Economic Model Research Articles

Yield and Survival of 19 Cultivars of Willow (Salix spp.) Biomass Crops over Eight Rotations

This study reveals patterns of yield and survival of short-rotation coppice (SRC) willow cultivars over eight rotations (1993–2019). Cultivars fell into four broad categories: commercial, released, stable, and decline. SV1, the singular cultivar that advanced to commercial deployments, had first-rotation yields of 8.9 Mg ha−1 a−1, peaking at 15.2 Mg ha−1 a−1 by the fourth. Mean yields from rotations 2–8 were still 36% above first-rotation yields, confirming the commercial potential for this cultivar over 26 years. The released group (four cultivars) had stable yields over six rotations (approximately 3 to 7 Mg ha−1 a−1), rising to match commercial yields (10 Mg ha−1 a−1) between the sixth and eighth rotation. Most of the cultivars were in the stable group that had relatively consistent yields over time. First-rotation yields in this group were approximately 5 Mg ha−1 a−1, and average yield increased by 23% for rotations 2–8. The two cultivars in the decline group were impacted by disease and browsing that lowered survival and growth. These findings are crucial for understanding willow systems’ potential over their full lifespan as a bioenergy crop, which is a crucial input into yield, economic, and environmental models.

Early preventive services in Germany-perspectives for future development

The future development of early preventive services and intervention depends on structural anchoring, the resources of the professionals working in the field, and utilization and acceptance by the target population. In order to understand the dynamics of the development, this discussion contribution first presents the contemporary historical origins of early intervention in Germany since the beginning of the 20thcentury. Further sections bring together the bodies of knowledge from various relevant sciences, in particular neuroscientific findings on the early childhood development of the brain, attachment theory, results of family and prevention research, trauma studies, and health economic models on the benefits of social interventions. From this, requirements for the further growth of the early intervention system are derived. These can be conceptually classified as a"Health in all Policies" strategy (with aparticular focus on combating child poverty) combined with interprofessional learning and collaboration, inclusive access for all children, and diversity-friendliness as characteristics of good process quality. To further develop and expand early interventions, proof of benefits must be carefully planned and implemented through long-term, interdisciplinary research programs in the aforementioned fields of knowledge through independent research funding. The complex methods for evaluating complex interventions at the individual level, subgroups, and the entire population, including health economic effects and participatory and qualitative empirical research, are partly available and should be further developed.

Social Norms And Norm Elicitation In Behavioral Economics

Classical economic models assume individuals make rational decisions, but behavioral economics seeks to refine these models by considering cognitive limitations. A vital aspect of this refinement is the role of social norms—unwritten rules and commonly accepted behaviors within communities. Research indicates that social norms significantly influence decisions related to giving, tax compliance, cooperation, saving, and recycling. Game theory highlights the interconnectedness of individual choices, showing that people are more likely to adhere to social norms when they believe others will do the same. It also explains how norms counterbalance in communities, where deviations from expected behavior can result in social sanctions or reputational damage. Understanding how individuals perceive and respond to these norms is crucial. Personal experiences and moral values shape individual perceptions of social norms, leading to their diversity. Norm elicitation, a research method, explores how people interpret social norms and adjust their behaviors accordingly. The norm elicitation method enables researchers to understand individuals' attitudes toward social norms and to predict norm-based behaviors by allowing social norms to be measured separately from behavior in behavioral economics. This study aims to elucidate the concepts of social norms and norm elicitation, exploring their significance in behavioral economics.

Feminist Economics : A General Review

Feminist economics is a heterodox approach that challenges traditional economic theories by emphasizing gender inequalities and advocating for more inclusive analyses. This interdisciplinary field critiques the exclusion of non-market activities, such as childcare and domestic work, from conventional economic models. It argues that the omission of these activities results in substantial gender bias. Feminist economics has introduced new perspectives on economic success through the capability approach developed by Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum. This approach focuses on individuals' potential to achieve well-being and justice rather than merely economic output like GDP or income. Key concepts within feminist economics include household bargaining, measurement of unpaid work, and advocating for policies that support gender equality and social justice. The field also employs interdisciplinary data collection methods, such as time-use surveys and qualitative interviews, to gather more accurate data on non-market activities and their economic value. This study offers an exploration of the fundamental concept, theoretical and historical framework of feminist economics. It will also highlight the political implications of the field, examine its global influence, and explore its connections to other related fields. Additionally, the study will analyze future of feminist economics.

