Mix Proportions Research Articles

The Determination of LogP of Anticoagulant Drugs with High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography

The lipophilicity of a substance is an important physicochemical parameter for the pharmacological activity of a drug. In the current study, high-performance thin-layer chromatography was applied to determine the LogP values of the following anticoagulant drugs: warfarin, acenocoumarol, clopidogrel, and prasugrel. The mobile phase was a mixture of acetonitrile and water in mixed proportions. The content of acetonitrile varied from 50% to 80% in 5% increments. The partition coefficients were calculated with the regression curve Rm0 = f(LogP) based on the compounds with known lipophilicity. The highest LogP was observed for warfarin and the lowest for prasugrel.

Synthesis of geopolymer mortar from biomass ashes and forecasting its compressive strength behaviour

The global warming dilemma raised an exigency toward sustainability in the construction industry and compelled scientists to hunt for alternative binders in construction materials. The, geopolymerization as a spectacular technology has arisen as a looming solution to this dilemma. This work assesses the features of geopolymer mortar developed with both industrial and agricultural wastes at ambient temperature curing. The geopolymer mix proportion was evolved in this study using main precursor material as fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) or rice husk ash (RHA). Workability and mechanical properties, including compressive strength, flexural strength, and split tensile strength of different mortar mixes with various percentages of RHA and SCBA for 365 days, were evaluated. Geopolymer mortar with 10 % SCBA and 5 % RHA achieved improvements of 25 % and 13.91 % in compressive strength, 10.6 % and 3.5 % in flexural strength, and 35 % and 16.8 % in split tensile strength, respectively. Good geopolymer gel formation is clearly evident from the SEM images of SCBA mortar. The main polymeric bonds Si–O–Al and Si-O-Si are also identified using FTIR. To assess the efficacious use of biomass ashes, resistance to chemical attack using H2SO4, HCl, Na2SiO3, and NaCl solutions for 365 days was studied. It was revealed that SCBA incorporated geopolymer mortar specimens achieved good resistance compared with RHA geopolymer mortar. The relation between the ambient temperature cured geopolymer specimen compressive strength at 28 days and 365 days chemical solution curried geopolymer specimen compressive strength find out using python and obtained R2 values more than 95 %. Also, this research proposed various machine learning techniques such as long short-term memory, support vector regression, random forest regression, XGBOOST, and AdaBOOST algorithms for the prediction of compressive strength of geopolymer using 724 mixture proportions with diverse curing temperatures and varying ages. The XGBOOST algorithm achieved the highest R² value of 0.92, demonstrating its effectiveness for the strength prediction.

Study on Basic Pavement Performance of High-Elasticity Asphalt Concrete.

In order to improve the basic pavement performance of high-elastic asphalt concrete filled in the expansion longitudinal joints of seamless bridges, rubber particles and polyester fibers were added to optimize the mix proportion of elastic asphalt concrete, and the optimal asphalt-aggregate ratio was determined. The influence of rubber particles and polyester fibers on the basic pavement performance of high-elastic asphalt concrete was studied. The results show that when the dosage of polyester fiber is not more than 0.6%, the optimal asphalt-aggregate ratio is 1:5, and when it exceeds 0.6%, the optimal asphalt-aggregate ratio is 1:4. The incorporation of rubber particles reduces the compressive strength of high-elastic asphalt concrete but enhances its high-temperature stability, fracture performance, and deformation recovery ability. The incorporation of polyester fibers improves its compressive strength, high-temperature stability, fracture performance, and deformation recovery ability. In addition, the incorporation of rubber granules and polyester fibers promotes the use of green building materials and provides strong support for sustainable building practices.

