Mixture Of Waxes Research Articles

Amino acid and lipid composition of refringent granules from the ameboid sperm of Ascaris suum (Nematoda).

Transformation of the spermatozoon of Ascaris suum from a spheroidal to an ameboid cell is associated with the formation of a motile pseudopodium and coalescence of the intracellular refringent granules. The pseudopodia of the ameboid spermatozoa contain filaments organized into dense patches, bundles, web-like or lace-like networks, as observed by electron microscopy. The morphology and chemistry of the refringent granules were investigated in subcellular fractions enriched for these structures. Isolated refringent granules were heterogeneous in size measuring from 0.5 X 0.6 to 2.3 X 3.5 microns. Each granule is surrounded by a 110 A thick layer. During fusion, the surfaces of the refringent granules form small extensions resembling micropodia. The process of fusion occurs at many sites on a given granule and simultaneous fusion of several granules was commonly observed. Amino acid analyses of the refringent granule proteins (RGP's) indicated: they are rich in aspartic acid or asparagine (48%), leucine (10%), serine (19%) and aromatic amino acids (11%). Gas-liquid chromatographic analyses of alditol acetate derivatives of monosaccharides released by mild acid hydrolysis showed the predominant sugars to be glucose (7.3 micrograms/mg protein), galactose (9.2 micrograms/mg) and N-acetylglucosamine (5.5 micrograms/mg). Lipid analyses indicated a complex mixture of glycerides, ascarosides and waxes, together with a major component that resembled free fatty acid in mobility on TLC.

Uropygial gland lipids of penguins

The uropygial gland secretion of penguins (Sphenisciformes) is a complex mixture of monoester waxes. The wax fatty acids of Pygoscelis and Eudyptes are predominantly 3-methyl- and 3, x-dimethyl-substituted, whereas 2- and 4-monomethyl-, or 2, x-as well as 4, x-dimethyl-substituted acids predominate in the case of Spheniscus. The wax alcohols are very similar within all three species and are mainly composed of mono- and dimethyl-substituted compounds with branches predominantly in the middle or near the methyl end of the carbon chain. From these data, it is concluded that, chemotaxonomically, the penguins are closely related to the tubenoses (Procellariiformes).

Composition of uropygial gland secretions of birds of prey.

The chemical composition of the uropygial gland secretion of five species of birds of prey was investigated by gas liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy technique, and the results are discussed from the chemotaxonomical point of view. The secretion is a complex mixture of monoester waxes, the fatty acids of which are mainly dimethyl-branched, with the first substituent in 2 position and the other near the methyl end of the molecule. Mono-, trimethyl-, and unbrached fatty acids also are observed. The wax alcohols are mainly mono- and dimethyl-substituted. Unbranched alcohols and traces of trimethyl-substituted alcohols also were detected. Chemotaxonomically, the birds of prey differ from all orders hitherto investigated. The degree of substitution increases from the Falconidae to the Accipitridae.

Bürzeldrüsensekrete von Spechten (Piciformes) / The Uropygial Gland Secretion of Woodpeckers (Piciformes)

The uropygial gland secretion of the blade (Dryocopus martius) and the green woodpecker (Picus viridis) is a mixture of monoester waxes. These are composed mainly of 3-methyl-branched fatly acids and n-and well as 3-methyl-alkanols. Besides 3,x-dimethyl-and 3,7,11-trimethyl-sub-stituted fatty acids and monomethyl-branched alcohols with anteiso configuration and 3,x-dimethyl-substituted alkanols occur (x = 7,9,11,13,15,17).

The lipid composition of the psychrophilic bacterium Micrococcus cryophilus.