Sufficiency health-wise: sustainable paths towards planetary and public health.

Planet Earth is threatened by the human population. Energy and resource use are far beyond the planet's carrying capacity. Planetary Health suggests an alternative idea of prosperity as the best possible human health for all within planetary boundaries. This implies giving priority to ecology because human health depends ultimately on the integrity of the global biosphere. This paper presents a Health Sufficiency Framework, based on the Doughnut Economics Model. It is meant to fuel discussions on delicate topics of the required transformations of health care and public health.

Determination of the environmental impacts of gold mining within the scope of the circular economy: Applications of the new economic model of the European Union

Following the Industrial Revolution wastes generated in the production and consumption processes have emerged as disruptive elements to ecosystems and threats to the safety of future generations. Resources are finite, limiting the ability to sustain the cycle for a sustainable future. With increasing population and industrial development, the single-use lifestyle of “take, use, discard” has become a significant problem in direct economic strategies. The European Union has led the way in waste management with its circular economy strategy, aiming to 'do more with less' as a long-term approach to economic growth. Today, companies in various industries must set an example for environmental awareness, lifestyle, and consumption habits in society to shift positively. This study focuses on the gold mining sector. Its objective is to examine and evaluate the impact of cyanide used in the purification process on groundwater and surface water resources. A sample facility was selected for analysis. Monthly environmental reports from 2015-2016 were obtained for this facility, allowing the study to examine the effects of cyanide on water sources by comparing available analysis results with the relevant national legislation. As a result, it was found that the cyanide levels at the treatment plant outlet and waste storage facility did not exceed the committed limits, and continuous pollution was not observed in the monitoring wells drilled to assess groundwater contamination.

Analysis of Economic Development Mechanism Based on Stochastic Dynamic Optimization Algorithm

With the continuous improvement of China’s economic level, the research of economic data management has been paid more and more attention. As the high-tech industry plays an increasingly important role in the world economy, it has become a strategic highland for all countries in the world. How to design an economic data management model that integrates data mining techniques to achieve deep data mining and efficient utilization has become a research focus. In order to study the technical selection model of economic data, a new economic data management model based on a data mining algorithm is proposed. In the study of economic management data, the optimization model of data management is designed based on computer technology. In the optimization of data classification, a data mining algorithm is adopted to fully realize the reasonable management of data. According to the principle of the Random Dynamic Optimization Algorithm, the algorithm is improved, and its convergence speed is accelerated. The improved algorithm is applied to solve the one-dimensional cutting problem. Compared with other algorithms, the conversion method greatly improves the utilization rate of raw materials. Then, the efficiency and adaptability of the algorithm are tested by determining the algorithm and applying it to the knapsack problem.

Designing an efficient set-aside policy for advancing human rights goals through public procurement

Set-aside policy is one of the mechanisms in public procurement adopted for implementing social goals of the State. Set-asides refer to the arrangement of keeping a fraction of the procurement volume, also termed the quantum of set-aside, reserved for vendors of a targeted group. The targeted group can either be a traditionally disadvantaged group that merits government support or, alternatively, a group that complies with certain desirable practices in its operations.Government has at its disposal many design choices like the fraction of procurement quantity to be reserved for the targeted group etc, that it can adjust to maximise the desired social benefits that accrue. However, there is little insight into how these choices are made, and to what extent, they can impact the ultimate outcome. This paper seeks to address this gap by developing an economic model for set-aside policy and carrying out a game theoretic analysis to identify the economic incentives to vendors arising out of set aside benefits that can drive a change in their operations.The insights from this economic model are then used to understand how government policy choices can impact these incentives and thereby the level of change that the policy can bring about. The paper focusses on the specific case where set-asides are proposed to be used for promoting human rights goals. This allows the researcher to suggest some practical measures that States can adopt for ensuring universal compliance of desired human rights standards by vendors using set-aside policy. This analysis also enables the researcher to quantify the connection between the State's “leverage” and its concomitant responsibility for promoting human rights in its business connections.

