Mixture Of Honey Research Articles

Mathematical Modeling of Microbial Growth of Pretreated Refrigerated Minced Goat Meat (Black Bengal Variety)

ABSTRACT: Minced goat meat (Black Bengal variety) was stored aerobically and refrigerated at 4°C for 15 d after washing with hot water followed by different combination pretreatments including acetic acid-glucose, a curing mixture, and tea liquor and honey mixture. It was observed that pretreated samples exhibited better physicochemical (pH, water-holding capacity, thiobarbutyric acid value, and extract release volume), sensory, and microbial characteristics compared with the control goat meat samples, which were not washed and pretreated (P < 0.05). Microbial characterization of goat meat samples was evaluated with respect to aerobic bacterial, yeast, and mold growth during its storage. Microbial growth characteristics were modeled by 2 nonlinear regression models of sigmoidal functions, specifically, a logistic equation and modified Gompertz equation. In this study, the modified Gompertz equation was found to be more suitable to explain the microbial growth characteristics. Tea liquor and honey pretreatment was most effective in controlling aerobic bacterial growth, whereas acetic acid-glucose pretreatment was most effective in controlling yeast and mold growth. Storage life of pretreated samples was >15 d, whereas storage life of the control sample was <5 d.

CHINESE BEVERAGE IS ANCIENT HISTORY

NEARLY EVERY CULTURE HAS ITS own version of the fermented alcoholic beverage, and the Chinese are no exception. New research shows that the Chinese have a history of fermented beverages as long as or longer than anyone else. Chemical analyses of 9,000-year-old pottery shards support the suggestion that the jars they came from contained a fermented mixture of rice, fruit (grape or hawthorn fruit), and honey [ Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 101, 17593 (2004)]. The pottery and domesticated rice were found there. The new findings place China right at the beginning of the worldwide history of fermented beverages. Archaeologists suspect that barley beer may have been made in the Middle East before 7000 B.C., but confirmatory evidence has not yet been found. Even if there had been earlier barley beers, the study puts China in the lead for the earliest possible production of grape wine, which didn't appear in the Middle ...

Mixture of Honey, Beeswax and Olive Oil Inhibits Growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans

Honey, beeswax and olive oil mixture (1:1:1, v/v) is useful in the treatment of diaper dermatitis, psoriasis and eczema. The study was designed to investigate effects of honey, olive oil, and beeswax and the mixture on growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans isolated from human specimens. The following experiments were performed: 1) honey mixture was poured on holes made on plates seeded with S. aureus or C. albicans, 2) the microorganisms were cultured onto media made of honey mixture alone, nutrient agar-honey mixture and Sabouraud glucose agar-honey mixture. The concentration of honey mixture in nutrient agar or Sabouraud glucose agar was 12.5, 25, 33, 50 and 66% (v/v), and 3) honey, olive oil or beeswax was added onto nutrient agar or Sabouraud glucose agar at a ratio of 1:2 (v/v) and then were seeded with S. aureus or C. albicans. Clear zone of inhibition was observed around holes filled with honey mixture; 3.5 mm on media seeded with C. albicans and 4 mm on media seeded with S. aureus. No growth of either microorganism was obtained on media made of honey mixture alone. The minimum concentration of honey mixture in nutrient agar-honey mixture media required to inhibit S. aureus was 50% and 66% concentration was required to inhibit C. albicans growth onto Sabouraud glucose agar-honey mixture media. No growth of S. aureus or C. albicans was obtained on media containing honey whereas mild to moderate growth was obtained on media containing olive oil or beeswax. Honey and honey mixture apparently could inhibit growth of S. aureus or C. albicans.

Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing and oxytetracycline sensitivity of Paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae isolates of Australian origin and those recovered from honey imported from Argentina

SUMMARYForty-four Paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae isolates cultured from larval smears and honey samples from Australia and honey imported from Argentina were typed using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) to oxytetracycline (OTC) were also determined using an agar dilution method. PFGE fingerprints of P. l. larvae DNA generated by the restriction endonuclease Xbal produced 12 distinct PFGE types. Types I, II and VIII comprised the majority of strains (28/44: 63.6%). Type I (9/44: 20.5%) consisted only of isolates cultured from Argentinean honey and Argentinean honey blended with Australian honey, and all these isolates had a MIC to OTC of 0.6 μg/ml. Type II, comprising 22.7% of total (10/44), consisted of isolates from New South Wales (3), Queensland (6) and one isolate originating from a mixture of Argentinean and Australian honey. All these isolates had MICs to OTC of 0.04 or 0.05 μg/ml. Type VIII consisted of 9 (20.5%) isolates, all originating from New South Wales, with MICs to OTC of 0.04 or 0.05 μg/ml. The other PFGE types consisted of 3 or fewer isolates (Type XI, 3 isolates; Types III, V, VI, VII and IX, 2 isolates each; Types IV, X and XII, 1 isolate each). P. l. larvae isolates of Australian origin and Argentinean origin were all very sensitive to OTC. However, the isolates of Argentinean origin and Argentinean/Australian honey blend origin were less sensitive to OTC (MIC of 0.6 μg/ml) than isolates of Australian origin (MICs of 0.04 or 0.05 μg/ml). Collectively these data indicate that PFGE is an affective means of discriminating between P. l. larvae strains and could be used to determine whether OTC resistant strains are from local or imported P l. larvae strains.

Gelatinization of starch in mixed sugar systems

Sugars affect the gelatinization of starch, with the effect varying significantly between sugars. Since many food products contain a mixture of sugar sources, it is important to understand how their mixtures affect starch gelatinization. In a Rapid Visco Analyser study of maize starch gelatinization, changing proportions in binary mixtures of refined sugars saw a largely proportionate change in starch gelatinization properties. However, binary mixture of pure sugars and honey, or a model honey system (the main sugars in honey) and honey responded differently. Generally, replacing 25% or 50% of the refined sugar or model honey system with honey gave a large change in starch gelatinization properties, while further increases in honey level had little further effect. Differences between honey and buffered model honey system (either gluconic acid, or a mixture of citric acid and di-sodium phosphate) showed the sensitivity of starch gelatinization to the composition of the nonsaccharide component.

Fast aroma profiling to detect invert sugar adulteration with zNose™

AbstractRapid aroma profiling of food products is a potential technique for at‐line food quality evaluation. In this work the potential of zNose™, a surface acoustic wave‐based sensor, was tested for honey quality assessment. Buckwheat honey was purposely adulterated with different levels of beet and cane invert sugar, and its aroma profile was measured after different periods of headspace equilibration. PCA using the relative peak areas as well as the full zNose™ spectra resulted in a clear separation between honey, and beet and cane invert sugar adulterants in the mixtures. PLS models were developed for quantitative estimation of adulterants using the entire spectra as well as the relative peak areas. Better predictions were obtained with the PLS models based on spectra than with those based on relative peak areas. A correlation of validation of 0.98 was obtained between predicted and measured percentage of adulteration. This model was also successfully validated with an external set of honey mixtures, resulting in an average deviation of 3% adulteration between the predicted and reference values. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry

Gelatinisation of starch in mixtures of sugars. II. Application of differential scanning calorimetry

Differential scanning calorimetry was used to investigate the effect of mixtures of glucose and fructose, and five types of honeys on starch gelatinisation. At a 1:1 starch:water ratio, glucose generally increased the enthalpy (Δ H gel) and temperatures ( T onset, T peak and T end) of gelatinisation more than fructose. Upon mixing, Δ H gel of the low-temperature endotherm decreased in comparison to the sole sugars, but was fairly constant (7.7±0.33 J/g dry starch). Δ H gel of the high-temperature endotherm increased with the fructose content. For both endotherms, the gelatinisation temperatures were unchanged (CV≤3%) for the mixtures. With the honeys (moisture, 14.9–18.0%; fructose, 37.2–44.0%; glucose, 28.3–31.9%) added at 1.1–4.4 g per g dry starch, the enthalpy and temperatures of gelatinisation did not vary significantly (CV≤6%). Typical thermograms are presented, and the results are interpreted in the light of the various proposed mechanisms for starch gelatinisation in sugar–water systems, total sugar content and possible sugar–sugar interactions. The thermograms were broader in the presence of the sugars and honeys, and a biphasic character was consistently exhibited. The application of an exponential equation to the gelatinisation temperatures of the starch–honey mixtures revealed an opposing influence of fructose and glucose during gelatinisation. The mechanism of starch gelatinisation may be better understood if techniques could be perfected to quantify breakage and formation of hydrogen bonds in the starch granules, and suggested techniques are discussed.