SUMMARY: The lipid composition of the psychrophilic bacterium Micrococcus cryophilus (ATCC 15174) has been examined. The chloroform-methanol extractable (i.e. ‘free’) lipid represents nearly 10% of the bacterial mass and is composed of 85% polar lipid and 15% neutral lipid. The polar lipid consists of 46% phosphatidyl ethanolamine, 43% phosphatidyl glycerol and 9% cardiolipin, plus a fourth unidentified minor component which cannot be detected in all extracts. The neutral lipid is characterized by the presence of a mixture of simple waxes, which constitute 86% of this fraction, together with smaller amounts of free fatty acids, alcohols and a ubiquinone, probably Q8. Simple waxes have not been found previously in such large amounts in true bacteria. The implications of the results of the lipid analysis are discussed with regard to the taxonomic position of M. cryophilus.

Zur Chemotaxonomie der Alkenvögel. Die Zusammensetzung der Bürzellipide des Tordalks (Alca torda), der Trottel- und Ringellume (Uria aalge) und der Gryllteiste (Cepphus grylle) / Chemotaxonomy of Alcidae. The Composition of the Uropygial Gland Fat from the Razorbill (Alca torda), Guillemot (Uria aalge) and the Blade Guillemot (Cepphus grylle)

The uropygial gland fats from the razorbill, guillemot (two varieties) and the black guillemot arc very complex mixtures of ester waxes. Among the wax acids n- octanoic acid dominates followed by homologous series of 2-, 4- and 6-monomethyl-, 2,6-, 2,8-, 2,10-, 4,6-, 4,8-, 4,10-, 4,12-dimethyl- and 2,4,8-, 2,6,10-, 2,6,12-, 4,6,10- and 4,8,12-trimethyl-substituted fatty acids. The alcoholic components consist of n-, 2-, 4-, 6-, 8- and 12-monomethyl- as well as 2,6-, 2,8-, 2,10-, 4,6-, 4,8-, 4,10- and 4,12-dimethyl-branched alkanols. The black guillemot differs from the other species investigated by the occurence of fatty acids which have the first branch in 2- while the others start with the 4-position. The chemotaxonomy of the 20th order of the natural system is discussed.

The uropygial gland wax from the common scoter (Melanitta nigra)

The uropygial gland fat from the common scoter (Melanitta nigra) is a mixture of ester waxes of which 2,4,6-trimethyl-octanoic and 2,4,6-trimethyl-nonanoic acid are shown to be the main compounds within the acidic components. Besides traces of 2,4-dimethyl-heptanoic and 4,6-dimethyloctanoic acid could be detected. The alcoholic components of the waxes are more complex and consist of n-alkanols (77,6%) with chain-length from C14— C18 and of monomethyl-substituted primary alcohols with the same chain-length and branches in 2-, 4-, 8-, 12- and 14-position. Chemotaxonomically the common scoter differs from other birds of this tribe but has some relationship to the barnacle goose and to the red-breasted merganser.

The uropygial gland wax from the kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla)

The uropygial gland fat from the kittiwake is a complex mixture of ester waxes. As acidic components mainly n-octanoic acid and 2-methyl-substituted fatty acids are found. Besides 2,6-, 2,3 and 2,10-dimethyl-substituted fatty acids could be detected. Among the alcoholic components n-, 2-methyl-, 2,6-, 2,8-, 2,10- and 2,12-dimethyl-substituted primary alkanols were observed. Chemotaxonomically the kittiwake should be placed between the puffin and the limicoles.

Über Bürzeldrüsensekrete von Finkenvögeln

The uropygial gland fats of the greenfinch, bullfinch and the linnet are mixtures of ester waxes, composed of 3-methyl-substituted fatty acids and normal and 3-methyl-substituted alkanols. In addition there are found traces of 2-methyl-substituted fatty acids and alkanols. As to the waxes there are close relations between the 9th and 6th family of the 4th suborder within the 32nd order of the natural system. The simultaneously investigated depot fat of the bullfinch shows no relation to the uropygial gland fat.

