Modes Of Knowledge Research Articles

Context independent reductions in external processing during self-generated episodic social cognition.

Ongoing cognition supports behavioral flexibility by facilitating behavior in the moment, and through the consideration of future actions. These different modes of cognition are hypothesized to vary with the correlation between brain activity and external input, since evoked responses are reduced when cognition switches to topics unrelated to the current task. This study examined whether these reduced evoked responses change as a consequence of the task environment in which the experience emerges. We combined electroencephalography (EEG) recording with multidimensional experience sampling (MDES) to assess the electrophysiological correlates of ongoing thought in task contexts which vary on their need to maintain continuous representations of task information for satisfactory performance. We focused on an event-related potential (ERP) known as the parietal P3 that had a greater amplitude in our tasks relying on greater external attention. A principal component analysis (PCA) of the MDES data revealed four patterns of ongoing thought: off-task episodic social cognition, deliberate on-task thought, imagery, and emotion. Participants reported more off-task episodic social cognition and mental imagery under low external demands and more deliberate on-task thought under high external task demands. Importantly, the occurrence of off-task episodic social cognition was linked to similar reductions in the amplitude of the P3 regardless of external task. These data suggest the amplitude of the P3 may often be a general feature of external task-related content and suggest attentional decoupling from sensory inputs are necessary for certain types of perceptually-decoupled, self-generated thoughts.

Социология литературы: от «модуса подозрения» к «культурсоциологии»

Within the framework of this article, we aim to codify the sociological approaches that have taken place earlier and are still relevant to the analysis of fiction. Particular attention is paid to the so-called cultural-sociological line of thought, the main specificity of which is the shift of the research focus from the analysis of the text and the personality of the author and the social conditions of its production to the reading practices carried out by ordinary readers, to their cognitive strategies and emotional modes. The article briefly analyzes the currently most significant works for cultural sociology. Using the text of María Angélica Tumala Olave as an example, it is shown that despite a fruitful analysis of how the reading experience can affect people’s life trajectories, the researcher faces a significant epistemic difficulty, which consists in the fact that the emotions and/or knowledge gained in the process of reading are extremely are reluctant to reflect, and therefore it is rather difficult to talk about reading as a causal factor leading to certain life choices as a consequence. The work of Jan Váňa seeks to combine an autoethnographic analysis of the reading of Jáchym Topol’s novel Sister with a study of the social context of its emergence and the specific language tropes used by the writer to achieve the effect of “immersion” in the world of the novel. Váňa undertakes an interesting attempt at a multifaceted study of a particular literary sample, yet suffering from superficiality in every one of the aspects of analysis involved. In addition, the article discusses (im)possible points of connection between sociology as a scientific discipline and literary creativity. Drawing on the work of David Beer, three possible types of contact between sociology and literature are discussed: the fictionalization of the theoretical imagination, the use of fiction as a documentary source for scientific purposes, and the theoretical analysis of literary works.

The Influence of Spatial Cognitive Model Based on Eye Tracking on Wayfinding Behavior in Underground Parking Lots

Objective In view of the fact that the demand for indoor commercial underground parking lot maps is rising, the effect of underground parking lot map navigation with different spatial cognitive modes on individual wayfinding was studied from the perspective of spatial cognitive modes. Methods Firstly, Unity3D software was used to build the underground parking lot environment, and maps with different types of spatial cognitive modes were used as variables, and single factor analysis was used to record and analyze the number of hesitations of subjects in the process of wayfinding; secondly, eye-movement cognitive data of visual forms were obtained based on eye-tracking experiments; finally, the spatial cognitive modes of users and eye-movement indicators were combined to make recommendations on the design of underground parking lot maps and underground Finally, we suggest the improvement of the underground parking map design and the setting of underground parking related facilities based on the user spatial cognitive patterns and eye-movement indexes. Conclusion The map design affects the navigation effect of users in the process of finding the way in the underground parking lot, and the optimized design method of correlating spatial cognitive patterns and eye-movement tracking indicators is established to provide users with a convenient navigation experience and improve the equipment and facilities related to the underground parking lot for the shopping mall.