Advantages and disadvantages of a closed-loop economy: the path to environmentally friendly production

The relevance of the study is related to the development of the circular economy in the national economies of many countries of the world, where it is receiving increasing attention. Circular technological and economic models can be considered promising areas of strategic transformation for companies that contrast themselves with traditional business models of an open economic system based on extensive growth. The concept of a circular economy appeared in order to create closed-loop production and consumption models that aim to increase resource efficiency, use waste management approaches and achieve stable coexistence between the economy, the environment and the population. The purpose of the study is to analyze relevant scientific sources and statistical information to determine the advantages and disadvantages of closed-loop economic models at the current stage of scientific and technological progress. The research methodology is based on the use of general scientific research methods such as analysis, generalization, abstraction, synthesis. The results of the study. The article evaluates the current situation of the development of the circular economy in the world, identifies factors that emphasize the extensiveness of the current economy. The main advantages, disadvantages and barriers of the circular economy are presented, classified into four aspects: environmental, economic, technological and social. It is established that from the point of view of the economic development of the branches of the national economy, the circular economy will create new markets and business opportunities in the sectors of recycling and servicing of goods. It is also assumed that circular business models can increase the competitiveness of companies through innovation and optimization of production processes. In addition, circular economic systems will contribute to the development of innovative technologies and processing methods aimed at more efficient use of raw materials and materials.

Model of nonlinear dynamics of development of multicomponent manufacturing enterprises, taking into account the effect of investment lag

The published article proposes a generalization of the economic and mathematical model of the dynamics of development of a multi-industry enterprise, the resources of each production of which are restored by introducing internal lagging investments. The model of such a multi-industry enterprise is presented in the form of systems of coupled differential equations with respect to production factors. It is established that the marginal values of production factors are stationary solutions of systems of differential equations. It is shown that the most efficient operation of the considered multi-industry enterprise will be achieved only when the marginal values of production factors coincide with the values of the resources used, which correspond to the maximum values of profit for each production component. For a two-component production enterprise, calculation models of output, costs and profit for each component and for the entire enterprise are constructed. Numerical solutions of the corresponding system of differential equations are given, on the basis of which integral curves are constructed for production factors, output and profit for each component of the enterprise and for the entire enterprise as a whole.

The Impact of Local Debt on the High-Quality Development of the Local Economy

China has entered a new stage of economic development, with the economic growth model transforming from the pursuit of “quantity” to an emphasis on “quality”. The economic structure undergoing a continuous process of optimization and adjustment, and the pace of transformation of the economic growth rate accelerating significantly. As an important way of local government financing, local debt is facing a serious imbalance between revenue and expenditure, which poses a substantial challenge to the realization of high-quality economic development in China. This paper adopts a panel data regression analysis framework for the relationship between local debt and high-quality economic development in 30 provinces and cities nationwide during the period from 2017 to 2023. The findings show that the expansion of local government debt scale hinders the process of scientific and technological innovation to a certain extent, which in turn weakens its positive effect on the high-quality development of the economy. In addition, local debt also indirectly contributes to the level of high-quality economic development by profoundly affecting the degree of openness to the outside world. Based on this, this paper puts forward a series of targeted policy recommendations for the current situation of local debt.

Cash flow modeling in the open innovation market system

The process of innovation activity is considered from the point of view of agency presence. The open innovation market system is described, including an investor, a developer and a user. The cash flows between the specified agents of the system, arising in the process of creating and commercializing an innovative product, are considered. For each agent, a profit function has been developed, which is a criterion for its optimal activity. An economic and mathematical model has been developed that describes the interaction of agents in the system.

A US payer budget impact analysis of Flurpiridaz-PET-MPI compared to SPECT-MPI in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease

Aims This economic model was developed to assess the budget impact of a novel radiotracer, Flurpiridaz (F18-PET-MPI), compared to SPECT-MPI from a US payer perspective. Materials and Methods The model was developed comparing F18-PET-MPI and SPECT-MPI, with F18-PET-MPI modality share increasing from 0.5% to 2.5% of the total MPI modality share, over a 5-year time horizon. The model estimates the impact of diagnostic performance on downstream healthcare resource utilization (HCRU) including invasive coronary angiography (ICA), revascularization, pharmacological treatment, and cardiac outcomes (CO) such as cardiac mortality (CM) and myocardial infarction (MI). Four suspected CAD populations, including general and difficult-to-image subgroups, were analyzed. Clinical inputs used to support the parameterization of the model were sourced from a systematic literature search and included claims-based real-world evidence, observational, and multicenter registry studies to inform the rates of HCRU and CO, and head-to-head comparative clinical trial data advised diagnostic performance inputs. Reimbursement codes informed MPI modality costs. Results are reported as per-member per-month (PMPM) based on a hypothetical health plan. Results In all suspected CAD populations analyzed, there was a nominal cost increase in the world with F18-PET-MPI. The 5-year average PMPM incremental budget impact ranged from $0.02 to $0.05 across all suspected CAD subgroups. Cost-savings were associated with decreased downstream CO such as CM, MI, and ICA. Limitations and Conclusion The available literature to source all parameters in the model was limited; therefore, assumptions and additional calculations were made based on published evidence to inform the model. A one-way sensitivity analysis was performed to confirm and address uncertainty in key parameters. This comprehensive analysis illustrates that the superior diagnostic performance of F18-PET-MPI may result in reduced adverse CO events and associated costs, increased appropriate identification and treatment of CAD, and a minimal increase in overall costs among general and difficult-to-image patient subgroups.