Allene cyclooligomerization and polymerization catalyzed by a nickel(0) complex

The complex bis(triphenylphosphine)nickel(0) catalytically converts allene into a mixture of isomeric trimers, a tetramer, a pentamer, isomeric hexamers, waxes and polymer. The complex initially formed in the reaction, (Ph 3P) 2NiC 3H 4, was isolated and characterized. The structures of products trapped in competitive experiments with ethylene and methyl acrylate indicate the intervention of subsequent complexes in the oligomer-forming reactions. Mechanistic routes are considered in the light of these data.

Das Bürzeldrüsensekret des Eissturmvogels (Fulmarus glacialis)

The uropygial (preen) gland fat of the fulmar (fulmarus glacialis) was shown to be a complex mixture of ester waxes. Acidic components were homologous series of 3-, 4- and 6-monomethylsubstituted, and 2,6-, as well as 3,7-dimethyl-substituted fatty acids. Besides, 2-methyl, 2,4-, 4,6-, and 4,8-dimethyl-substituted fatty acids could be detected. The alcoholic components belonged to homologous series of n-alkanols, and 2-, 4-, and 6-methyl-substituted primary alkanols. Furthermore, 14-methyl-hexadecanol could be identified.

Das Bürzeldrüsensekret der Saatkrähe (Corvus frugilegus) / The uropygial gland fat of the rook (Corvus frugilegus)

The uropygial (preen) gland fat of the rook (Corvus frugilegus) is a mixture of ester waxes of which 2-methyl-substituted fatty acids with a chain length of C16-C22 are shown to be the acidic components. The alcoholic components are n-alkanols with a chain length of C6-C12. As to the 32nd order of the natural system the uropygial gland fat seems to differ in the single families already if compared with that of the common sparrow

Die Bürzeldrüsenlipide des Haussperlings Passer domesticus

The uripygial (preen) gland fat of the common sparrow (passer domesticus) is a mixture of ester waxes of which 3-methyl-substituted fatty acids with a chain length of C11-C17 were shown to be the acidic components; they were characterized by IR-, NMR- and mass spectrometry. The alcoholic components are n-alkanols with a chain length of C12-C19. Separately investigated female and male sparrows showed identically composed waxes. The simultaneously investigated depot fat is a mixture of triglycerides with usual composition.

Die Bürzeldrüsenlipide des Rebhuhns (Perdix perdix) / The Uropygial Gland Fat of the Partridge (Perdix perdix)

The uropygial (preen) gland fat of the partridge (Perdix perdix) is a mixture of diester waxes of which even- and odd-numbered fatty acids with a chain length of C9-C20 are shown to be the acidic component. On the other hand erythro-n-alkanediols (2,3) with a chain length of C12 - C23 are the alcoholic components of the waxes. The simultaneously investigated depot fat is a mixture of triglycerides with usual composition. Chemotaxonomically the partridge is a typical member of the 18th order (galliformes) of the natural system.

Das Bürzeldrüsensekret des Papageientauchers (Fratercula arctica) / The Uropygyal Gland Fat of the Puffin (Fratercula arctica)

The uropygial (preen) gland fat of the puffin (fratercula arctica) is mainly a mixture of waxes (77%) and triglycerides (23%). The isolated triglycerides which are the main part of the fat tissue of the gland differ only little from the depot fat which was investigated simultaneously. After separation into groups of equal carbon number by preparative GLC the waxes were shown to be a complex mixture of esters between straight-chain, even-numbered alcohols (chain-length C8, C10, C12, C14 and C16) and octanoic, decanoic and dodecanoic acid.

Some flow characteristics at 37 degrees C of ternary wax mixtures that may have possible dental uses.

One hundred and eighty-two ternary diagrams of the flow at 37°C of mixtures of commercial waxes indicate some of these mixtures may have dental use.