An alternative treatment for pityriasis versicolor, tinea cruris, tinea corporis and tinea faciei with topical application of honey, olive oil and beeswax mixture: an open pilot study

Objective: To evaluate the possible role of honey, olive oil and beeswax in the treatment of skin fungal infections. Patients and methods: Thirty-seven patients with pityriasis versicolor, tinea cruris, tinea corporis and tinea faciei were studied. After clinical evaluation of redness, scaling, pruritis and burning/pain sensation and mycological assessment, honey mixture containing honey, olive oil and beeswax (1:1:1) was applied to the lesions three times daily for a maximum of 4 weeks. Results: Clinical response was obtained in 86% of patients with pityriasis versicolor, 78% of patients with tinea cruris and in 75% of patients with tinea corporis. Mycological cure was obtained in 75, 71 and 62% of patients with PV, tinea cruris and tinea corporis, respectively. The patient with tinea faciei showed clinical and mycological cure 3 weeks after commencement of therapy. Conclusion: Honey mixture may have place in the management of these skin conditions and rigorous, controlled trials are justified.

Topical application of natural honey, beeswax and olive oil mixture for atopic dermatitis or psoriasis: partially controlled, single-blinded study

Objectives: To investigate the effects of honey, olive oil and beeswax mixture on patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) or psoriasis vulgaris (PV). Materials and methods: Twenty-one patients with dermatitis and 18 patients with psoriasis were entered for patient-blinded, partially controlled study; 11 patients with dermatitis used topical betamethasone esters and 10 patients with psoriasis used clobetasol propionate. Honey mixture contained honey, beeswax and olive oil (1:1:1). Mixtures A, B, and C contained honey mixture with the corticosteroids ointment in a ratio of 1:1, 2:1, and 3:1 respectively. Patients with dermatitis were subjected to controlled bilateral half-body comparison to evaluate the efficacy of honey mixture against Vaseline, or mixture A against Vaseline–betamethasone esters mixture (1:1) in patients using topical corticosteroid treatment. In patients with psoriasis, the effect of honey mixture was compared with paraffin in an individual right/left-sites comparison, or mixture A against paraffin–clobetasol propionate mixture (1:1) in patients using corticosteroid topical therapy. In dermatitis, body lesions on right or left half-body were assessed for erythema, scaling, lichenification, excoriation, indurations, oozing and itching on a 0–4 points scale. In psoriasis, lesions of selected site were assessed for redness, scaling, thickening and itching, on a 0–4 points scale. Results: In honey mixture group, 8/10 patients with dermatitis showed significant improvement after 2 weeks, and 5/11 patients pretreated with betamethasone esters showed no deterioration upon 75% reduction of corticosteroid doses with use of mixture C. In psoriasis, 5/8 patients showed a significant response to honey mixture. In patients using clobetasol propionate, 5/10 patients showed no deterioration upon 75% reduction of corticosteroid doses with use of mixture C. Conclusion: Honey mixture appears useful in the management of dermatitis and psoriasis vulgaris.

Trapping Male Oriental Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae): Does Feeding on a Natural Source of Methyl Eugenol Reduce Capture Probability?

