Mobbing Behavior Research Articles

Cooperative and Solitary Mobbing to Defend Offspring in Wild Gray Mouse Lemurs, Microcebus murinus

ABSTRACTGray mouse lemur, Microcebus murinus, mothers either cooperatively breed plurally with kin or breed solitarily. We describe the first observations of cooperative and solitary mobbing to defend offspring by wild cooperative breeding gray mouse lemur mothers in Kirindy Forest, Western Madagascar. We observed four groups of cooperatively breeding mothers and their offspring daily between 18:00 and 04:00 from January 1 to 15, 2023. Cooperative mobbing was observed twice, and solitary mobbing by a single cooperative breeding mother was observed once. There was one Malagasy tree boa, Sanzinia madagascariensis, per mobbing event. Mothers solitarily mobbed by directly approaching within 1 m of the boa, walking and changing distance while within 1 m of the boa. In addition to the solitary mobbing behaviors, cooperatively mobbing mothers approached the boa together from the same or different directions or alternated, and they gathered around the boa. Mothers collaborated in the context of offspring defense from predators and performed different complementary tasks: mobbing while another provided alloparental care by guarding the offspring of the association, that is, babysitting. Mothers performed similar mobbing behaviors and occasionally synchronized in time or coordinate in time and in space to approach from different directions and gather around the boa. Mothers did not come in contact with the boas during mobbing but kept a distance of at least 20 cm. On two mobbing events, the boa rose up with its head facing the mobbing mothers and climbed down the tree after the mobbing. Cooperative mobbing to defend offspring likely evolved by kin selection but reciprocity and an interaction between kin selection and reciprocity cannot be ruled out, since gray mouse lemur mothers cooperatively breed with kin and basically allonurse reciprocally.

Mobbing Exposed by Deck Cadets at Onboard Training during the Internship Period

The aim of this study is to determine whether oceangoing officer candidates encounter mobbing “psychological terror in the workplace” during their onboard training period and analyze whether there is a dimensional difference between the mobbing behaviors experienced by the deck cadets. The attendees of the study are a total 212 oceangoing officer candidates who have sea experience and are studying for a BSc degree in maritime transportation engineering. The demographic information of cadets, along with the details about the internship process and the Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror (LIPT) items was analyzed using statistical tests by SPSS and association rule mining methods with the SPSS modeler. The study results demonstrate that, regardless of the ship type or internship duration, the cadets were subjected to mobbing in the sub-dimension of Self-expression and communication and Occupational situation and quality of life. The cadets who reported experiencing occupational stress indicated that their career expectations changed after the internship. The presence of “only one cadet on board” was identified as a significant antecedent factor affecting not only Self-expression and communication and Occupational situation and quality of life but also occupational stress and changes in work expectations after internship.

Location and caller familiarity influence mobbing behaviour and the likely ecological impact of noisy miners around colony edges

Mobbing is a widespread, vocally coordinated behaviour where species approach and harass a threat. The noisy miner (Manorina melanocephala) is a notorious native Australian honeyeater, well‐known for its hyperaggressive mobbing. Numerous studies have identified negative impacts of their mobbing behaviour, highlighting the exclusion of competitors from colony areas and the resulting loss of woodland‐bird biodiversity. Despite this, few studies have investigated mobbing itself, and our understanding of the factors which influence its expression remains limited. Here, we use a field‐based playback experiment to investigate whether mobbing responses vary in relation to colony borders and caller familiarity. Noisy miners were more likely to respond, reacted more quickly and responded more strongly to mobbing calls broadcast inside as opposed to outside the colony. These behavioural differences likely arise from variation in the relative costs and benefits of responding. When noisy miners did mob outside the colony, more individuals joined in response to unfamiliar as opposed to familiar callers. Our results reveal that noisy miner mobbing may not be as indiscriminate as often assumed, with caller familiarity and location influencing this behaviour. We suggest there are benefits to greater consideration of the factors impacting noisy miner mobbing behaviour.Keywords: Avian biodiversity, interspecific aggression, mobbing behaviour, noisy miner, vocal communication

