Mm Of Zone Research Articles

<i>In vitro</i> cytotoxic and antibacterial potentials of extracts from three marine isolates of Actinomycetes isolated from coastal ecosystems of Tanur, Kerala, India

Three Actinomyctes with potential bioactivity are successfully isolated from the marine water samples and identified as Prauserella marina , Streptomyces sindenensis and S. spiroverticillatus . The ethyl acetate extracts from the three Actinomycetes are found to have significant bioactivity. The highest anti-bacterial activity was given by the extract from P. marina on B. cereus showing 28 mm of zone of inhibition. Cytotoxicity screening of the crude extracts using 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) cell viability assay revealed that extract from P. marina noticeably effected the viability of the human cervical cancer cell grown in vitro . Thin layer chromatography of the crude extract with methanol and chloroform (8:2) as solvent system yielded three distinct fractions, of which fraction with Rf value 0.8 resulted in 77, 68, 54 and 40% growth inhibition of HeLa cells at 15, 10, 5, 2.5 µg/mL, respectively with the IC 50 value as 3.3 µg/mL. HPLC analysis of the fraction resulted in single major peak at 3.7 min.

Studies on the antimicrobial potential and structural characterization of fatty acids extracted from Sydney rock oyster Saccostrea glomerata.

BackgroundThe marine environment having vast resources of natural products with potential bioactivities. Among the marine natural products, fatty acids obtained from marine mollusks have broad range of biological activities including antimicrobial and antitumor activities. The present study aims to characterize the fatty acid derivatives from the Sydney rock oyster Saccostrea glomerata and its pharmacological activities.MethodsS. glomerata fleshes were serially extracted with hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol and studied the antimicrobial activities against pathogenic bacteria, fungi and virus. Based on the better result, the ethyl acetate extract was selected and purified through silica column chromatography and screened the fractions for antimicrobial and antitumor activities. Also the best active fraction (FV) was functionally and structurally characterized.ResultsThe ethyl acetate extract of S. glomerata effectively controlled the bacterial pathogens and formed of more than 15 mm of zone of inhibition and also effectively suppressed the fungal growth and inhibit the shrimp white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). The secondary screening results revealed that, the fraction (FV) had potential antimicrobial and antitumor activities. The FV concentration (100 μg/ml) effectively suppressed the tumor mammary epithelial carcinoma cell of 14.45%. The GC–MS analysis revealed that, eleven compounds including N-hexadecanoic acid, L-(+)-ascorbic acid 2,6-dihexadecanoate and 6-Octadecenoic acid were characterized.ConclusionsThe fatty acid derivatives isolated and characterized from S. glomerata extracts had the potent antimicrobial and antitumor activities. This basic research can help to develop the antimicrobial and anticancer drugs from the nutraceuticals in future.

Antagonistic Bacillus cereus TC-1 Isolated from Solar Salt Work in Southern India

Bacillus cereus TC-1 was isolated from condenser pond of manmade solar salt pan in Thamaraikulam, Tamilnadu, India effectively suppressed the shrimp bacterial pathogens of Vibrio harveyi, V. parahaemolyticus, V. anguillarum, V. alginolyticus and V. vulnificus by In vitro antagonistic assay at 9 to 15 mm of zone of inhibition. Phylogenetic analysis and evolutionary distance revealed that, B. cereus TC-1 was highly similar to that the Bacillus sp. and other B. cereus strains. Their optimum growth rate was ranged between of 4 to 6% of NaCl in the growth media. The alkaline protease production was significantly (P< 0.001) differed among the different NaCl enriched growth media. Based on the antagonistic activity of the B. cereus TC-1 against the shrimp pathogens and its antimicrobial factors, it may be used as probiotics and developing novel antimicrobial bioactive substances against aquatic pathogens.

