Mobile Bus Research Articles

Advancing health equity in improving breast cancer screening with the use of a mobile mammography bus in marginalised population: quality improvement project

BackgroundBreast cancer, the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women in the USA, is effectively treated through early detection and screening. This quality improvement (QI) project aimed to improve...

Factors determining the users' intention to adopt mobile bus app

Factors determining the users' intention to adopt mobile bus app

Factors Determining the Users’ Intention to adopt Mobile Bus App

Factors Determining the Users’ Intention to adopt Mobile Bus App

Enabling Rural Telehealth for Older Adults in Underserved Rural Communities: Focus Group Study

Telehealth is often suggested to improve access to health care and has had significant publicity worldwide during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, limited studies have examined the telehealth needs of underserved populations such as rural communities. This study aims to investigate enablers for telehealth use in underserved rural populations to improve access to health care for rural older adults. In total, 7 focus group discussions and 13 individual interviews were held across 4 diverse underserved rural communities. A total of 98 adults aged ≥55 years participated. The participants were asked whether they had used telehealth, how they saw their community's health service needs evolving, how telehealth might help provide these services, and how they perceived barriers to and enablers of telehealth for older adults in rural communities. Focus group transcripts were thematically analyzed. The term telehealth was not initially understood by many participants and required an explanation. Those who had used telehealth reported positive experiences (time and cost savings) and were likely to use telehealth again. A total of 2 main themes were identified through an equity lens. The first theme was trust, with 3 subthemes-trust in the telehealth technology, trust in the user (consumer and health provider), and trust in the health system. Having access to reliable and affordable internet connectivity and digital devices was a key enabler for telehealth use. Most rural areas had intermittent and unreliable internet connectivity. Another key enabler is easy access to user support. Trust in the health system focused on waiting times, lack of and/or delayed communication and coordination, and cost. The second theme was choice, with 3 subthemes-health service access, consultation type, and telehealth deployment. Access to health services through telehealth needs to be culturally appropriate and enable access to currently limited or absent services such as mental health and specialist services. Accessing specialist care through telehealth was extremely popular, although some participants preferred to be seen in person. A major enabler for telehealth was telehealth deployment by a fixed community hub or on a mobile bus, with support available, particularly when combined with non-health-related services such as internet banking. Overall, participants were keen on the idea of telehealth. Several barriers and enablers were identified, particularly trust and choice. The term telehealth is not well understood. The unreliable and expensive connectivity options available to rural communities have limited telehealth experience to phone or patient portal use for those with connectivity. Having the opportunity to try telehealth, particularly by using video, would increase the understanding and acceptance of telehealth. This study highlights that local rural communities need to be involved in designing telehealth services within their communities.

Abstract A018: Community outreach navigation of minority and medically underserved women in rural Arkansas to mammography facilities: Evolution and experiential results of the National Witness Project® from the last decade