Emotional problems experienced by mobbing victims and a research model proposal in terms of cognitive behavioral model

This study aims to review the literature about the emotional problems experienced by mobbing victims in the workplace and present a research model. Defined as a severe source of social stress in the workplace, mobbing systematically involves protracted and escalating conflicts with frequent abusive acts against the target person. Mobbing significantly impacts a victim’s emotional health, which can cause various psychiatric, psychosomatic, and psychosocial issues. Studies have shown that mobbing victims often suffer from anxiety, depression, irritability, psychosomatic symptoms, and sleep disturbances. In addition, they may experience low self-esteem, a lack of social skills, and a sense of submission. The consequences of mobbing go beyond the individual and affect their families and relatives. In this research, a literature review is conducted about the causes, manifestations, and consequences of mobbing. A research model is designed to emphasize the importance of cognitive behavioral techniques in combating emotional problems caused by exposure to mobbing behaviors in the workplace.

Examination of the Relationship Between Mobbing Behaviors and Personality Traits Encountered by Physical Education and Sports Teachers

The purpose of the research is to reveal how there is a relationship between the mobbing behaviors that physical education and sports teachers are exposed to and their personality traits in terms of various variables. In the research, relational survey model, which is one of the descriptive research models, has been used. The research group consisted of 304 physical education and sports teachers working in public schools in Ankara. In research, the Personal Information Form, Negative Behavior Scale (NBS) and Five Factor Personality Characteristics Scale (FFPCS) have been used. In data analysis, independent sample t test, one-way analysis of variance (Anova) test, Spearman correlation test and multiple regression analysis have been applied. According to the results of correlation analysis between NBS and FFPCS, it has been specified that there was a weak and significant relationship between the exposure to negative behaviors and extraversion, conscientiousness and agreeableness sub-dimensions in a negative direction, while a moderate significant relationship was found with the neuroticism sub-dimension in a positive direction.

Job burnout among polish nurses - influence of mobbing and coping with stress

Mobbing behaviours at workplaces and occupational burnout have negative impacts on the working and private lives. Mobbing, irrespective of its intensity, represents one of the most significant stressors and often leads to an irreversible psycho-deterioration of an individual. Overcoming a stressful situation at work requires specifying the methods for coping with stress resulting in job burnout. Job burnout is a complex syndrome of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and reduced personal accomplishment. The aim of these study was to analyze interrelationships between mobbing, coping with stress and job burnout among nurses.The study included 86 nurses of various specialties, who gave their consent to participate in the project, were examined. The average age of the nurses was 37.7 years, and the average job seniority was 12.6 years. The study were conducted in 2019-2020 in hospitals of Southern Poland. and was based on the following instruments: Sociodemographic survey, The Negative Acts Questionnaire (NAQ), COPE Inventory and Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI).The presented studies showed a statistically significant and consistent relationship between the intensity of perceived mobbing in nurses and the results obtained on the scale of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization. A relationship was found between the preference for some specific stress management strategies and job burnout level, also after adjustment for the mobbing intensity, age and seniority of the respondents, thus empirically confirming a multifaceted nature of the unfavorable phenomena related to the work of a nurse.It was found that there is interrelationships between mobbing, coping with stress and job burnout among nurses.