Protection of ornamental gold fish Carassius auratus against Aeromonas hydrophila by treating Ixora coccinea active principles

Herbals such as Ixora coccinea, Daemia extensa and Tridax procumbens were selected to screen in vitro antibacterial and immunostimulant activity against the freshwater fish pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila using different organic polar and non-polar solvents. Initial screening results revealed that, ethyl acetate extracts and its purified fraction of I. coccinea was able to suppress the A. hydrophila strains at more than 15 mm of zone of inhibition and positive immunostimulant activity. The purified active fraction, which eluted from H40: EA60 mobile phase was structurally characterized by GC–MS analysis. Two compounds such as Diethyl Phthalate (1,2-Benzene dicarboxylic acid, monobutyl ester) and Dibutyl Phthalate were characterized using NIST database search. In order to study the in vivo immunostimulant influence of the compounds, the crude extracts (ICE) and purified fractions (ICF) were incorporated to the artificial diets at the concentration of 400 mg kg−1 and fed to the ornamental gold fish Carassius auratus for 30 days. After termination of feeding experiment, they were challenged with highly virulent A. hydrophila AHV-1 which was isolated from infected gold fish and studied the survival, specific bacterial load reduction, serum biochemistry, haematology, immunology and histological parameters. The control diet fed fishes succumbed to death within five days at 100% mortality whereas ICE and ICF fed groups survived 60 and 80% respectively after 10 days. The diets also helped to decrease the Aeromonas load after challenge and significantly (P ≤ 0.01) improved the serum albumin, globulin and protein. The diets also helped to increase the RBC and haemoglobin level significantly (P ≤ 0.05) from the control group. Surprisingly the immunological parameters like phagocytic activity, serum bactericidal activity and lysozyme activity were significantly increased (P ≤ 0.001) in the experimental diets. Macrophages and erythrocytes were abundantly expressed in the treated groups and the present work concluded that, the Phthalate derivatives from I. coccinea helps to stimulate the immune system against A. hydrophila challenge in C. auratus.

Screening and characterization of antimicrobial secondary metabolites from Halomonas salifodinae MPM-TC and its in vivo antiviral influence on Indian white shrimp Fenneropenaeus indicus against WSSV challenge

Antimicrobial secondary metabolites from extremophiles play a significant role in the pharmacological industry due to their stable and strong activity and it is used in the treatment of microbial infections. In the present work, Halomonas salifodinae MPM-TC (M. Peter Marian-T. Citarasu) was isolated from the solar salt works in India and identified by 16S rRNA sequencing. The secondary metabolites were extracted from H. salifodinae MPM-TC and tested for antibacterial activity against aquatic bacterial pathogens such as Vibrio harveyi, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from infected fish/shrimp, and it effectively controlled them with more than 10mm of zone of inhibition. The metabolites were purified through silica column chromatography and in vitro antiviral activity was performed against White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) using different fractions. Among the different tested fractions, fraction-III (F-III) was able to suppress WSSV replication. Shrimps challenged with a WSSV inoculum incubated with F-III and treated Fenneropenaeus indicus survived around twice as many as the controls. Gas chromatography–mass spectroscopic (GC–MS) analysis revealed that the antiviral active fraction contains around eight compounds including Perfluorotributylamine, Cyclopentane, 1-butyl-2-ethyl and 1,1′-Biphenyl]-3-amine. Further the active fraction F-III was incorporated in the artificial diets at the concentration of 200 (HS1), 400 (HS2) and 800 (HS3) μgkg−1 and fed to F. indicus for 30days. After 30days of culture, shrimps were challenged with virulent WSSV and studied for WSSV VP 28 gene expression, biochemical, haematological and immunological changes. Surprisingly, groups treated with lower concentrations of fraction F-III (HS1 or HS2) significantly (P<0.05) suppressed the viral replication. Different levels of protein and glucose, improved total haemocyte count (THC), coagulase activity and oxyhaemocyanin level all were comparable to controls. Also, immunological parameters such as prophenol oxidase and intracellular superoxide anion production were significantly increased (F=97.18; P⩽0.001 and F=5.70; P⩽0.05) in the groups treated with the three test concentrations. The presence of antiviral and immunostimulant active principles in the F-III fraction effectively suppressed the WSSV load and boosted F. indicus’s immune system. This research will help to develop novel antiviral drugs from plants against aquatic important pathogens.