Abstract “…intensive, community-based, culturally sensitive educational programs incorporating the spiritual environment of the faith community can positively influence screening behaviors in rural, underserved groups of African American women” Deborah O. Erwin, 1999 The Witness Project is a culturally competent, community-based outreach navigation program founded in Arkansas (AR) where access to mammography screening was especially problematic in certain areas. The (now) National Witness Project® (NWP) has been widely disseminated across the country. Women identify NWP as trusted and familiar providers of breast and cervical cancer education and invaluable assistance. Objective: Examine the NWP-AR chapter's evolution and past 10 years' experiences navigating rural women. Methods: NWP-AR provides African-American (AA) and all medically underserved women in rural communities with education and outreach navigation services to mammography as needed. They facilitate implementations of modular or mobile units in areas without facilities (service deserts). In 2007 NWP-AR was implemented in 34 counties and 9 in 2017. Results: In 2007 there were 1,374 women enrolled in NWP-AR, 84.6% of whom were rural folk. New enrollees (n=1,305) between March 2002-July 2007 were 54.9+/-11.5 years old and mostly AA, Caucasian, or Hispanic (75.7%, 22.1%, 1.7%), married or single (39.9%, 38.2%), and uninsured (82.1%). Medicare or Medicaid use was 31.7%. Initial service location choices were mobile, modular, and freestanding (54.9%, 25.9%, 14.6%). Over time rural women without facilities in their county (n=382) used modular or mobile (62.3%, 30.9%), rural women with facilities in their county (n=725) used mobile or modular (81.5%, 8.7%), and urban women (n=175) used freestanding or modular (61.1%, 19.4%). 2004 AR and national screening rates were 51.0% and 58.3%. In fiscal 2017, NWP-AR held 23 education/outreach events in 9 counties at mostly religious or residential centers (34.8%, 23.9%) and formed 10 new community partnerships in 8 counties. New enrollees (n=446) were ≥40 years of age (78.9%), AA or Caucasian (92.6%, 7.2%, 0.2%), and insured (92.6%). They made 488 contacts with enrollees. Modular units were phased out in favor of mobile units. In the 10 screening events in 8 counties, 138 AA or Caucasian (81.9%, 18.1%) women 40-49 (20.3%), 50-64 (40.6%), and ≥65 (39.1%) years of age were screened. All were insured. Navigation services to screening and later diagnostic testing were used by 67.4% and 2.9%. 2016 AR and national screening rates were 67.8% and 72.4%. Conclusion: In the 1990s NWP-AR pioneered activations of mobile mammography to rural and underserved areas. They have maintained their positive influences on the screening behavior of AA women. Despite a more focused implementation (34 vs. 9 counties), new enrollment rates almost doubled (~241 in 2007 to 446 in 2017), likely due to the feasibility of the mobile bus units. More work is needed as AR rates remain below average. Citation Format: Julia Devonish, Deborah O. Erwin, Detric Johnson, Frances Harfouche, Levi Ross, Cynthia Maxwell. Community outreach navigation of minority and medically underserved women in rural Arkansas to mammography facilities: Evolution and experiential results of the National Witness Project® from the last decade [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2018 Nov 2-5; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29(6 Suppl):Abstract nr A018.

АНАЛІЗ ПАРКУ ЕЛЕКТРИЧНИХ АВТОМОБІЛІВ ТА ЕФЕКТИВНІСТЬ МОДУЛЬНОГО ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ ЕЛЕКТРОБУСІВ В МЕГАПОЛІСАХ

Introduction . The rapid development of the transportation industry has led to many serious problems, such as energy shortages, environmental degradation in the world, major accidents and more. Therefore, the application and implementation of green technologies in transport is an urgent task and the solution of which begins with the analysis and structuring of all its components. The purpose of the work is c omparative analysis of the performance of different types of electric buses, which are planned in the near future or already in use in the world. Results. The article is devoted to the study of the introduction of the concept of modular use of electric buses, which involves the use of electric tractor and passenger electric trailers. Particular attention is given to urban bus transport. A comparative analysis of the main advantages and disadvantages of electric cars over gasoline and diesel cars is conducted. Ways to develop and use electric buses in major cities of developed countries are analyzed. Originality . The modular organization of the formation of a passenger electric bus depending on the passenger traffic is proposed, that is, the city carrier will be able to regulate the capacity of the bus, rationally using rolling stock. Conclusion. Effective use of this system implies that the tractor unit can grip and work not only with passenger, but also with cargo and special trailer modules. This versatility helps to reduce overall costs for the trucking business as a whole. The implementation of this system brings not only the economic component, but also the improvement of the environmental situation in the cities, cities and in the country as a whole by expanding the use of electric trucks. This will give impetus to the development of efficient public transport and its efficient use. But in order to achieve this goal, the automotive industry must be tasked with developing a modular mobile bus system and providing a wide urban and suburban charging station network in accordance with European environmental safety standards.

Bus frequency optimisation considering user behaviour based on mobile bus applications

In this study, a model for bus frequency optimisation was presented, which determined the optimal bus frequencies aiming to minimise the users' total travel cost. Unlike past researches, where the impacts of real-time information were ignored, the user behaviours affected by mobile applications were considered in this study. The effects of bus real-time information on user behaviours had been proved by some other researches. By assigning a user's trip to three stages (pre-trip, on-board and end-trip), four different user behaviours were taken into account in the model building process: shortest total travel time, shortest pre-trip time, shortest walking time and shortest riding time. In addition to the object bus line and stops on it, other bus lines and stops serving the same traffic zones were also considered. The demand was given in the form of an origin-destination (OD) matrix. Each value in the OD matrix represented the passenger amount from one zone to another. Finally, the illustrated model was tested by four cases and the results showed a good performance.