Connecting the Computer Skills with General Performance of Companies—An Eastern European Study

In the current era, the economic model that measures the dependence of the training offered by companies to their employees on certain variables allows for identifying the steps taken on account of digital transformations, given the fact that companies want to be competitive, to develop sustainably and the positive effect to it spreads globally. However, how digital transformation contributes remains unclear in both the literature and practice. Five descriptors of information on the economy in relation to the digital economy were extracted from the Eurostat database, and data on eight Eastern European countries in the period 2012–2020 served as primary data in the analysis. A generalized linear model was used as a statistical tool to infer the data series. Following the statistical regression analysis, it was found that the variable measuring the share of companies that offered training for the development/improvement of information and communication technology (ICT) skills is influenced by the combined effect of several other variables: ‘country’, ‘country × year’, ‘country × share of ICT personnel in total employees’, year × “share of ICT sector in GDP”. Based on the results, we noticed that the studied countries are included in two groups with distinct features, which influence the obtained GLZ model, showing the increase in the dependency effect or, on the contrary, the decrease in this effect.

Valuing behavioral interventions for obesity reduction: A scoping review of economic models

SummaryPolicymakers require health economic modeling to guide their decision‐making over the choice of interventions for obesity. This scoping review was undertaken to report on the health economic models in use for estimating the value of behavioral interventions (individual or population level) for obesity reduction. Electronic databases (MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, EconLit, and Web of Science) were searched for publications meeting inclusion criteria from January 2015 to May 2023. Seventy‐three studies were included, using 44 health economic models between them. When considered against the expert recommendations for modeling of this type, only four models (9%) met all five key elements. The element most commonly unfulfilled was the use of a microsimulation modeling approach (41%, n = 18), followed by model validation (46%, n = 20). A majority of models met each of the other elements: use of a lifetime horizon (59%, n = 26), inclusion of key health events (66%, n = 29), and a risk equation approach to event simulation (71%, n = 31). In addition, under half of the studies considered health inequalities in their reporting. Continued proliferation of models with inadequate time horizons, breadth of obesity‐related health conditions, and perspectives on costs and outcomes risks underestimation of the benefits of longer term interventions and impacts on health inequalities.

Legal Support of Media Security and Cognitive Sovereignty: Challenges of Social Engineering, Hybrid Wars and Web 3.0 Mechanisms (Part 1)

The paper considers the main technologies (including socio-humanitarian ones) that pose challenges to ensure the security of communication in the Internet environment and require the development of new regulatory models. The correlation and interrelationships of the concepts of information, information[1]psychological, reputational and media security; information and cognitive sovereignty; information, cognitive and hybrid warfare; the phenomenon of «soft power», «sociological propaganda», which is important for the unification of the terminological apparatus in this area, are considered. For the first time, from the point of view of jurisprudence, the concept of cognitive sovereignty is comprehensively considered and its components are characterized, including media security, cultural sovereignty, technological sovereignty, managerial sovereignty, and legal security. The research section devoted to the comprehensive consideration of the phenomenon of social engineering is also new, not only as a set of methods of psychological influence aimed at obtaining unauthorized access to data, but also as other complexes of socio-humanitarian technologies for managing meanings, methods and techniques of information and psychological influence on human behavior. The place of legal social engineering in the system of social engineering is considered and the role of the lawyer-strategist (lawyer-lawmaker) is justified as a social engineer who develops models for rationing not only current, but also emerging, predictable social relations. An analysis of the development of cyberspace from the point of view of the concept «Web 1.0 — Web 2.0 — Web 3.0 — Web 3» made it possible, firstly, to develop an author’s feature model of various «types» (stages) of the development of the Internet environment and, secondly, to identify challenges to the law caused by the need to ensure media security and cognitive sovereignty, and also the adaptation of new economic models.