A Titanium Plasma-Sprayed Cup with and without Hydroxyapatite-Coating: A Randomised Radiostereometric Study of Stability and Osseointegration

We present a prospective, two-centre radiostereometric analysis (RSA) regarding the stability of a flattened pole titanium press-fit cup (EP-FIT PLUS), and whether additional hydroxyapatite coating leads to faster bone ingrowth into the porous coating. Forty-two postmenopausal female patients (44 hips) undergoing total hip arthroplasty for primary osteoarthritis, selected to avoid hormonal factors influencing bone metabolism, were randomised to receive this cup with a titanium-plasma-sprayed surface with or without an additional hydroxyapatite coating. RSA was used to measure cup translation and rotation along three cardinal axes with respect to the host bone at the following time points: immediately postoperatively, at 6 weeks, and at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months. The most pronounced translation was proximal (0.11 mm) and posterior tilt (-0.27°). No difference in translation and rotation could be detected between the two groups. With the exception of one cup with an isolated radiolucent line <2 mm in zone 1, all cups showed complete osseointegration on conventional radiographs. The flattened pole cup provided excellent early stability and no advantage could be detected with additional hydroxyapatite coating.

Analysis of Migration of Press-Fit Porous-Coated Acetabular Components With Medial Lucencies Using Ein-Bild-Roentegen-Analyse

A total of 136 patients who underwent total hip arthroplasty (154 hips) with press-fit acetabular components were evaluated for the presence of medial radiographic lucencies. Thirty patients (22.1%) demonstrated radiolucencies greater than 1 mm in zone 2 on initial postoperative films. Ein-Bild-Roentegen-Analyse (EBRA) was used to evaluate component migration over a 5-year follow-up period. Migration, measured by EBRA, was not observed during the first 6 months when the radiolucencies were noted to disappear. After 2 years, the mean total migration was 0.8 mm, and at 5 years, it was 1.6 mm. Our results indicate that disappearance of a medial radiolucency seen on early postoperative radiographs is not associated with component migration, which supports the concept that the medial radiolucency fills in with bone or represents bony remodeling around a stable implant.

Discrimination betweenMycoplasmaandAcholeplasmaspecies of bovine origin using digitonin disc diffusion assay, nisin disc diffusion assay, and conventional polymerase chain reaction

Microbiological culture of milk samples has been used as a standard diagnosis for Mycoplasma mastitis. This technique is effective in isolating mollicutes that are Mycoplasma-like; however, isolates may be misinterpreted as Acholeplasma species, which are indistinguishable from Mycoplasma species by culture. A study to contrast the abilities of 2 culture-based tests, digitonin and nisin disc diffusion assays and a conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, to discriminate between Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma was performed using 16S ribosomal RNA gene partial sequencing as the gold standard of comparison. A total of 288 bovine mollicute field isolates (248 from milk and 40 from other organ sites) and 13 reference strains were tested. Results obtained from the digitonin disc diffusion assay when it was performed with all field isolates were 92.7% and 99.0% in agreement with the gold standard using 5 mm and 3 mm of zone of growth inhibition as thresholds, respectively. Considering only milk isolates, agreements between the digitonin disc diffusion assay with the gold standard were 97.2% and 100% using 5 mm and 3 mm of zone of growth inhibition as thresholds, respectively. Culture identification using the nisin disc diffusion assay and the PCR was in a 100% agreement with the gold standard. Comparable results using culture-based nisin and digitonin disc diffusion assays, and PCR, to distinguish Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma species was found, especially for isolates from bovine milk.