MOBBING AND SUICIDE A CASE STUDY ON SUICIDE INCIDENTS IN TURKEY

The frequency and persistence of mobbing behavior, which can occur in all professional groups and organizations, has devastating effects on the victim and in some cases leads to suicide. In this study, the characteristics of the individuals who committed suicide due to workplace mobbing and how they experienced this situation was examined through newspaper news on the internet. Case study, which is a qualitative research approach, was used as the research design. Descriptive content analysis was performed in order to analyse the data. The analyses were made after news about suicide incidents in Turkey were found on the internet by typing "mobbing and suicide". 12 of these suicide cases were associated with mobbing by researchers. These cases were examined in terms of variables such as gender, age, profession, type of suicide, suicide note, psychiatric treatment, mobbing claim and type of mobbing. As a result of the analysis, a relationship was found between mobbing and suicide. It has been determined that the majority of those who commit suicide due to mobbing are women and the age range where suicides occur most frequently is the 25-34 age range. It has been found that the majority of those who commit suicide are single. It has been claimed that the professional group in which suicides occur most frequently is doctors and the most common form of suicide is jumping from a height. It has been determined that some of those who committed suicide received psychiatric treatment. It has been observed that almost half of those who committed suicide left a suicide note. The most common forms of mobbing are It has been revealed that these are threats, work pressure, humiliation, isolation, disregard, gossip, slander, interference with lifestyle, arbitrary practices, obstruction of professional advancement and physical violence.

HUMAN RIGHTS AND ETHICAL CONCERNS IN MOB JUSTICE CASES: LITERATURE REVIEW

Mob justice, a phenomenon characterized by a group's extrajudicial administration of punishment, raises intricate questions about human psychology, ethical norms, and societal cohesion. This article presents a comprehensive analysis of mob justice, drawing insights from a systematic literature review that spans psychological, moral, and long-term societal dimensions. The study highlights the psychological underpinnings of mob behaviour, where groupthink and deindividuation play significant roles in shaping individuals' participation. This analysis sheds light on the intricate motivations driving collective violence. Moreover, the ethical implications of mob justice are explored, revealing widespread human rights violations and challenges to established ethical norms. The erosion of the right to a fair trial and the presumption of innocence, fundamental to human rights frameworks, underscores the urgent need for aligned practices. In examining the lasting societal consequences, the article unveils fractured community relations, reduced trust in formal justice systems, perpetuation of violence cycles, and stigmatization. This comprehensive understanding underscores the importance of addressing mob justice beyond legal parameters. The article identifies research gaps, calling for deeper profiling of participants, human rights-centered interventions, and comprehensive long-term strategies. The influence of the digital era remains underexplored, necessitating research into online platforms' contribution to mobilization. Ultimately, synthesising insights offers a holistic perspective on mob justice, encouraging collaborative efforts toward evidence-based interventions that foster more just and humane societies.

MOBBING AMONG ADOLESCENTS: SOCIAL CAUSES, FORMS AND INTENSITY, FAMILY SITUATION, AND PARENTING PRACTICES

This study focuses on the phenomenon of mobbing among adolescents aged 15 to 16, analyzing its social causes, forms, and intensity of manifestation, as well as family situation and opinions regarding adolescent education and parenting practices. The aim of the research is to develop a model for approaching mobbing and to analyze the results obtained. The study examined the manipulated variables and basic statistical indicators that characterize these variables in the research sample, and the results showed that most students live with both parents and consider their household's financial situation to be similar to that of their friends and classmates. Overall, mobbing represents an important social problem among adolescents and can have significant negative effects on the mental and physical health of its victims. By identifying the causes of mobbing behaviors, this information can be used to develop effective prevention programs in the school environment.

Mobbing among seafarers: Scale development and application of an interval type-2 fuzzy logic system

Mobbing is a universal problem in every industry, but it is a particularly serious problem for seafarers who are tied to their work 24 h a day, 7 days a week. In this study, it was first aimed to develop a mobbing scale for seafarers from Turkey as one of the countries that provide the most seafarers to the international maritime sector and to examine their mobbing behaviors. A total of 518 people participated in the development of the scale, while 211 participated in a validation study. Factors were determined using exploratory factor analysis and then the validity of the developed scale was verified utilizing confirmatory factor analysis. Secondly, an interval type-2 fuzzy logic system was designed based on the developed scale to deal with the imprecision and vagueness inherent to the answers to the questions. To our knowledge, this is the first study to employ interval type-2 fuzzy sets to measure mobbing behavior. The results of the study demonstrate that there are inverse relationships between the age, professional experience, and position of seafarers and the severity of the mobbing to which they are exposed. The study recommends that the awareness of mobbing be promoted among seafarers.