Side-by-Side Economic Process Model for the Comparison and Evaluation of Magnetic Bead-Based Processes and Legacy Process for the Manufacturing of Monoclonal Antibodies

This study models two alternative downstream processes based on magnetic separation with the objective of understanding the economic feasibility of these processes compared to the traditional mAb process. The key focus lies in the economic understanding of the cell harvest and capture steps in the models. Here, the models revealed that integrating cell removal and product capture in a single operation is the main factor driving the unified productivity between USP and the magnetic bead-based processes. This results in significant economic benefits, such as savings in both the cost of goods per gram of mAb and fixed costs, as well as increasing annual facility output. The predicted savings potential approaches 38% for COGs, 17% for capital investment, and 40% for annual facility output. For mammalian cell-based manufacturing, the magnetic separation-based DSP provides a highly valuable option due to its integration of several individual unit operations compared to the traditional process both in reducing process time and cost and accommodating higher demands.

Unravelling the Association Between Uncertainties in Model-based Economic Analysis and Funding Recommendations of Medicines in Australia.

Health technology assessment is used extensively by the Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee (PBAC) to inform medicine funding recommendations in Australia. The PBAC often does not recommend medicines due to uncertainties in economic modelling that result in delaying access to medicines for patients. The systematic identification of which uncertainties can be reduced with alternative evidence or the collection of additional data can help inform recommendations. This study aims to characterise different types of uncertainty in economic models and empirically assess their association with the PBAC recommendations. A framework was developed to characterise four types of uncertainties: methodological, structural, generalisability and parameter uncertainty. The first two types were further subcategorised into parameterisable and unparameterisable uncertainty. Data on uncertainty and other factors were extracted from PBAC's Public Summary Documents of first submissions for 193 medicine (vaccine)-indication pairs including economic modelling between 2014 and 2021. Logistic regression was used to estimate the average marginal effect of each type of uncertainty on the probability of a positive recommendation. The PBAC more often raised issues regarding parameter uncertainty (95%) and parameterisable structural uncertainty (83%) than generalisability uncertainty (48%) and unparameterisable methodological uncertainty (56%). The logistic regression results suggested that the PBAC was more likely to recommend a medicine without unparameterisable methodological, generalisability, and parameterisable structural uncertainty by 15.0%, 10.2 %, and 17.6%, respectively. Parameterisable methodological, unparameterisable structural and parameter uncertainty were not significantly associated with the PBAC recommendations. This study identified the uncertainties that had significant associations with PBAC recommendations based on the first submission. This may help improve model quality and reduce resubmissions in the future, thus improving patients' access to medicines.

Empirical Study on the Promotion of Industrial Structure Upgrading by Aviation Economy: A Case Study of National Airport Economic Zones

With the rapid growth of civil aviation and economic integration, aviation economic zones centered on large airports have a significant economic impact on surrounding areas. These zones foster the concentration of technology, capital, and labor, leading to the emergence of new regional economic models. This research, based on data from 17 national-level aviation economic demonstration zones, develops an evaluation index system for aviation economic development and constructs a regression model incorporating industrial structure coefficients. It empirically analyzes the relationship between the development of aviation economy and the upgrading of industrial structure in cities with national-level aviation economic zones, revealing the aviation economy’s role in promoting industrial structure upgrading and providing policy recommendations for regional economic innovation.

“Czechia Team”. Economic diplomacy of the Czech Republic in the face of global challenges

The purpose of this article is to show the evolution of the Czech Republic’s economic diplomacy model from the systemic transformation in the 1990s to the present day. Using a case study and descriptive analysis method, the author analysed government documents shaping foreign policy and the state’s pro-export strategy. The economic conditions and the will of policymakers, who understood the need to take measures to support Czech exports and create an integrated system of economic diplomacy, were taken as the starting point for the considerations undertaken. In addition, it was necessary to find an answer to the question of the determinants that caused the modification of objectives and the introduction of a component of scientific diplomacy and development aid and led to measures for the territorial diversification of exports of goods and Czech investments towards non-European markets. The Czech Republic is the best-industrialised country in Central and Eastern Europe, a stable and open-to-the-world economy, focused on the markets of the European Union countries with ambitions to inspire technology and innovation in industry. Additional analysis of the research material, found on the websites and portals of state institutions and specialised agencies, allows us to conclude that the hallmark of the Czech model of economic diplomacy is its ability to respond quickly to crisis situations such as COVID-19 as well as its transparency, including in the sphere of spending funds, and its commendable use of digital diplomacy, including social media, to conduct outreach and promotional activities.