Barrier methods of contraception

Abstract

This article reviews that present and latest developments including condoms diaphragms and caps nonoxynol-9 and other spermicides and the Femshield. One of the historical penis protectors was the use in 1564 of a linen sheath coated with lotion to not only protect against insects and disease but specifically against venereal disease. For women ancient Egyptians used a mixture of honey and crocodile dung as a vaginal paste. Because of the concern about AIDS it is recommended that condoms be offered to all people-at-risk of HIV infection regardless of the contraceptive method in use. A detailed manner of use of the condom and the cervical cap are provided as well as the advantages and the failure rates. Nonoxynol-9 spermicide which is used with a barrier method is also effective against HIV infection. The diaphragm with its 55-100 mm diameter range is available in spring coil spring and arcing spring ring; however cervical caps which provide suction are sometimes more appropriate for retroverted uteri a long cervix or lax muscle tone. Caps are available as the thimble shaped Prentif the dome shaped Vimule and vault shaped Dumas cap. The new Femshield provides the advantages of the diaphragm and condom. It can be inserted ahead of time and is stronger than a condom and provides greater sensitivity due to its loose fit. Other new devices still in the early development stage are 1) the acrylic hydrogel mini-diaphragm providing a custom fit 2) the milex wide seal diaphragm with a flap 3) the contra cap providing a custom fit even during menstruation (This method specifically is expensive and has unproven reliability.) 3) the honey-cap which uses honey to prevent bacterial growth and odor and 4) a battery powered sperm stunner.