Rheological modelling of carbonyl-iron particles (CIP) paraffin oil-based magneto-rheological fluids

New types of magneto-rheological fluids are increasingly being developed lately, but there is a dearth of information on the performance of commonly used rheological models for emerging MRFs such as carbonyl-iron particles (CIP) paraffin-oil-based MRF. This work aims to investigate the performance of some rheological models for application in predicting shear stress and yield strength in an emerging MRF suitable for flow-mode applications. CIP, low viscosity paraffin oil, and lithium grease were used as magnetic particles, carrier fluid, and additives, respectively, to prepare the MRF. Based on different mixing proportions determined with the Taguchi method of experimental design, sixteen samples were prepared following a standard procedure. For each sample, the values of viscosity and shear stress were determined using a viscometer and rheometer, respectively, with an incorporated self-developed magnetic device. By fitting the data and using the multi-objective nonlinear programming solver in Micro-soft Excel to determine optimum parameters for each model, the Bingham Model, Herschel–Buckley Model, Casson Model, Cross models, and Power-law were used to model the experimental data. Predicted shear stress values and yield strength were then analyzed using ANOVA at a 5% confidence level. The relative errors were determined using RMSE, Mean Square Error, and Mean Absolute Error. There was a significant variation in the predicted outcomes of all the models. Overall, all the models gave relatively acceptable results. However, the Herschel-Buckley model gave the best results, while the Casson model gave the worst results, judging by their values of errors. It is shown that the Herschel-Buckley model should be best used for predicting the rheological characteristics of CIP and paraffin oil-based MRF.

Study on solidified material from dredged sediment, fly ash, and blended Portland cement using the response surface method

Treating dredged sediment is a complex processing and ongoing challenge. To utilize dredged sediment for the landfill or construction purposes, a material fabricated from a mixture of dredged sediment, Portland cement, and fly ash, was cured under room temperature and hydrothermal condition at 180 °C and 0.9 MPa pressure for 16 hours. The response surface methodology was used to evaluate the compressive strength of the material, with the range of factors investigated being the dredged sediments/solid ratio (0.3-0.9), cement/fly ash ratio (2-4), and water/solid ratio (0.45-0.55). The fitting models offered an accurate and reliable match to the actual data. The optimum mix proportions of two curing conditions were obtained using total desirability function, meet multi-objective criteria. This result finger out hydrothermal curing significantly enhances treatment capacity of dredged sediment, with a lower CO2 emission in the mixture compared to ambient curing. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to figure out the difference between the minerals formed in the material under two curing conditions, such as tobermorite.

Effects of Fresh Groundwater and Seawater Mixing Proportions and Salt-Freshwater Displacement on Coastal Aquifer Microbial Communities

Seawater intrusion significantly affects the microbial communities within coastal aquifers. Investigating the spatial distribution of groundwater microbial communities in coastal regions is crucial for understanding seawater intrusion. The primary objective of this study is to develop a novel microbial index-based method for detecting seawater intrusion. Groundwater microbial samples were collected and sent to the laboratory in the west coastal area of Longkou City, Shandong Province. By characterizing the microbial community within the whole interval of seawater intrusion into fresh groundwater and discussing the effects of salt-freshwater displacement intensities on groundwater microbial communities, including diversity, structure, and function, using indoor domestication experiments, we reveal the response of microorganisms to the seawater intrusion process under in situ environmental conditions. The results show that the microbial community diversity is highest in environments with a seawater mixing proportion (P(sm)) of 2.5% and lowest in those with a P(sm) of 75%. When considering species abundance and evolutionary processes, the microbial community structure is similar at higher P(sm) levels, while it is similar at lower P(sm) levels based on the presence or absence of species. Tenericutes, Flavobacteriia, Rhodobacterales, Flavobacteriales, Rhodobacteraceae, Flavobacteriaceae, Cohaesibacteraceae, and Cohaesibacter are significantly positively correlated with the P(sm). Strong salt-freshwater displacement enhanced the richness and evenness of the microbial community, whereas weak displacement showed the opposite trend. Strong displacement affects the functional profiles of the microbial community. This study effectively addressed the challenge of obtaining samples in coastal areas and also incorporated salt-freshwater displacement intensities, which can more comprehensively describe the microbial community characteristics within the groundwater of coastal aquifers.