Research on intelligent recognition method for self‐blast state of glass insulator based on mixed data augmentation

AbstractAutomatically and accurately detecting the self‐blast state of glass insulators is of great significance to operation and maintenance of transmission lines. To solve the shortcomings of the existing open‐loop cognitive models to detect the self‐blast state of glass insulators, this study explores a mixed data augmentation‐based intelligent recognition method to detect the self‐blast state of the glass insulator, by imitating the human cognitive mode. Firstly, generative adversarial network is utilised to obtain the high‐quality generative self‐blast samples of the glass insulator, and the non‐generative data augmentation techniques is used to obtain rich sample features. Secondly, considering the characteristics of aerial images such as large scale variations, variable shooting angles and complex backgrounds, feature maps with strong semantics and adaptive multi‐scale fusion are extracted using the feature pyramid network with adaptive hierarchy and the multi‐deformable convolutional network. Then, the extracted feature maps are transmitted to a two‐dimensional stochastic configuration network that can adaptively generate hidden nodes and basis functions so as to develop the self‐blast state classification criteria with universal approximation capability. Thirdly, based on the generalised error and entropy theory, the semantic error entropy evaluation indices of recognition results are defined to evaluate in real time, the credibility of the uncertain recognition results for the self‐blast state of the glass insulator. Then, based on transfer learning and the established self‐optimising feedback mechanism for feature pyramid network, the self‐optimising adjustment and reconstruction of the feature map space with strong semantics and multi‐scale fusion and its classification criteria are realised. Finally, the stacking method is applied to integrate the recognition results of the feature pyramid network with adaptive hierarchy and multi‐channel deformable convolutional networks to improve the robustness of the recognition model. Results of experimental comparison with other machine learning and deep learning methods verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.

Romantic fantasy and the grotesque in John Keats’s “Lamia”

The present article examines the notions of fantasy, illusion and logic in Keats’s romance Lamia (1819) from the perspective of the aesthetic and literary category of the grotesque. In his text Keats puts the grotesque to two uses. First, it serves to mark his ambiguous attitude to both reason and imagination as two exclusive modes of cognition; secondly, it records his uneasiness in relation to the romantic ideal of love. Two conflicting points of view inform and battle in the poem: one might be called Romantic, as it endorses imagination and beauty as values per se; the other invites an interrogation of the idealistic approach. Neither of these two perspectives is unequivocally applauded in the text, and the Romantic grotesque appears a perfect vehicle for expressing this incongruity.

Collection of IDHEAS-based human error probability data for nuclear power plant commissioning through expert elicitation

Human error probability (HEP) is one of the most important indicators to assess human reliability. In this study, we collected nominal HEP (NHEP) data for nuclear power plant commissioning through a formal expert elicitation process. Cognitive failure modes (CFMs) were adapted from the Integrated Human Event Analysis System (IDHEAS) method, and included three different detail levels. Obtained NHEP values for detection, understanding, action execution, and inter-team coordination seem to be consistent with those in IDHEAS-ECA, while the NHEP for decision-making is significantly lower than that in IDHEAS-ECA. Several challenges have been identified, which are related with the IDHEAS-based CFMs and the expert elicitation process. Because the IDHEAS-based CFMs are technology neutral and reflect the failures of human cognition, the obtained NHEP values could be applicable in other application domains.

Chinese Medicine as Supporting Therapy for Psoriasis: Past, Present, and Future.

Psoriasis is a chronic skin disease and an important health concern. Western medicine and therapies are the main treatment strategies for psoriasis vulgaris (PV); however, the overall prognosis of patients with PV is still poor. Therefore, PV prevention is especially crucial. Chinese medicine (CM) has a long history of treating psoriasis, and it has unique wisdom in different cognitive angles and treatment modes from modern medicine. In this review, we first summarized the herbs and ancient CM formulas that have therapeutic effects on PV. Second, the research status and obstacles to the current development of CM in modern medicine were reviewed. Finally, the future of CM in the context of precision medicine and integrated medicine was discussed. After a detailed reading of the abundant literature, we believe that CM, through thousands of years of continuous development and clinical practice, has achieved high effectiveness and safety for PV treatment, despite its surrounding controversy. Moreover, precise analyses and systematic research methods have provided new approaches for the modernization of CM in the future. The treatment of PV with CM is worth popularizing, and we hope it can benefit more patients.