Exploring community-based training opportunities for dental therapy students in non-governmental and private sectors in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa

Background. The current health system in South Africa (SA) struggles to meet the healthcare demands of its nation adequately, especially in KwaZulu- Natal (KZN) Province, South Africa. Local communities in KZN have long since recognised the need to supplement the public health system by means of community-driven initiatives of non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and the private sector. Projects by these sectors can also provide a platform for experiential learning for dental therapy students. Objective. To explore learning opportunities for dental therapy students through the community-driven health initiatives of NGOs and the private sector in KZN. Methods. This qualitative study used face-to-face interviews with key stakeholders organising community-based initiatives in the NGO and private sectors. The interviews were audio-recorded and analysed using thematic analysis. Ethical clearance was obtained from the University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, SA. Results. According to the participants, there were many innovative service delivery modes, ranging from a mobile health bus, a container turned into a clinic, to well-established clinics that provided meaningful learning opportunities for dental students. By participating in these projects, respondents believed that students could gain real-world experiences and a greater sense of social accountability. Conclusion. This study showed that there are many opportunities in the private and NGO sectors that could provide support for community-driven learning initiatives for undergraduate dental therapy students.

A Robust Optimization Approach to Public Transit Mobile Real-time Information

In the past few years, numerous mobile applications have made it possible for public transit passengers to find routes and learn about the expected arrival times of their transit vehicles. Previous studies show that provision of accurate real-time bus information is vital to passengers for reducing their anxieties and wait times at bus stops. Inadequate and/or inaccurate real-time information not only confuses passengers but also reinforces the bad image of public transit. However, almost all methods of real-time information optimization are aimed at predicting bus arrival or travel times. In order to make up for the lack of information accuracy, this paper proposes a new approach to optimize mobile real-time information for each transit route based on robust linear optimization. An error estimation is added to current bus arrival time information as a new element of mobile bus applications. The proof process of the robust optimization model is also presented in this paper. In the end, the model is tested on two comparable bus routes in Shanghai. The real-time information for these two routes was obtained from Shanghai Bus, a mobile application used in Shanghai City. The test results reflect the validity, disadvantages, and risk costs of the model.

Dilly Wanderer initiatives – Wollondilly Health Alliance

Introduction : The Wollondilly Shire Local Government Area is a peri-urban area located on the south west fringe of the Sydney Metropolitan area facing increasing challenges associated with population growth, health concerns and service provision. Residents have access to local primary care but must travel outside the region for higher level health services. Compared to NSW, there are higher rates of obesity, alcohol consumption, smoking and lung cancer. Short description of practice change implemented : The Dilly Wanderer is Wollondilly Shire Council’s mobile mini bus community engagement and information service. It visits towns and villages in Wollondilly Shire providing information to community members and activities for children and families to participate in. Aim and theory of change : The vision for Wollondilly is that the community is healthier, finds it easier and quicker to access services, enjoys quality services and has a say in the development and provision of health services that affect them. Consistent with the WHO Draft Framework for Country Action across Sectors for Health and Health Equity (2015) the Dilly Wanderer is an exemplar of “action initiated at the local government level…various sectors working together to address public health and health equity issues…through community-based or setting-based health promotion activities.” Targeted population and stakeholders : Potentially isolated individuals and families at risk of poor health due to deficits in social connectedness, health literacy, nutritional choices and physical activity. Timeline : The Dilly Wanderer enhancement commenced in May 2014 and is currently funded to 2017. Highlights : Since May 2015, the following enhanced activities have been delivered via the Dilly Wanderer, all evaluated through satisfaction survey or client experience interview: - Kiosks In addition to the regular Dilly Wanderer timetable, a specific schedule has been established which ensures the Dilly attends a predetermined location each week with the aim of promoting healthy messages and activities. - Special events Due to the increase in the hours of operation, the Dilly Wanderer has been able to attend community gatherings and events not previously attended, boosting overall community awareness and creating a positive brand association. - Workshops/education sessions Information sessions have been delivered to several Wollondilly villages on the topics of child development, parenting skills, healthy eating for families, how to access and identify the need for Allied Health services and basic first aid. The program has been enthusiastically received with all agreeing they would recommend the program to family and friends, 43% confident in making changes to their lifestyle, 63% enhancing their parenting skills and knowledge and 50% feeling a lot more connected to other people in their community. - Walking and exercise groups Walking and exercise sessions have been provided in several Wollondilly villages. The sessions have been well received with over 60 participants to date. Conclusions : Over a short period the Dilly Wanderer has generated positive community engagement, raised awareness, attained solid attendance, expanded its reach and tailored services to health need. Discussions : Community engagement, health literacy and social connectedness can be rapidly improved through mobile mini bus health promotion messaging.