Potential benefits of bird interspecies cooperation

This meta-analysis explores the potential benefits of bird interspecies cooperation, which is less common than cooperation within a species but can yield more complex advantages. The study identifies various forms of interspecies cooperation, such as alarm calls, foraging flocks, and mobbing behavior, and suggests that these behaviors are primarily geared towards enhancing foraging efficiency and reducing predation risks. The findings of this study contribute to our understanding of the intricacies of animal behavior and can inform efforts to conserve and manage ecosystems. Studies on bird interspecies cooperation can provide valuable insights into the behavioral dynamics of different bird species and their interactions with other animals, which can be useful in understanding the intricacies of ecological systems. This knowledge can have significant implications for conservation efforts, as well as sustainable agricultural practices, particularly regarding pest control. Additionally, research on bird interspecies cooperation can inform our understanding of human behavior and contribute to environmental education efforts.

To Mob or Not to Mob: Habitat and Time of Day Influence in Mobbing Behavior in the Azure-Winged Magpie (Cyanopica cookii).

While mobbing, individuals utter distinctive calls and perform visual threatening displays. Like any other antipredatory strategies, it involves some costs (time, energy, injuries, and even death). Therefore, mobbing would be expected to vary depending on the perceived magnitude of the predation risk. Moreover, harassment behavior can also serve as a demonstration of social status and to teach juveniles to recognize predators and related behaviors. Therefore, mobbing could also persist even when predation risk is particularly low. To test our hypotheses, we used tawny owl playbacks and a taxidermy mount to elicit the mobbing response in azure-winged magpies throughout the daylight period. To classify mobbing intensity, we created five categories depending on the proximity to the owl model at which the mobbing was performed. The results revealed that mobbing behavior in azure-winged magpies was more intense where predation risk was higher: in the most suitable habitat for the tawny owl, the forest, although considerable levels of mobbing were found in the dehesa and the ecotone, which indicate that mobbing has different purposes. However, we did not find statistically significant differences in mobbing intensity depending on the time of the day. We could not show a daily adjustment of antipredator response, but magpies modulated mobbing depending on the perceived risk linked to the habitat.

Machine Learning-Based Crowd behavior Analysis and Forecasting

In many places today, the world's overcrowding causes crowded conditions. Analysis of crowd activity is a developing field of study. It is common knowledge that mob activity can forecast what might happen during an event. Crowd management could be very effective if situations like riots, mass lynchings, traffic jams, accidents, stampedes, etc. could be predicted beforehand. In this paper, we propose a new multicolumn convolutional neural network (MCNN) based technique for predicting mob behavior. The features of the incoming image are first analyzed and extracted. The approximated number of the gathering is then established, and image cropping is completed. For each area of the image, low level characteristics are retrieved. The objects in the picture are then created as density images. Using our method, the gathered characteristics and their object density maps are then linearly mapped. At last, we forecast and quantify the population using the MCNN algorithm. For the ShanghaiTech dataset, we have evaluated our method using actual data.

Functional traits including interspecific sociality affect mobbing behaviour in a bird community of southern China

Abstract Mobbing is a prevalent anti-predatory behaviour in birds where prey actively engage in harassing predators. Functional traits have been shown to affect prey species’ tendency to engage in mobbing, but empirical studies have largely neglected to assess the influence of some other potentially important functional traits, such as intraspecific and interspecific sociality, on mobbing or measured different aspects of the behaviour. In this study, we performed playback experiments that elicited mobbing responses from a forest bird community in southern China, to investigate the influence of body mass, foraging strata, as well as intra- and interspecific sociality, on the prevalence of mobbing, as well as the intensity of aggression and vocalness. We found that species with small body masses engaged in more frequent and intense mobbing behaviours. Notably, interspecific sociality was negatively associated with birds’ mobbing prevalence and tended to be negatively associated with vocalness.