Event Segmentation Enhances Older Adults’ Reactive Cognitive Control Bias

ABSTRACT The present study examined the effect of event segmentation on cognitive control mode use in a sample of older adults (N = 30; Mage = 73, SDage = 4.75) using a modified AX-Continuous Performance Test (AX-CPT). This task included a perceptual event boundary between each cue and its forthcoming probe by means of a spatial shift across the left and right side of the display. Past research showed that young adults’ existing proactive control bias could be enhanced in an event segmented AX-CPT relative to their performance on a standard AX-CPT. For older adults who adopt reactive control by default, the event boundary was expected to impede cue-reactivation during probe presentation, and thus further enhance their existing reactive control bias. To examine this, older adults were tested with a standard and an event segmented AX-CPT in two blocks, with error rates revealing a shift toward greater reactive control use in the event segmented relative to the standard AX-CPT. Findings supported our hypothesis that placing a spatial event boundary between each cue and forthcoming probe would further enhance older adults’ reactive control bias. This study contributes to the sparse but growing literature on the effects of task-specific manipulations on cognitive control use. The results are discussed in light of the dual mechanisms of control framework and the event horizon model.

The Effect of Mobile Social Media Sharing Behavior on the Subjective Well-Being and Mental Health Regulation of Internet Users.

Mobile Healthcare Social Media (MHSM) is an innovative combination of mobile devices and mobile communication technology. How can users shift from spontaneous to conscious cognitive mode, break their usage inertia, and actively adapt to the social structure of mobile health social media to improve information-sharing performance? This study uses adaptive structuring theory as the theoretical foundation to deeply analyze adaptive information-sharing behavior and its specific forms in the mHealth social media environment; it uses cognitive shift theory and social exchange theory as the theoretical framework to comprehensively explore the antecedent motivations of users engaging in adaptive information-sharing behavior and its posterior effects. Theoretically, it promotes the innovation and development of information-sharing behavior research and the further deepening of the application of adaptive structuring theory at the information behavior level. It is also conducive to bridging the digital divide and maximizing the value of health information resources. This paper takes 1000 survey data as the experimental data source for studying the influence of mobile social media sharing behavior on the subjective well-being and mental health regulation of Internet users and concludes that in practice, it is beneficial to optimize the design of information-sharing-related functions in mobile health social media, improve the effect of user information sharing in mobile health social media environment, and enhance the efficiency of information sharing so that mobile social media sharing behavior can better contribute to the subjective well-being and mental health regulation of Internet users. This paper has an obvious psychological adjustment effect on groups who use too much social media and can help them analyze why they are affected by some social media, thereby producing psychological effects.

Proposal for a Suicide Risk Assessment Protocol (Procedura Oceny Ryzyka Samobójczego, PORS) – protection of health and life of patients in psychiatric hospitals

As estimated by the World Health Organization, suicide, which defined as an act of intentionally taking one’s own life, accounts for approximately 1.4% of all deaths worldwide. There are many concepts of suicide, including those based on the cognitive theory – suicidal cognitive mode theory, interpersonal theory of suicide, or on the integrated motivational-volitional model of suicide. Suicide attempts can be made by both mentally ill people and people in crisis (suffering from, for example, adjustment disorder). A reliable and standardised procedure of suicidal risk assessment for patients in Polish psychiatric hospitals is currently missing, hence it was decided to develop a suicidal behaviour risk assessment model that would improve the quality of therapeutic work and maximise the protection of health and life of psychiatric patients. The procedure is to be understood as a set of activities primarily involving psychological and psychiatric examination. The lack of psychological procedures for assessing risk factors and protective factors at the State Hospital for Mental Diseases in Rybnik mobilised a team of specialists to develop the PORS (Procedura Oceny Ryzyka Samobójczego – Suicide Risk Assessment Protocol) model as a proposal for data collection, assessment and intervention in patients with a suicidal riswk. It was proposed to start the suicidal risk assessment with determining the severity of risk factors, which include, inter alia, mental disorders, sudden situational factors (in combination with personality traits) as well as substance abuse. The initial and final risk assessment allows to estimate not only the presence of predictors that increase suicidal tendencies, but also the actual risk of an intentional suicide attempt. PORS is a kind of systematisation of knowledge and experience in working with a patient with suicidal thoughts, intentions, or after a suicide attempt. The individual stages of psychological and psychiatric procedures contain guidelines and schemes in relation to the individual needs of a patient at risk of suicide.