Males of the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), are strongly attracted to methyl eugenol (ME), a naturally occurring compound reported from ten different plant families (Metcalf 1990). Increasing evidence indicates that this attraction reflects enhanced competitiveness in sexual selection: males that feed on pure ME (Tan & Nishida 1996) or flowers containing ME (Shelly, unpublished data) or ME-like compounds (Nishida et al. 1997) have a pronounced mating advantage over unfed males. Control efforts take obvious advantage of this association, and traps baited with ME and insecticide have been used in numerous programs of male annihilation (Cunningham 1989). In fact, ME traps were successful in eradicating B. dorsalis from entire islands in the western Pacific (Steiner et al. 1965). Despite its past successes, the effectiveness of this method is potentially constrained by at least two factors. First, individual males display variable levels of attraction to ME, and this variation appears to have a heritable component (Shelly 1997). Consequently, prolonged, low-level use of ME traps could select for non-responsiveness to the lure and thus inadvertently reduce the likelihood of eradication (Cunningham 1989). In addition, Shelly (1994) demonstrated that B. dorsalis males that fed on ME were less likely to be captured in traps than control males. Thus, the possibility exists that males that have located and fed on natural sources of ME will avoid ME traps, thereby hampering control efforts. Here, I describe field experiments that examined whether males that fed previously on flowers of Cassia fistula L., which contain ME (Kawano et al. 1968), or flowers of Fagraea berteriana A. Gray, which contain ME-like compounds (Nishida et al. 1997), were less likely to be trapped in ME traps than control unfed males. Flies used in all experiments were from a laboratory stock started with 300-400 adults reared from field-collected mangos. The colony was housed in a large screen cage (1.2 m by 0.6 m by 0.6 m) with superabundant food (a mixture of honey and protein hydrolysate) and water. Ripe papayas were provided periodically for oviposition. Room temperature was maintained at 20-22?C and 65-75% RH, and under these conditions generation time was about four weeks. The experiments were performed when the colony was 3-7 months old, and correspondingly the flies used were 3-7 generations removed from the wild. Sexes were separated within seven days of eclosion, well before reaching sexual maturity at 15-20 days (Foote & Carey 1987). Males in the treatment category were exposed to flowers either one time only (single feeding trials; both plant species) or two times (repeat-feeding trials; F. berteriana only) prior to release. The single-feeding trials were conducted as follows. For C. fistula, flowering stems were removed from a tree growing near the laboratory, put in water, and then placed into screen cages (30 cm cubes). A total of 140-160 flowers was placed in a given cage. Flowers of F. berteriana were obtained commercially as leis (a Hawaiian necklace of flowers). Flowers were used on the day of purchase (presumed fresh), and 40-50 flowers were placed in each cage. Flowers of both plant species were placed in the cages at 0800 hr and immediately thereafter I introduced 50 males (22-26 days old) per cage (along with food and water). Males had been marked

Evaluation of honey residues from Iron Age hill-top sites in southwestern Germany: Implications for local and regional land use and vegetation dynamics

Organic contents of bronze vessels from royal burial sites dating to the Iron Age in southern Germany were investigated by pollen analysis. All pollen assemblages observed were dominated by non-arboreal pollen of non-wind pollinated species, a characteristic feature of honey. On the basis of investigations on recent honey, estimates of the original amounts of honey present were made. It is suggested that two of the vessels were filled with a freshly prepared, highly concentrated mead, while a third contained possibly a mead or a beverage sweetened by honey. The high diversity of the pollen assemblages differs from recent honeys and points to a high biodiversity in the Iron Age landscapes, but also to the use of honey mixtures that originate from a large area that included the surrounding uplands. Records for several exotic pollen also support this hypothesis. At the Glauberg site, a honey-source area of more than 50-km radius is probable. This corresponds quite well with the average distance between known Celtic centres in central Europe, which is ca. 100 km.

Effect of Aliphatic Esters on Ovary Development of Queenless Bees ( Apis mellifera L.)

In honeybee queenright colonies, ovary development in workers is inhibited by queen-produced pheromones [1–4] and by the presence of the brood [5]. It seems that the presence of the unsealed brood provides an inhibitory signal stronger than the queen’s pheromone [6]. When administered orally with honey, the ethyl alcohol or acetone extracts prepared from unsealed honey bee brood show inhibitory effects on worker ovary development [7]. More recent results show that a mixture of ten fatty acid esters (methyl and ethyl esters of palmitic, linoleic, linolenic, stearic, and oleic acids) present naturally on the larval cuticle [8] induce a strong inhibitory effect on ovary development of caged bees in controlled conditions. This inhibition occurs by contact, diffusion, or ingestion of the blend [9]. Based on this preliminary work, the aim of this paper was to determine which esters are involved in the inhibition of ovary development of caged bees and to test whether these compounds maintain their effect under natural conditions. First we screened the efficiency of different esters. For this purpose each ester was mixed individually in food (bee candy: mixture of honey and powdered sugar) at a concentration of 10 (wt/wt) and was tested under controlled conditions on newly emerged bees (Apis mellifera mellifera). Each group of 120 bees was placed in a 12!10!4 cm cage, provided with a vial of tap water, pollen,