Optimization of geotechnical characteristics of clayey soils using fly ash and granulated blast furnace slag-based geopolymer

In this study, the effects of fly ash and granulated blast furnace slag based geopolymer on the mechanical properties of high plasticity clayey soils were investigated. For this purpose, experimental studies were carried out using the Taguchi Method. The Taguchi L16 orthogonal array was used with various amounts of class F fly ash (12 %, 16 %, 20 %, and 24 %), granulated blast furnace slag (8 %, 10 %, 12 %, and 14 %), and alkaline hydroxide solution NaOH molarity (6, 8, 10, and 12). After 7 and 28 days of curing, unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and California bearing ratio (CBR) were carried out. Permeability test was carried out as well after 28 days of curing. The effects of the variables on the experimental results were determined using S/N and variance analyses (ANOVA). The microstructure and phase composition of geopolymer samples were identified via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The findings indicate that the strength of geopolymer-stabilized soil is significantly affected by the stabilizer content, fly ash–slag ratio, and molarity of alkaline activator (M). The optimal mix proportions for geopolymer-stabilized high plasticity clayey soil were found to be as follow: 38 % geopolymer content (24 % fly ash, 14 % slag) and an alkaline activator content of 25.75 % with a molarity of 12 M.This study concluded that fly ash and granulated blast furnace slag based geopolymer can serve as a feasible alternative material to cement, being sustainable and applicable. It could be utilized to enhance the strength characteristics of high-plasticity clay soil, while simultaneously, reducing permeability.

Study on the basic properties of iron tailings powder-desulfurization ash mine filling cementitious material

Abstract To realize the recycling of iron tailings powder (IP) and desulfurization ash (DA) and reduce the high preparation cost of mine filling cementitious materials (MCs), this article adopts sodium carbonate (SC) as an activator to prepare iron tailings powder-desulfurization ash mine filling cementitious materials (IDMC). The effects of IP content, DA content, SC content, and mirabilite content on the mechanical properties and setting time are experimentally investigated. The micromorphology and phase compositions of the hydration products of IDMC are analyzed and characterized by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The results show that the initial setting time of the IDMC is reduced by 0.87 and 21.83% when the mirabilite content is increased from 0 to 1% and 2%, respectively, and the compressive and flexural strengths of the IDMC are increased by 24.01 and 86.25% when the IP content is increased from 0 to 20%, respectively. The IP not only participates in the hydration reaction but also plays an aggregate filling effect, significantly improving the mechanical properties of the IDMC. The pozzolanic effect is gradually enhanced with the increase of the DA content, and the hydration degree of the IDMC increases. The SC as an activator can moderately reduce the shrinkage rate of the IDMC. Based on the multi-index optimization analysis, the optimal mix proportion of the IDMC is obtained, which provides an effective reference for the preparation of the novel MC.

Effect of polyvinyl alcohol on the mechanical and sound properties of recycled rubber mortar

Recycled rubber mortar is a novel green construction material which alleviates the environmental impact of waste rubber tires and greatly improves the sound insulation performance. Existing cement mortar with high rubber content exhibits poor mechanical properties, limiting its application in construction field. In this study, polyvinyl acetate (PVA) was introduced to modify recycled rubber mortar and the effect of PVA contents on its fluidity, flexural, compressive, impact strengths, and drying shrinkage was analyzed. To improve the analytical accuracy, analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was used to select the optimal mix proportion. The results indicate that PVA has positive effects on the mechanical properties of recycled rubber mortar. Further, comparing the trend of the normalized impact sound pressure level with an increase in frequency and the weighted normalized impact sound pressure level revealed that mixing 50 % recycled rubber particles and 8 % polyvinyl acetate effectively improved the sound insulation performance of cement mortar. These findings can promote the application of recycled rubber mortar in housing construction projects and having environmental benefits.