The Antega conservative hip system: report on 100 cases with follow-up of 6–10 years

The results of the first 100 consecutive Antega total hip prostheses implanted at the Orthopaedic Clinic of Genoa University Medical School, Genoa, Italy, from November 1992 to June 1996 are presented and discussed. Follow-up data at 6–10 years were available for 94 prostheses (93 patients). The rationale of the Antega system is briefly described; this prosthesis is termed conservative because it allows to preserve more bone stock than the other prostheses by achieving better stress distribution, thus also providing for easier revision. The clinical results were excellent or good in 92% of cases, reflecting optimal functional recovery also with the current stem off-set. The scope for increasing it to accelerate functional recovery is a matter of topical discussion. Radiographic data showed good remodelling in about 90% of cases; adverse remodelling responses, like non-progressive radiolucency of about 1 mm in zones 1 (9.2% of cases), were few. We observed a greater frequency of bone remodelling in zones 2–6, in connection with stem design and biomechanical features. Thigh pain was rare. Finally, comparison of the first 50 operations, which contain the learning curve and served to improve the instrumentation, with the second group of 50 cases showed subsidence to the poor adhesion of the stem to the anterior and medial cortical bone, is easily the critical element in the stability of the Antega stem, which nonetheless demonstrated a high self-centring and biological self-stabilising ability over time.

Morphometric and electrical properties of reconstructed hippocampal CA3 neurons recorded in vivo

CA3 pyramidal neurons were stained with biocytin during intracellular recording in rat hippocampus in vivo and reconstructed using a computer-based system. The in vivo CA3 neurons were characterized primarily according to their proximity to the hilus and secondarily with respect to the septotemporal location. Neurons measured in CA3a (n = 4), in CA3b (n = 4), and in posterior/ventral locations (n = 3) had the greatest dendritic lengths (19.8, 19.1, and 26.8 mm on average, respectively). Cells closer to the hilus showed much shorter dendritic lengths, averaging 10.4 mm for CA3c neurons (n = 4) and 11.6 mm for zone 3 neurons (n = 2). Half of the cells showed more than one major apical dendrite, and dendritic trees were highly variable even within CA3 subregions. The mean electronic length for these cell groups averaged between 0.30 lambda (CA3c) and 0.45 lambda (posterior/ventral), assuming a constant specific-membrane resistivity of 60 K omega-cm2. These CA3 neurons form a database of reconstructed neurons for further morphometric and electrical modelling studies. The large degree of variability between individual CA3 neurons indicates that both dendritic and electrical properties should be specifically calculated for each cell rather than assuming a "typical" morphology.

Results of the Harris-Galante cementless hip prosthesis

We reviewed 82 primary arthroplasties (in 71 patients) in which cementless porous-coated hip prostheses were used. The mean age of the patients at operation was 52 years (24 to 86); they were followed up for an average of 62.1 months (60 to 66). The diagnosis was avascular necrosis of the femoral head in 35%, fracture of the femoral neck in 24%, primary osteoarthritis in 16% and miscellaneous in 25%. The average preoperative Harris hip score was 56.7 points and the average postoperative score was 83.3 points. Eight hips (10%) had component loosening; four had been revised and four were awaiting revision. In 27 hips (33%) there was a radiolucent line wider than 2 mm in zones 1 and 7. In 55 hips (67%) there was calcar resorption of more than 10 mm. Twenty patients (28%) complained of thigh pain although they had no radiographic evidence of loosening of a component. Factors that may have contributed to the poor clinical and radiographic results were: 1) inadequate surface area for bone ingrowth, particularly on the lateral aspect of the upper part of the prosthesis, 2) poor initial fit of the stem in the metaphysis, which resulted in cantilever motion of the proximal part of the stem about the well-fixed distal stem, and 3) the collar of the prosthesis, which prevented it from subsiding to a naturally stable position and caused damage to the calcar.

Substructure of chromized steels after plastic surface deformation

1. The parameters of the fine crystal structure can be the numerical criteria of optimization of the structure of the surface layer in combined hardening treatment. (TCT + PSD). 2. There is a correlation between the parameters of the substructure and the surface roughness, roughness can therefore be an indirect index of structural changes in the surface layer. 3. The process of surface reeling of diffusion-saturated material can be examined from the positions of modern notions of the theory of wear. 4. The optimal substructure of diffusion-chromized steels 20 and 45 forms in reeling with negative allowance 0.03–0.04 mm for the zone of carbides and 0.15–0.18 mm for the eutectoid zone.