LEGAL ASPECTS OF EMPLOYEES PROTECTION FROM THE PHENOMENON OF MOBBING

The purpose of the article is to present the regulations on counteracting mobbing, to evaluate the effectiveness of activities used in companies, and, consequently analysis of the existing of the existing regulations governing a given phenomenon. The paper reviews the literature, uses the legal-dogmatic method and a survey among Polish employees was carried out. The author will recognize significant problems by focusing on regulations that are insufficient for companies to completely combat mobbing behavior, and will also signal real ways to solve the problems that have arisen. The results of the own research prove that training in the field of mobbing and systematic refreshing of information are effective. The legislator should consider introducing provisions focusing on a uniform anti-mobbing policy and tightening penalties for mobber. To date, no attempt has been made to modify the legislation in this context.

Flocks, Mobs, and Figure Eights: Swarming as a Lemniscatic Arch

Inspired by the natural mobbing behavior of birds, this work presents a novel, quasi-distributed swarming strategy called the Dynamic Lemniscatic Arch. It resolves the problem of producing globally-stable, evenly-spaced lemniscate (or, figure-eight) trajectories while relying on local interactions only. Such trajectories are advantageous in applications where energy consumption and mechanical strain must be minimized. Previous work in lemniscate curves has typically relied on predetermined trajectories, rather than on the emergent structure of the swarm. Furthermore, we enrich the traditional 2-dimensional lemniscate plane curve structure by forming an arch in the third dimension. This arch provides more consistent coverage in surveillance type tasks and, with minor variations in parameters, can be used to produce mobbing behavior. The technique relies on time-varying quaternion rotations linked to the positions of dynamically induced virtual agents. We provide a mathematical proof of stability, which demonstrates the swarm converges to the desired geometry. Simulations show that the strategy performs well with multiple agents and in numerous different configurations.

Mobbing Perceptions of Academic Staff

Mobbing is defined as psychological attack to the individuals. In this sense, mobbing behaviour is especially applied to employees in both public and private organizations and generally inferiors are exposed to these kind of attacks by their superiors/supervisors. In addition, mobbing is also a growing problem in educational organizations, especially in universities. In this sense the academicians who are exposed to emotional attacks, cannot proceed in their scholarly activities; because of the fact that mobbing creates a number of physical and psychological problems on them. Furthermore, mobbing behavior not only affects their academic success but also their private life; in the sense that they are affected psychologically and they lose their psychological and mental health, as mentioned. In this frame, the purpose of this study is to reveal the perceptions and attitudes of academic staff in universities towards mobbing. In the scope of the research, academicians that work in foundation universities in the city of Istanbul, Türkiye are defined as the sample. A total of 166 academicians have participated in the research. The gathered data is analyzed via SPSS 22.0 package programme. According to the results, there is statistically significant difference between the socio-demographic (gender, age, marital status, monthly income, academic department, academic experience) characteristics of academicians and their attitudes towards mobbing.

Mobbing behavior of songbirds in response to calls of an ambush-predator, the Northern Pygmy-Owl

Mobbing is a widespread but risky behavior where prey actually approach and may even attack their predators. Small songbirds gather in multi-species flocks to direct mobbing at birds of prey such as the Northern Pygmy-Owl (Glaucidium gnoma), a small diurnal species of owl in mountainous western North America. We hypothesized that intensity of mobbing behavior would vary according to risk to songbirds and that risk varied seasonally and across elevations. In particular, we expected mobbing intensity to change seasonally as a function of two primary sources of risk: seasonal dietary changes of pygmy-owls and distribution of pygmy-owls as a function of elevation. Pygmy-owls are known to shift their diet from mostly mammals in early spring to birds in early summer, so we hypothesized risk of predation would vary in parallel. Likewise, risk was expected to vary as the distribution of pygmy-owls was thought to vary seasonally across elevations. To elicit mobbing in a controlled manner, we conducted owl call playback experiments in the Oregon Coast Range mountains, United States. Overall, we found mobbing to be rare, observing it in 8.1% of 663 experiments. The frequency of mobbing did not appear to vary across elevations. Instead, mobbing varied mostly by season. The frequency of mobbing was highest during fall at lower elevations. Mobbing was rarest (1.3% of trials) during winter. Mobbing occurred during seasons when pygmy-owls tend to consume more birds, consistent with the hypothesis that seasonal variation in risk influences mobbing. In our study, mobbing happened when risk was higher. However, the increased risk may be offset by the influence of mobbing group size. Mobbing was more likely to occur at sites where the number of songbirds, especially chickadees (Poecile sp.) and nuthatches (Sitta sp.), was larger. Yet, even when songbird numbers were high, mobbing was rare during winter, suggesting an interaction between risk and energetic costs of mobbing. Additional experiments manipulating food resource availability may be able to reveal the strength and influence of the interaction on mobbing decisions.