Mobile Enabled RFID-GPS Based Bus Tracking System

Public transportation in many countries is being used as a means of transport for travelling and accordingly people would prefer these public transportation to be scheduled properly, on time and the frequency be adequately fixed for commuters to make good use of it. It has been found that quite an amount of research work has been carried out, by way of using RFID technology in the public transportation systems towards the tracking of passengers when they board and exit buses. In addition research has also been carried out in using GPS towards the tracking of buses along with RFID technology at traffic lights, bus stops, intersections etc and also displaying expected arrival times on LCD screen at bus stops along with their current positions. Taking these aspects into consideration, an intelligent mobile bus tracking system for the Jamaican Urban Transport Corporation has been proposed and validated as a case study. The proposed system also enables commuters towards tracking the bus of their choice and also knowing their expected arrival times. So taking the above aspects into consideration, in this research the authors have proposed and validated on how control center of a bus company could track the location of a bus based on information received from RFID reader and GPS Transmitter positioned at various Bus stops and in the Bus and accordingly the expected time of arrival calculated for displaying the information on commuter's handset via Gmap. The implementation of the bus tracking scheme has been carried out using Adobe Flash player and Java.

Enhancing physical and social environments to reduce obesity among public housing residents: Rationale, trial design, and baseline data for the Healthy Families study

Intervention programs that change environments have the potential for greater population impact on obesity compared to individual-level programs. We began a cluster randomized, multi-component multi-level intervention to improve weight, diet, and physical activity among low-socioeconomic status public housing residents. Here we describe the rationale, intervention design, and baseline survey data. After approaching 12 developments, ten were randomized to intervention (n=5) or assessment-only control (n=5). All residents in intervention developments are welcome to attend any intervention component: health screenings, mobile food bus, walking groups, cooking demonstrations, and a social media campaign; all of which are facilitated by community health workers who are residents trained in health outreach. To evaluate weight and behavioral outcomes, a subgroup of female residents and their daughters age 8–15 were recruited into an evaluation cohort. In total, 211 households completed the survey (RR=46.44%). Respondents were Latino (63%), Black (24%), and had ≤ high school education (64%). Respondents reported ≤2 servings of fruits & vegetables/day (62%), visiting fast food restaurants 1+ times/week (32%), and drinking soft drinks daily or more (27%). The only difference between randomized groups was race/ethnicity, with more Black residents in the intervention vs. control group (28% vs. 19%, p=0.0146). Among low-socioeconomic status urban public housing residents, we successfully recruited and randomized families into a multi-level intervention targeting obesity. If successful, this intervention model could be adopted in other public housing developments or entities that also employ community health workers, such as food assistance programs or hospitals.

Promotion of quality-controlled mammography alone as a screening modality in Japan

The rate of breast cancer screening in Japan has not increased, and it is thought that one of the reasons is the principle that mammography (MMG) and clinical breast examination (CBE) be carried out in combination. Nationwide, there is a shortage of physicians qualified to perform CBE, and in some regions mass-screening is performed by MMG alone out of a mobile MMG bus. In Shikoku, MMG is performed alone as a screening examination in Kochi and Ehime Prefectures. A comparative analysis of the data generated by MMG alone in breast cancer screening in the four prefectures of Shikoku during the 2005-2009 period was performed. The overall attendance rates, recall, cancer detection, early-stage cancer detection, and the positive predictive value (PPV) were 16.8-24.5, 6.0-12.8, 0.26-0.37, 63.1-79.7, and 2.8-4.3 %, respectively. Almost no differences were seen between the results for MMG alone and combined MMG/CBE screening. In addition, the cancer detection rates based on the Japan Cancer Society's nationwide data were 0.25 % with combined MMG/CBE screening and 0.21 % with MMG alone, showing almost no difference. No differences were seen between the results (i.e., recall rate, cancer detection rate, early-stage cancer detection rate, PPV) for MMG alone and MMG/CBE screening in the four prefectures of Shikoku compared with the Japan Cancer Society's nationwide data. In order to improve the mammographic screening rate in Japan, quality-controlled mammography as a stand-alone examination should be promoted, and performed biennially for women aged 50-74 years.