Effects of deamidated gluten protein on wheat starch properties and rheological properties of starch-gluten dough

To further investigate the interaction between starch and gluten protein, deamidated gluten protein with varying degrees of organic acid (citric acid) was mixed with wheat starch in various proportions, and the solubility, pasting, and rheological properties of the blend flour were investigated. The solubility of the sample powder increased significantly as the deamidated protein content increased. The gelatinization results also demonstrated that the deamidated protein content increased the peak viscosity, trough viscosity gradually decreased, and peak viscosity time shortened. The results of the rheological measurement revealed that the elastic modulus (G′), viscous modulus (G″), and creep recovery of the mixed flour showed regular changes with the continuous change of the mixed powder proportion. Furthermore, consistent alterations were observed in the effects of proteins with varying degrees of deamidation in the same proportion on farinaceous characteristics. FTIR analysis of the gluten protein revealed that the primary secondary structures were the β-sheet and β-turn; different levels of damage were observed.

Analysis of Strength and Bond Behaviour of Bacterial Concrete

Incorporating bacterial activity within concrete holds promise for enhancing its mechanical and durability characteristics. This research delves into assessing bacterial concrete's strength and adhesion behavior, investigating the synergistic effects of bacterial activity. Scientific inquiry has confirmed the effectiveness of Bacillus species as microbial agents in augmenting concrete's self repair capabilities. Bacillus Subtilis is employed for sample preparation, with a concentration of 105 cells per millilitre chosen as the parameter. The mechanical properties of bacterial concrete are analyzed, considering the impact of bacterial strains on these properties. The study also focuses on evaluating the bonding behavior of bacterial concrete through pull-out tests, aiming to assess the efficacy of bacterial activity in enhancing the bond strength of the concrete matrix. This investigation yields a comprehensive understanding of the intricate interplay of bacterial activity within concrete. The findings contribute to optimizing bacterial concentration and mix proportions for the development of sustainable and high-performance construction materials.

Utilization Of Sugarcane Bagasse Waste As Green Concrete Using Local Aggregate

Waste in the form of sugarcane bagasse which is processed by burning to turn it into ash has the same content as the main ingredients that make up Portland cement, namely silica (SiO2) and ferrite (Fe2O3), so that sugarcane bagasse ash can be used as a pozzolan which, apart from replacing some of the cement, can also increase the compressive strength of concrete. . The research method is testing concrete making materials and sugarcane bagasse ash. Tests were carried out for variations in the addition of sugarcane bagasse ash at 0%, 3% and 5%. The fine aggregate used in this research is fine coarse aggregate originating from Barito Sand. The coarse aggregate used in this research is coarse aggregate measuring 10 – 20 mm cotton crushed stone originating from Barito Kuala. The results of the concrete mix are made according to SNI 03-2834-2000 regarding the calculation of concrete mix planning (mix design). From the test results, it was found that the materials used, such as water, cement, sugarcane bagasse ash from Landasan Ulin and coarse aggregate crushed stone, 1-2 crushed cotton stones from Barito Kuala, can be made for a concrete mix proportion of K-250 kg/quality. cm2 varies starting from 0% or normal concrete, 3% bagasse ash and 5% bagasse ash.

Prediction of alkali–silica reaction expansions of mortars containing glass waste

The majority of existing findings regarding expansion (EXP) risks in concretes containing waste glass stem from experimental studies. There is a need for rapid assessment methods to ensure safer recycling of glass waste in cementitious composites. In this study, an artificial neural network (ANN) model was developed to accurately predict alkali–silica reaction EXP/mitigation resulting from the integration of glass waste in mortars. The analysis considered glass incorporation either separately as waste glass powder (WGP) and waste glass aggregates (WGAs), or in combination, at contents of up to 100% for WGA and 30% for WGP. A set of 175 mixtures was analysed, considering five distinct variables, which encompassed different mix proportions, involving varying components of cement, natural aggregates, WGP and WGA, in addition to the duration of environmental exposure. The results show that the EXP of WGA mortars decreased with the increased incorporation of WGP. The EXP values obtained from validation and experience confirm the high accuracy of the developed ANN model, with validation coefficients reaching up to 98.061% and a small value of the mean square error.