“Traditional” Media is Used to Focus on the Construction of Gender Cognition of Middle School Students in Mainland China

With the arrival of the era of disenchantment described by the famous sociologist Weber, our human society has stepped into a new era, but some of the social characteristics in this era all reflect the reflection and high self-reflection of this era. One of the most expressive things is the collision of multiple values and epistemological systems, which is called the “war of the gods”. This will encourage people to grasp the mutual influence and internal causal connection of various factors in a specific situation from the rationalization process in a broad sense. And establish a kind of self-constructed idealized knowledge, emphasizing the binary construction of understanding, communication, and trust factors in the process of socialization. Therefore, if too much epistemological self-disturbance is excluded, the more interesting manifestation is that the traditional media construction process of gender cognition of middle school students is actually a unilateral and passive self-construction mode. Especially for Chinese mainland middle school students, it has greater value and will reflect the difference in cognitive mode; the difference itself is due to a series of social policies, school policy, and the pressure of the college entrance examination, it is difficult to strengthen through self connection and social network, and more tend to be strengthened in the so-called correct knowledge in school. Therefore, the influence of cognition in schools is more single or monotonous, without the existence of many different perceptions in society. At least, the influence of this point on the research can be excluded to a large extent. The purpose of this study is to have a more intuitive understanding of the intuitive impact of traditional media on middle school students in the current environment, where it is extremely luxurious and difficult to completely eliminate or cut off such connections. The results of the tracking interviews were used to standardize the study.

Comparison of the four pairs of "phleps" in ancient Greek medicine and the eleven "mai" in Mawangdui silk manuscripts

Using the philological method, the comparison was conducted between the internal canals of human body, meaning the four pairs of "phleps" in the ancient Greek medicine, and the eleven "mai" (meridians, vessels, channels) of Mawangdui silk manuscripts. It is believed that they refer to the initial understanding on the connecting passages of the human body in Western medicine and Chinese medicine respectively. Although they have their own unique characteristics, there are many similarities in running courses, related indications, diagnosis and treatment, as well as theoretic foundation. Both of them represent the duality of tangible blood vessels and intangible pathways, reflecting the common cognitive mode of human body and diseases in early human medicine, with the similar characteristics, e.g.analogy, examining the exterior to deduce the conditions in the interior, holistic connection and natural balance. The four pairs of "phleps" of ancient Greek medicine, with the preliminary features of meridians, were substituted by the blood circulation theory afterwards; whereas, the eleven "mai" of Mawangdui silk manuscripts were developed into a twelve-meridian system. These different evolution paths and outcomes may be associated with the distinct medical philosophies and cultural backgrounds between ancient Greek medicine and Chinese medicine. This summary provides a new approach and new perspectives for the study on the regularity of the early human medical origin, especially the origin of meridians.

The Dual Mechanisms of Cognitive Control (DMCC) project: Validation of an online behavioural task battery.

Cognitive control serves a crucial role in human higher mental functions. The Dual Mechanisms of Control theoretical framework provides a unifying account that decomposes cognitive control into two qualitatively distinct mechanisms-proactive control and reactive control. Here, we describe the Dual Mechanisms of Cognitive Control (DMCC) task battery, which was developed to probe cognitive control modes in a theoretically targeted manner, along with detailed descriptions of the experimental manipulations used to encourage shifts to proactive or reactive mode in each of four prototypical domains of cognition: selective attention, context processing, multitasking, and working memory. We present results from this task battery, conducted from a large (N > 100), online sample that rigorously evaluates the group effects of these manipulations in primary indices of proactive and reactive control, establishing the validity of the battery in providing dissociable yet convergent measures of the two cognitive control modes. The DMCC battery may be a useful tool for the research community to examine cognitive control in a theoretically targeted manner across different individuals and groups.