Inverse Relationship Between Central Obesity and Osteoporosis in Osteoporotic Drug Naive Elderly Females: The Tianliao Old People (TOP) Study

To examine the relationship between central obesity and osteoporosis in elderly females in a rural community, a total of 368 ambulatory elderly women were recruited by random sampling during July 2009. Structured questionnaires were completed to survey possible osteoporosis-related risk factors. Subjects were dichotomized into either noncentral obese (waist circumference [WC]<80cm) or central obese subgroups (WC≥80cm) for further analysis. Bone mineral densities were scanned by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry installed in a mobile bus. Thoracolumbar spine X-ray examination was interpreted by the same radiologist. Of the 365 subjects with completed data, 275 (75.3%) aged women were classified as having osteoporosis based on diagnostic Model III. Compared with the nonosteoporosis subjects, the subjects with osteoporosis had relatively higher mean age, lower body mass index, and a lower percentage of central obesity. Using the binary logistic regression method, central obesity was negatively associated with osteoporosis in all 3 models (odds ratios in the 3 models were 0.348, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.130–0.927; 0.444, 95% CI: 0.218–0.905; and 0.415, 95% CI: 0.184–0.936, respectively; p<0.05). Our study suggests that the paradox between central obesity and osteoporosis in elderly women should be of concern and warrants further study.

A Mobile 3-D Display Processor With A Bandwidth-Saving Subdivider

A mobile 3-D display processor with a subdivider is presented for higher visual quality on handhelds. By combining a subdivision technique with a 3-D display, the processor can support viewers see realistic smooth surfaces in the air. However, both the subdivision and the 3-D display processes require a high number of memory operations to mobile memory architecture. Therefore, we make efforts to save the bandwidth between the processor and off-chip memory. In the subdivider, we propose a recomputing based depth-first scheme that has much smaller working set than prior works. The proposed scheme achieves about 100:1 bandwidth reduction over the prior subdivision methods. Also the designed 3-D display engine reduces the bandwidth to 27% by reordering the operation sequence of the 3-D display process. This bandwidth saving translates into reductions of off-chip access energy and time. Consequently the overall bandwidth of both the subdivision and the 3-D display processes is affordable to a commercial mobile bus. In addition to saving bandwidth, our work provides enough visual quality and performance. Overall the 3-D display engine achieves 325 fps for 480×320 display resolution.

Is a mobile surgical bus a safe setting for cataract surgery? A four-year retrospective study of intraoperative complications

Clinical & Experimental OphthalmologyVolume 40, Issue 3 p. 330-331 Is a mobile surgical bus a safe setting for cataract surgery? A four-year retrospective study of intraoperative complications Leo Sheck MBChB, Leo Sheck MBChB Department of Ophthalmology, Tairawhiti District Health Board, GisborneSearch for more papers by this authorAndrew Riley FRANZCO, Andrew Riley FRANZCO Department of Ophthalmology, Tairawhiti District Health Board, GisborneSearch for more papers by this authorGraham A Wilson FRANZCO, Graham A Wilson FRANZCO Department of Ophthalmology, Tairawhiti District Health Board, GisborneSearch for more papers by this author Leo Sheck MBChB, Leo Sheck MBChB Department of Ophthalmology, Tairawhiti District Health Board, GisborneSearch for more papers by this authorAndrew Riley FRANZCO, Andrew Riley FRANZCO Department of Ophthalmology, Tairawhiti District Health Board, GisborneSearch for more papers by this authorGraham A Wilson FRANZCO, Graham A Wilson FRANZCO Department of Ophthalmology, Tairawhiti District Health Board, GisborneSearch for more papers by this author First published: 13 June 2011 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9071.2011.02615.xCitations: 3 Conflict/competing interest: No stated conflict of interest. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume40, Issue3April 2012Pages 330-331 RelatedInformation

A Study of a Mobile Bus Information System and Its User Interface Design Using Location-based Technology

A Study of a Mobile Bus Information System and Its User Interface Design Using Location-based Technology

MOLLY®, When Will You Come Again? : A mobile library service for the less privileged

The National Library Board (NLB) launched a new mobile library service in Singapore on April 3, 2008. MOLLY® (mobile library), a mobile library bus, is the latest project to run on the streets of the island bringing library services to people not utilizing the extensive network of public libraries. After a comparative overview of different mobile library models in various countries, this paper introduces MOLLY® the prototype project and covers key aspects such as the conceptualization and objectives, special target user segments, outreach methodology and core activities.