Physical and mechanical properties of lightweight concrete with the incorporation of waste disposal polyurethane foam as coarse aggregate

<p>Industrial waste in engineered concrete mixes is an enormous step towards sustainable development. Polyurethane foam waste (PUFW) is mainly generated by the refrigeration, automobile, and construction industries. Day by day, large amounts of PUFW are incinerated and disposed of in landfills, which not only affects the environment but also leads to the loss of land usage. On the other hand, with the improvement of financial benefits, environmental benefits, and structural style, the demand for lightweight concrete (LWC) is also increasing. This study investigated the incorporation of rigid PUFW as coarse aggregate in LWC. Various proportions of PUFW replacement by volume (40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, and 80%) were examined to formulate the LWC mixtures. The physical and mechanical properties of the LWC were tested and compared with conventional concrete. The results showed that the compressive strength reached more than 17 MPa when LWC was made with 40%, 50%, and 60% PUFW content, satisfying the compressive strength of structural LWC. At 70% PUFW content, the compressive strength was satisfactory for semi-load bearing strength, and at 80% PUFW content, it was suitable for insulation concrete. In all mix proportions, the density value was less than 2000 kg/m3, which was satisfactory for LWC.</p>

Study on the performance of coal gangue ceramsite steel fiber high strength concrete

Our study aims to use coal gangue ceramsite (CGC) as coarse aggregate and add an appropriate volume fraction of steel fiber to prepare high strength concrete with lighter weight and meeting pumping requirements. The effects of (w/b) ratio, CGC content, the volume fraction of steel fiber, and water reducing agent content on the properties of coal gangue ceramsite steel fiber concrete (CGCSFC) were analyzed by orthogonal test, range analysis, and variance analysis. The optimal mix proportion of CGCSFC was obtained by using the efficacy coefficient method combined with the AHP-CRITIC method. The results showed that the crushing value of CGC was 37.26 % lower than that of coal gangue (CG). The reason for the increase in the strength of CGC was that there were few micro-cracks in CGC and the increase in quartz content. The (w/b) ratio had the most significant effect on the compressive strength of CGCSFC. CGCSFCs with compressive strength of 60–90 MPa and slump of 140–220 mm were prepared. The dry apparent density of CGCSFC with the same strength grade was 18.2–19.4 % lower than that of normal concrete (NC), and the specific strength was increased by 19.7–36.3 %. The average calculation error of Bowromi modified formula considering CGC content and the volume fraction of steel fiber is 3.82 %.

Mix design determination procedure for geopolymer concrete based on target strength method

This study presents the development and validation of a mix design determination procedure for geopolymer concrete to achieve the desired compressive strength. The procedure integrates artificial neural network (ANN) model developed based on a comprehensive data base from literature, data clustering, and parameter optimization techniques to enhance accuracy and reliability. Experimental validation is undertaken to demonstrate the mix design determination procedure’s capability to accurately predict mix designs for geopolymer concrete based on the target compressive strength, validating its efficacy for mix proportion determination. The integration of chemical oxide content in fly ash, curing time, curing temperature, and activator properties results in a 15.9% improvement in prediction accuracy for the training dataset and a 68.3% enhancement for the testing dataset, compared to the base ANN model that includes only the weight of fly ash and activator properties. Employing data clustering techniques enables the identification of prior estimates for the mix design parameters related to specific fly ash types and target compressive strength, streamlining the mix design process by analyzing pertinent data subsets. Parameter optimization ensures refined mix proportions, achieving the desired target strength economically while minimizing material waste and cost. The development of a user interface facilitates easy manipulation of mix designs, catering to users of varying expertise levels. Additional options for deeper insights into geopolymer concrete characteristics can be integrated into the mix design determination procedure. To assess the mix design determination procedure's ability to generalize effectively, a variety of fly ash samples with distinct chemical compositions were utilized, differing from those already present in the database. This approach allows for a thorough evaluation of the mix design determination procedure's performance when presented with fly ash compositions it has not encountered before. By doing so, this provides insights into the adaptability of the mix design determination procedure beyond the limitations of the training and testing datasets.