Labeling an Egg Parasitoid, Anagrus epos (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), with Rubidium within an Overwintering Refuge

French prune trees provide overwintering habitat for the egg parasitoid Anagrus epos Girault (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), an important natural enemy of the the grape leafhopper, Erythroneura elegantula Osborn (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). French prune trees were treated with rubidium during the fall of 1991–1993 to assess the potential for obtaining an elemental label in overwintering A. epos . Multiple applications of 5,000-ppm solutions of RbCl to French prune foliage from late August to early October resulted in increases in foliar rubidium content of up to 200 times the naturally occuring concentration. Rubidium content of adult prune leafhoppers, Edwanuiana prunicola Edwards (Homoptera: Cicadellidae), collected from treated trees was up to 130 times the naturally occurring level. Naturally occuring rubidium content of A. epos was 0.052 ng Rb per individual based on a sample of 498 wasps collected from 3 separate, untreated grape vineyards. Mean rubidium content was 0.205 ng Rb in A. epos collected in the spring directly from French prune trees that had been treated in the fall with RbCl. This is 3.9 times the background level and indicates successful labeling of overwintering A. epos . However, there was substantial overlap in rubidium content between A. epos from treated trees and those from untreated sites. A. epos reared from rubidium-enriched host eggs and maintained in the lab on a mixture of honey and water e1iliibited minimal decay of the elemental label during the adult lifetime. Success of this labeling approach has made possible the direct study of the dispersal of A. epos from treated French prune tree refuges into adjacent grape vineyards.

Barrier methods of contraception

This article reviews that present and latest developments including condoms diaphragms and caps nonoxynol-9 and other spermicides and the Femshield. One of the historical penis protectors was the use in 1564 of a linen sheath coated with lotion to not only protect against insects and disease but specifically against venereal disease. For women ancient Egyptians used a mixture of honey and crocodile dung as a vaginal paste. Because of the concern about AIDS it is recommended that condoms be offered to all people-at-risk of HIV infection regardless of the contraceptive method in use. A detailed manner of use of the condom and the cervical cap are provided as well as the advantages and the failure rates. Nonoxynol-9 spermicide which is used with a barrier method is also effective against HIV infection. The diaphragm with its 55-100 mm diameter range is available in spring coil spring and arcing spring ring; however cervical caps which provide suction are sometimes more appropriate for retroverted uteri a long cervix or lax muscle tone. Caps are available as the thimble shaped Prentif the dome shaped Vimule and vault shaped Dumas cap. The new Femshield provides the advantages of the diaphragm and condom. It can be inserted ahead of time and is stronger than a condom and provides greater sensitivity due to its loose fit. Other new devices still in the early development stage are 1) the acrylic hydrogel mini-diaphragm providing a custom fit 2) the milex wide seal diaphragm with a flap 3) the contra cap providing a custom fit even during menstruation (This method specifically is expensive and has unproven reliability.) 3) the honey-cap which uses honey to prevent bacterial growth and odor and 4) a battery powered sperm stunner.

Bioecology ofLydella thompsoni Herting, [Dip. Tachinidae] within the Rhone Delta in Southern France

Lydella thompsoni Hertin,Tachinidae, is an endoparasitoid frequently associated in southern France with larvae ofOstrinia nubilalis, Pyralidae, Sesamia nonagrioides, Noctuidae, Archanara geminipuncta andA. dissoluta, Noctuidae. The tachinid was reared successfully at 21°C in the laboratory by providing the adult flies with a high humidity, a light intensity of 8,000–10,000 lux for mating and a mixture of casein proteolysate and honey as food. Under such conditions, the flies lived for about 30 days and about half of them mated successfully. Hosts were infested by dissecting mature tachinid females and placing 1–2 of the extracted planidia onto each moth larva. Half of the planidia successfully entered their larval hosts.