A Critical Analysis of Marx’s Dialectical Materialism

This paper examines how the concept of dialectical materialism has evolved in the history of philosophy and its distinct features based on the work of Marx and Engels. Dialectical materialism, as a fundamental philosophical outlook of Marxism, is one of the greatest contributions of Marx and Engels in the history of philosophical discourse. The importance of dialectical materialism is far beyond imagination in analyzing the nature of things and human social development in a manner that conceiving social development against a linier and disconnected mode of cognition and things. As being foundational to Marxian thought, dialectical materialism deal in wide range of subjects, such as understanding of the nature of things and change, the nature of man and also the nature of social development. The aim of this paper is, therefore, to critically analyze the concepts of dialectical materialism in terms of its origin, evolution, and how it was understood by Marx and Engels in connection with its divergence from both mechanical materialism and metaphysical conception of the nature of things.

A human learning optimization algorithm with competitive and cooperative learning

Human learning optimization (HLO) is a simple yet powerful metaheuristic developed based on a simplified human learning model. Competition and cooperation, as two basic modes of social cognition, can motivate individuals to learn more efficiently and improve their efficiency in solving problems by stimulating their competitive instincts and increasing interaction with each other. Inspired by this fact, this paper presents a novel human learning optimization algorithm with competitive and cooperative learning (HLOCC), in which a competitive and cooperative learning operator (CCLO) is developed to mimic competition and cooperation in social interaction for enhancing learning efficiency. The HLOCC can efficiently maintain the diversity of the algorithm as well as achieve the optimal values, demonstrating that the proposed CCLO can effectively improve algorithm performance. HLOCC has been compared with other heuristic algorithms on CEC2017 functions. In the second study, the uncapacitated facility location problems (UFLPs) which are one of the pure binary optimization problems are solved with HLOCC. The experimental results show that the developed HLOCC is superior to previous HLO variants and other metaheuristics with its improved exploitation and exploration abilities.

Frontiers of Modeling Cognition and Experience

Organizational studies have long distinguished between two modes of information processing. On the one hand, an organization uses its past experiences in similar circumstances to guide present information processing to inform current actions. Experience accumulated in the past is embodied in various modes of cognition (Gavetti, Levinthal, & Rivkin, 2008), influencing individuals’ abilities to attend to, encode, and make inferences about new information. In this way, an organization follows a

Large-scale network connectivity as a predictor of age: Evidence across the adult lifespan from the Cam-CAN data set.

Changes in brain connectivity patterns as a function of age have been recently proposed to underlie differences in cognitive abilities between young and older adults. These shifts track patterns of increased functional coupling between the executive control network (ECN)-a network of prefrontal and parietal areas that is broadly implicated in externally directed attention and cognitive control-and default mode network (DMN) regions-most commonly associated with internally directed cognitive activity. Although age-related changes in ECN-DMN coupling are well characterized, the contributions of the salience network are less clear. Furthermore, given the salience network's crucial role in arbitrating ECN-DMN functional connectivity, it is important to understand its contribution throughout the adult lifespan. Here, we used the data from a large cohort (N = 547) of participants from the Cambridge Centre for Ageing and Neuroscience (Cam-CAN) database (18-88 years old) to investigate first whether resting-state ECN-DMN functional connectivity predicts age. We further examined how connectivity between ECN, DMN, and salience network regions impacts the hypothesized age-related increased connectivity between ECN and DMN areas. Multiple regression analyses revealed that connectivity between dorsolateral and ventromedial prefrontal cortex and parietal regions, including the precuneus, accounted for a significant portion of age variability and that the inclusion of connectivity between orbitofrontal insula, anterior insula, and anterior cingulate regions of the salience network improved the models' explanatory power. Additional age cohort analyses further highlighted that these relationships vary across the lifespan. We discuss how these findings expand on our current understanding of the variations in large-scale intrinsic network connectivity as a function of healthy aging. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Modes of cognition: Evidence from metastable brain dynamics