Mobbing and Social Network Analysis

The aim of this research is to find out the level of mobbing experience of teachers working in educational institutions and to determine the network characteristics of both the social networks of the organizations where mobbing behavior is common and the participants in these networks. The target population of the research consists of teachers working in a province in Türkiye. The sample of the population was determined by cluster sampling method. In total, 376 teachers in 30 schools were reached, but 11 questionnaires were removed during the pre-analysis data scanning phase, and the remaining 365 questionnaires were analyzed. “Negative Acts Questionnaire” and “Social Network Analysis Questionnaire” were used as data collection tools in the research. SPSS 21.0 and UCINET 6 statistical package programs were used for the analysis of the data obtained in the research, and "frequency", "mean" and "multi-network measurements" were used in data analysis. As a result of the research, it is determined that the average level of mobbing experience of teachers in the organizations participating in the research is low. In addition, three organizations where mobbing is common is determined and the social network structures of these organizations is examined. It is observed that the average degrees and network densities are generally low in these organizations. In addition, these organizations generally show a low level of transitivity. In addition, it is evaluated that some of the participants in the social networks of these organizations may be victims of mobbing, considering that they have a low overall degree. As a support to this finding, it is observed that the participants in question have higher internal and external closeness, low betweenness and low eigenvector values compared to other participants in the organization.

Milli Eğitime Bağlı Ortaöğretim Kurumlarında Kadın Yöneticilerin Karşılaştıkları Mobbing Unsurları

The purpose of this research is to determine the definition of mobbing related to the mobbing elements faced by female administrators in the schools affiliated to the National Education, its effect on the female administrator who is exposed to mobbing, ways of coping with mobbing, which behavior is mobbing, the place of mobbing in law, the perspective of the unions against mobbing, the personal characteristics of the mobbing practitioner and the mobbing. is to explain what its impact is on the school institution.The method used in this research is the qualitative research method. Phenomenology (phenomenology), one of the qualitative research designs, was used in the research. In this research, the study group consists of 15 female managers in different districts of the European side of Istanbul. Purposive sampling method was used in this study. Data were collected from the people who participated in the research with the interview method, which is one of the data collection tools in qualitative research. A semi-structured interview form was used as a data collection tool in this study. The information obtained from the interview form was analyzed by content analysis.Based on the findings obtained in the research, the definition of mobbing is a whole of negative behaviors that damage the reputation of the victim, such as putting psychological pressure on the victim, intimidation, attrition, creating an unfair distribution of duties in the workplace, ignoring, excessive use of authority, disregarding the opinion of the victim, and making necessary inspections. There are methods that can be coped with mobbing by using the complaint mechanism, knowing the rights and regulations, completing the task completely, using the communication channel correctly, that mobbing creates a number of physical ailments on the victim, such as stress, unhappiness, depression, as well as causes a decrease in performance by negatively affecting his motivation. Again, deterrent punishments are given in legal ways against mobbing, the sanction should be strong, the unions against mobbing are ineffective and insufficient, when the causes of mobbing behaviors are examined, social reasons, b When the characteristics of mobbing practitioners are examined, it is seen that mobbing has negative effects on the school climate such as uneasiness, unhappiness, inefficiency, low performance, institutional failure, institutional indiscipline. having a negative viewpoint; It has been concluded that there are psychological states such as narcissist and personality disorder, and a number of negative features caused by disrespect and lack of conscience. Keywords: Mobbing, Female Administrator, School climate