Controlling Childhood Rumination through Differential Reinforcement of other Behavior

Rumination is a rare behavior disorder of childhood involving regurgitation of food which is then ejected or reswallowed. The present study investigated the control of rumination through use of a positive reinforcer (a mixture of honey and water) delivered on a differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) schedule. The subject was a 26-month-old girl who had lost 50% of body weight through rumination. DRO was used as part of a multifaceted treatment program which also included, at different phases, punishment and time out from positive reinforcement. Evaluation of treatment components via a single-subject experimental design with withdrawals indicated the DRO procedure exerted powerful controlling effects over rumination. Transfer of control to social consequences was attempted through use of time out with punishment. The subject's weight increased over her 69-day hospitalization from 7.1 kg. to 11 kg. A 10-month followup revealed continued weight gain and suppression of rumination. Possible limitations to generalizability of findings, particularly previous experience with punishment, are discussed as are advantages of DRO in the management of this behavior problem.

Analysis of the Food of Larval Drone Honeybees

SummaryQuantitative chemical and microscopical analyses of the food of drone honeybee larvae were carried out every day after hatching. The food for larvae aged 5–6 days contained much sugar, less protein and many pollen grains compared with that for larvae aged 1–3 days. Results for the fourth day were transitional. The food of older larvae was inferred to consist of a small amount of pollen and a 1: 2 mixture of honey and of the food of young larvae.

Ecology of Species of Bombus Latr. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Southern Alberta. I. Subgenus Alpinobombus Skor.

AbstractIn southern Alberta the range of Bombus (Alpinobombus) balteatus was limited to mountainous areas with minimum elevations of 7,400 ft. When given equal opportunity to nest in above- or underground hives, queens established in two above, and 12 underground hives. The middle of the nest-establishing period in the hives was about 24 June 1962, and 17 June 1963.Construction of the brood cell was begun before that of the honey pot. All eggs of the first brood were deposited in n single cell; not all were deposited on the same day. Second- and third-brood egg cells were built in parallel lines on each side of the incubation groove. At least once, the second brood was also workers. Succeeding broods were probably first males and then queens, as males emerged first.Pollen was fed collectively to worker larvae of all instars, except the last, by stuffing it beneath them. All instars of male and queen larvae, except the last, were fed collectively mixtures of honey and pollen. Last-instar larvae of all broods separated from each other by spinning flimsy, incomplete cocoons, and were fed individually mixtures of honey and pollen. Hence, B. balteatus is a pocket-maker when rearing worker larvae to the last instar and a pollen-storer when rearing last-instar worker, male, and queen larvae.

The Introduction and Establishment of Dusmetia sangwani on Antonina graminis in South Texas

An encyrtid parasite, Dusmetia sangwani Rao, was introduced from India during March and April 1959 and was found established on Rhodes-grass scale, Antonina graminis (Maskell), at 11 south Texas locations 16 months later. Some 1,186 parasites were screened through quarantine and 55,3.54 were reared in the laboratory and released at various locations. A mixture of royal jelly and honey was selected as a standard diet for laboratory propagation. Introduction shipments were provided the Republic of Mexico and the State of Arizona.

Biology of Cactiphilic Species of Ceratopogonidae (Diptera)1

Two species of Forcipomyia , three of Dasyhelea , and eight of Culicoides are reported as reared from cacti in the southwestern United States and Baja California. These bred rather indiscriminately with respect to cactus host species; Dashyhelea cactorum is reported from three cactus genera ( Opuntia, Cereus , and Lophocereus ) while Culicoides ryckmani was reared from cacti of these same genera and also from Pachycereus. Decaying cacti apparently provide the major source of breeding material for ceratopogonids in many desert areas. The Copiosus group of Culicoides appear to have changed from treehole breeders to the cactiphilic habit in desert areas, and radiation occurred once the group became established in cacti. Insects and mites representing 34 other families were also reared from cacti in conjunction with the ceratopogonid research. A laboratory culture method used successfully with Drosophilidae, Neriidae, Ceratopogonidae, and Syrphidae employed boiled cactus tissues for larval development, while adults were fed a mixture of honey and protein hydrolysate.