Managing cognitive load depends on adequate resource allocation by the human brain through the engagement of metastable substates, which are large-scale functional networks that change over time. We employed a novel analysis method, deep autoencoder dynamical analysis (DADA), with 100 healthy adults selected from the Human Connectome Project (HCP) data set in rest and six cognitive tasks. The deep autoencoder of DADA described seven recurrent stochastic metastable substates from the functional connectome of BOLD phase coherence matrices. These substates were significantly differentiated in terms of their probability of appearance, time duration, and spatial attributes. We found that during different cognitive tasks, there was a higher probability of having more connected substates dominated by a high degree of connectivity in the thalamus. In addition, compared with those during tasks, resting brain dynamics have a lower level of predictability, indicating a more uniform distribution of metastability between substates, quantified by higher entropy. These novel findings provide empirical evidence for the philosophically motivated cognitive theory, suggesting on-line and off-line as two fundamentally distinct modes of cognition. On-line cognition refers to task-dependent engagement with the sensory input, while off-line cognition is a slower, environmentally detached mode engaged with decision and planning. Overall, the DADA framework provides a bridge between neuroscience and cognitive theory that can be further explored in the future.

Understanding the effects of serotonin in the brain through its role in the gastrointestinal tract.

The neuromodulatory arousal system imbues the nervous system with the flexibility and robustness required to facilitate adaptive behaviour. While there are well understood mechanisms linking dopamine, noradrenaline and acetylcholine to distinct behavioural states, similar conclusions have not been as readily available for serotonin. Fascinatingly, despite clear links between serotonergic function and cognitive capacities as diverse as reward processing, exploration, and the psychedelic experience, over 95% of the serotonin in the body is released in the gastrointestinal tract, where it controls digestive muscle contractions (peristalsis). Here, we argue that framing neural serotonin as a rostral extension of the gastrointestinal serotonergic system dissolves much of the mystery associated with the central serotonergic system. Specifically, we outline that central serotonin activity mimics the effects of a digestion/satiety circuit mediated by hypothalamic control over descending serotonergic nuclei in the brainstem. We review commonalities and differences between these two circuits, with a focus on the heterogeneous expression of different classes of serotonin receptors in the brain. Much in the way that serotonin-induced peristalsis facilitates the work of digestion, serotonergic influences over cognition can be reframed as performing the work of cognition. Extending this analogy, we argue that the central serotonergic system allows the brain to arbitrate between different cognitive modes as a function of serotonergic tone: low activity facilitates cognitive automaticity, whereas higher activity helps to identify flexible solutions to problems, particularly if and when the initial responses fail. This perspective sheds light on otherwise disparate capacities mediated by serotonin, and also helps to understand why there are such pervasive links between serotonergic pathology and the symptoms of psychiatric disorders.

Women Emotional, Cognitive and Physiological Modes of Coping with Daily Urban Environments: A Pilot Study.

Studies on the effect of urban environments on human risk to health and well-being tend to focus on either physiological or cognitive and emotional effects. For each of these effects, several indicators have been proposed. They are determined either by a physiological-emotional theory or by a cognitive theory of direct attention. However, the interrelationships between these indices have not been thoroughly investigated in environmental contexts. Recently, a neuro-visceral model that incorporates all three aspects has been proposed. The present article focuses on understanding the mechanism of coping with urban environments. More specifically, we analyze the interrelations among nine of the more commonly used indices that represent the physiological, emotional and cognitive aspects of coping with urban environments. The data were collected in the following four environments: home, park, city center and residential area. The participants were 72 healthy, middle-class mothers with either high school or postgraduate education. They wherein their fertile age (20–35) with average Body Mass Index (BMI) of 22.2 and S.D. of 0.8 (48 Arab Muslims and 24 Jewish). They were recruited in a snowball method. Path analysis and principal component analysis are used in order to identify the interrelations among the physiological, cognitive and emotional indices and the directions of these interrelations. According to the findings, the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS), as measured by Heart Rate Variability (HRV) and primarily the parasympathetic tone (High frequency-HF) is the pivotal mechanism that modulates emotional and cognitive responses to environmental nuisances. The ANS response precedes and may trigger the emotional and the cognitive responses, which are only partially interrelated. It appears that the autonomic balance measured by Standard Deviation of NN interval (SDNN) and HF, the cognitive index of restoration and the emotional indices of discomfort and relaxation are closely interrelated. These seemingly disparate operands work together to form a comprehensive underlying network that apparently causes stress and risk to health in urban environments while restoring health in green environments.