Demographic characteristics and risks for transfusion‐transmissible infection among blood donors in Xinjiang autonomous region, People's Republic of China

The recruitment and retention of voluntary, nonremunerated blood donors continues to be a challenge in China. Understanding donor demographics and donor characteristics is crucial for any blood center in developing strategies to recruit potential donors. The study population included all 29,784 whole blood donors from January 1 to December 31, 2003, at the Urumqi City Blood Center or one of its mobile blood collection buses. Demographic data, location, and frequency of donation and results of testing for transfusion-transmissible infection (TTI) were evaluated. The typical blood donor in Urumqi is male, less than 36 years of age, and Han Chinese; has at least a high school education; is a first-time donor; and donated at a mobile blood collection bus. The majority, 71 percent, were first-time donors. Among all donors, the seroprevalence rate of TTI was 3.5 percent for first-time donors, 2.7 percent for donors who donated twice, and 2.1 percent for donors who had donated three or more times. Han Chinese had lower seroprevalence rates of TTIs than ethnic minorities. Lower seroprevalence rates of TTIs were found among donors at mobile buses than at the blood centers. Similar to other donor populations, higher rates of TTIs were observed among first-time donors, and the prevalence decreased among repeated donors. One possible strategy for improving the safety of the blood supply might be for the blood center to recruit a cadre of donors who donate repeatedly, instead of relying on campaigns to recruit new donors from workplaces at each donation cycle.

When the Church Bell Rang Racist: The Methodist Church and the Civil Rights Movement in Alabama (review)

When the Church Bell Rang Racist: The Methodist Church and the Civil Rights Movement in Alabama. By Donald Collins. (Macon, Georgia: Mercer University Press. 1998. Pp. xi, 177. $29.95.) When the Church Bell Rang Racist is the story of the Alabama-West Florida Methodist Conference and its activities during the civil-rights movement of the 1950's and 1960's. It is also the personal memoir of the author, who was a Methodist minister between 1952 and 1969, holding pastorates in this particular conference. From the very beginning of his study, Collins, now a retired banker in Seattle,Washington, makes it clear that the Methodist Church did not respond the civil-rights movement. In fact, anyone who did show any sympathy, especially among its ministers, was punished, threatened, transferred, or intimidated by his own white congregation and by pro-segregationist groups within the Methodist Church. Collins argues that the Methodist Church limited its welcome to its own kind and supported the segregated status quo (p. ix). Realizing the gravity of what he is telling, Collins takes the reader through a very meticulous, almost year-by-year portrayal of what actually happened in the Alabama-West Florida Conference, what specific civil-rights incidents occurred, how specific ministers reacted, and the results of their support of black activists. After explaining the make-up of the Methodist conference and the role of bishops within any given conference, the author explains that forty-two ministers left their callings as a result of what happened during these turbulent years. Without question, Collins points out that many Methodist ministers actually supported the White Citizens Councils in Alabama, the pro-segregation Association of Methodist Ministers and Laymen, and even the annual conferences and its bishops. As early as the Montgomery bus boycott in 1955, the Methodist Church opposed the civil-rights leaders' calls for integration, whether it was in the Tuskegee boycott of white merchants or the Mobile bus desegregation petition. Ministers who showed any support or sympathy for the plight of black people were harassed by their congregations as in the case of John Parker, A. S.Turnipseed, Bob Zellner, or Charles Prestwood. More distressing for Collins was the Methodist Church's actually voting support sustain segregation or the growing influence of the pro-segregationist Methodist Layman's Union. Collins also details how the bishops of the Alabama-West Florida Conference supported these activities by their refusal do or say anything stop the barring of black people from Methodist services of worship. Here, the author singles out Bishop Bachman G. …