The lipids of some rumen holotrich protozoa

The lipids from rumen holotrich protozoa were isolated and partially identified. The lipid consisted of 70% phospholipids and 30% non-phospholipids. The phospholipids contained phosphatidyl ethanolamine (21%), phosphatidyl ethanolamine plasmalogen (22%), phosphatidyl choline (28%), and unknown phospholipids (29%). All the phospholipid fractions contained significant amounts of branched chain and unsaturated fatty acids. Degradation of the phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl choline with phospholipase A revealed that the branched chain and unsaturated acids were located in the beta position. Chemical degradation of the phosphatidyl ethanolamine plasmalogen indicated that the vinyl ether linkage was in the alpha position. The non-phospholipids consisted of a mixture of waxes, hydrocarbons, aliphatic alcohols, diglycerides, monoglycerides, hydroxyacids, unesterified fatty acids and sterols. The sterols and unesterified fatty acids comprised 50% of the fraction. The low concentration of stearic acid in the unesterified fatty acids (8.3%) raises a question as to the quantitative importance of holotrich protozoa in rumen hydrogenation.

Flow of Binary and Tertiary Mixtures of Waxes

SYNOPSIS IN INTERLINGUA LE FLUXO DE MIXTURAS BINARI E TERTIARI DE CERA.-Esseva constatate que le fluxo es un plus sensibile proprietate que le expansion thermic pro le studio del differentias inter varie mixturas de cera. Le fluxo de plure lots del mesme cera revelava significative differentias, indicante que un sensible test-como le determination del proprietates del fluxo-debe esser usate in seliger cera pro objectivos de recerca. Le addition de cera de carnauba a cera paraffinic resultava in un reduction del fluxo e un augmento del temperatura de transition al qual un augmento marcate in le fluxo esseva observate. Le addition de cera de ape a cera paraffinic reduceva le fluxo solo levemente. Le fluxo de mixturas tertiari de ceras non poteva esser predicite a base del fluxo de mixturas binari.

ニワトリのハネの脂質とアブラツボのロウ

Main lipids of fowl feather were identified as a mixture of triglycerides and its component acids were shown to be saturated higher fatty acids such as stearic acid, arachidic acid and cerotic acid.It was verified that oil sacks of fowl were wax secreting glands because by analyzing their contents, they were proved to be a mixture of waxes. Its acid components were characterized as saturated higher acids which were shown gaschromatographically to be saturated fatty acids of even and odd numbered carbon chain. Its alcohol components were inferred to be saturated higher fatty alcohols which mainly have carbon number of more than 20.

Solid‐liquid equilibria in wax crystallization

AbstractThe equilibria obtained during the crystallization of waxes has been studied theoretically and it has been found that the degree of separation between normal paraffins may be predicted, if it is assumed that the solid is an ideal solution. Results predicted from the theoretical equations have been compared with mass spectrometer analyses of recrystallized waxes and surprisingly close agreement has been found.It has also been shown that ketone solvents have essentially the same selectivity for recrystallizing waxes as n‐hexane. The reason for this is that the activity coefficients for various n‐paraffins in a ketone solution are nearly identical even though they are all much higher than in the hydrocarbon solution.The separation between normal paraffins in conventional single stage wax recrystallization is not very sharp. This may be improved by the use of a number of stages in a countercurrent cascade. Experimental results with such a cascade are in agreement with the theoretical predictions.The presence of non n‐paraffinic components in some waxes can cause the formation of eutectic mixtures. This affects the separation in a manner analogous to that of hetero‐azeotropes in some distillation processes.The crystallization of waxes from their, melts has also been studied both theoretically and experimentally. When mixtures of similar molecular weight n‐paraffins, such as n‐C21H44 and n‐C23H48 are cooled, a solid solution is formed. This is also found with mixtures of similar recrystallized waxes. On the other hand, mixtures of n‐paraffins of widely different molecular weight, such as n‐C20H42 and n‐C32H66, or hydrocarbons of different structure, such as n‐paraffins and iso‐paraffins, form separate crystals and a eutectic. Similar results are found with mixtures of commercial waxes of widely different melting point and type.