficiencies, bioprocessing approaches still offer significant potential for metal recovery from e-waste. These approaches include lower environmental impact by reducing energy consumption and effluent treatments and the ability to recover metals from complex e-waste streams, paving the way for a more circular economy in the electronics industry.

LLM models in economics: New approaches to data analysis

LLM models in economics: New approaches to data analysis

The lived experience of class cleansing: reshaping sense of place in a gentrified neighbourhood

ABSTRACT Gentrification is a capitalist urban transformation process whereby working-class residents are progressively replaced by wealthier ones, affecting the people-place bonds of those who manage to stay. In a process known as class cleansing, new cultural codes reshape the urban landscape redefining class identities. Drawing on this argument, we explore everyday class experiences in the gentrified neighbourhood of El Poblenou (Barcelona) conducting a reflexive thematic analysis attuned to discursive dynamics through 22 walking interviews. We develop three themes. The first theme examines the relation between class identities and the neighbourhood’s economic model. The second addresses commercial displacement. The third investigates the (re)creation of iconic spaces. Results reveal participants’ diverse and ambivalent experiences of place, catalysed by the blurring of El Poblenou’s working-class identity, and how residents manage their sense of place. We offer a critical social-psychological approach to examining the spatial arrangement of everyday socioeconomic inequalities.

Public provision of healthcare and basic research: What are the joint effects on economic growth and welfare?

Abstract We propose a generalized R&D-based economic growth model that incorporates endogenous human capital accumulation in terms of education and health and the public provision of healthcare and basic science. The government taxes households to pay for healthcare personnel and basic researchers. These employees are not anymore available for applied research and for final goods production. Thus, important tradeoffs emerge for economic growth and welfare with respect to government spending policies. While increasing public spending on health and basic research may decrease economic growth and welfare in the short run, we show that they foster economic growth in the medium run and tend to raise long-run welfare when compared to actual levels of spending in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. In addition, since public funding for healthcare tends to be rather high in most rich countries, the overall public spending shortfall is lower than previous research has shown. Our results highlight the importance of understanding the tradeoffs involved when deciding adequate public funding for healthcare and basic research.

The Digital Economy Promotes the Coordinated Development of the Non-Timber Forest-Based Economy and the Ecological Environment: Empirical Evidence from China

The digital economy offers new solutions for reconciling the growth of the non-timber forest-based economy (NTFBE) with ecological and environmental protection. Utilizing panel data from China’s provinces between 2011 and 2020, this study constructed a comprehensive indicator system for the purpose of examining the coordinated development of the NTFBE and the ecological environment. The employment of a panel of econometric methods, including Tobit models, mediated effects models, spatial Durbin models and threshold regression models, has enabled us to ascertain that the digital economy can effectively drive this coordinated development. The digital economy has a positive spillover effect in neighboring regions, although there is no discernible impact in central and northeastern China. Improvements in human capital and digital infrastructure reinforce this effect. Furthermore, the empowerment of green technology and industrial transformation, as well as the adoption of differentiated development strategies across distinct forest economic models, would be of paramount importance. These findings indicate a necessity for the standardization of the NTFBE. In conclusion, these implications offer novel solutions from China’s forested regions that reconcile socioeconomic growth and environmental protection, thereby fostering the sustainable development of forests.

Construction of low-carbon economic enterprise management mode based on grey digital model

Since the proposal of the low-carbon economy plan, all countries have deeply realized that the economic model of high energy and high emission poses a threat to human life. Therefore, in order to enable the economy to have a longer-term development and comply with international low-carbon policies, enterprises need to speed up the transformation from a high-carbon to a low-carbon economy. Unfortunately, due to the massive volume of data, developing a low-carbon economic enterprise management model might be challenging, and there is no way to get more precise forecast data. This study tackles the challenge of developing a low-carbon enterprise management mode based on the grey digital paradigm, with the aim of finding solutions to these issues. This paper adopts the method of grey digital model, analyzes the strategy of the enterprise to build the model, and makes a comparative experiment on the accuracy and performance of the model in this paper. The results show that the values of MAPE, MSE and MAE of the model in this paper are the lowest. And the r^2 of the model in this paper is also the highest. The MAPE value of the model in this paper is 0.275, the MSE is 0.001, and the MAE is 0.003. These three indicators are much lower than other models, indicating that the model has high prediction accuracy. r^2 is 0.9997, which is much higher than other models, indicating that the performance of this model is superior. With the support of this model, the efficiency of building an enterprise model has been effectively improved. As a result, developing an enterprise management model for the low-carbon economy based on the gray numerical model can offer businesses new perspectives into how to quicken the shift to the low-carbon economy.

PEMBERDAYAAN EKONOMI KELUARGA: WORKSHOP MANAJEMEN KEUANGAN BERSAMA PKK DESA MAYONG LOR JEPARA

Good financial management within families is essential for improving community welfare, especially at the village level. This community service program aimed to empower families economically through a financial management workshop conducted in collaboration with the Women’s Family Welfare Program (PKK) of Mayong Lor Village, Jepara. The program involved 30 active PKK members and employed structured training methods coupled with continuous mentoring. Data collection was carried out through pre-tests and post-tests, observations, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation over a three-month period.The results of the program demonstrated a 65% increase in participants’ financial literacy, with 85% of participants routinely maintaining financial records. Behavioral changes in financial management were indicated by 75% of participants establishing regular savings, 60% successfully separating business and household finances, and 45% beginning to invest. This community service initiative has proven that a community-based economic empowerment model, integrating financial literacy, business development, and strengthening local capacities, is effective in improving family welfare at the village level.