Experimental study on the road performance of molybdenum tailings sand stabilized with cement and fly ash

The large accumulation of molybdenum tailings (MoT) has resulted in a series of hazards, including environmental pollution, damage to water resources, and increased risk of geological disasters. This study employs ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and fly ash (FA) stabilization of MoT sand and seeks the optimal mix ratio through experimentation. The strength properties of MoT sand stabilized with different proportions of OPC and FA are studied and analyzed through unconfined compressive strength tests, splitting tensile strength tests, and splitting rebound modulus tests. Additionally, the microstructure of MoT sand stabilized with OPC and FA is analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicate that with an increase in OPC content, the compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and splitting rebound modulus all increase. With an increase in FA content, the compressive strength gradually increases, while the splitting tensile strength and splitting rebound modulus show a trend of initially increasing and then decreasing. The results show that the optimal mix proportion for OPC and FA-stabilized MoT sand is 7 % OPC content and 15 % FA content. This mixture is suitable for a heavy traffic base of expressways and class I highways, as well as for an extra heavy traffic base of class II and below highways. The research results can provide reference for using OPC and FA stabilized MoT sand as roadbed material.

Statistical analysis of engine fueled with two identical lower aromatic biofuel blends at various injection pressure

ABSTRACT This work aims to find an alternative source of energy in the engine revolution with more efficiency concerning performance characteristics, emission behavior and combustion characteristics than traditional diesel fuel. In this present work, the following composition is obtained by blending Orange Peel Oil (OPO) and Lemon Peel Oil (LPO) at 20%, traditional diesel fuel at 80% (Blend 1) & OPO and LPO at 12.5%, traditional diesel at 75% (Blend 2) and Use a single-cylinder direct-injection diesel engine to determine the optimal composition across all dimensions. Compared with diesel, there is a noticeable decrease in emissions such as CO, UHC, and smoke and an increase in NOx emission, as well as a significant improvement in thermal efficiency or energy efficiency. BTE was increased 3% while using blend 2 and 2% while using blend 1 at peak load condition when weighted against to traditional diesel fuel. BSFC decreases on both blends when compared to diesel. But NOx is higher when compared to diesel, hence it can be reduced by using additives like BHT, 2EHN and PD at 1.2%, 0.8% and 98% of mixing proportions and run it on a single cylinder engine under varied pressure at 300 bar, 450 bar and 600 bar respectively. The Taguchi optimization is opted to find the best blend in all aspects. It is found that the L16 orthogonal array was used to for this investigation. The NOx has been reduced nearly by 10% when compared to LPO and OPO blends and it gives more efficient results both in efficiency and reduced toxic emissions.

Macro-meso cracking inversion modelling of three-point bending concrete beam with random aggregates using cohesive zone model

An accurate description of concrete crack propagation is essential to practical engineering. In this paper, the cohesive zone model (CZM) is used to investigate the macroscopic mechanical properties and the microscopic crack damage behavior of concrete beams in the three-point bending test. Five key factors controlling the cracking of cohesive elements, namely mode I fracture energy, mode II fracture energy, shear strength, tensile strength, and elastic modulus (stiffness), are subjected to parametric examinations. Based on macro-mechanical properties and micro-cracking, the test results and parametric models of specimens are inversely analyzed. The applicable parameter range of control factors in the three-point bending simulation is obtained. Considering the quantitative aggregate information of specimens with different mix proportions, three computation models with different aggregate areas are established. The quantitative results of crack propagation are derived by applying the parameter range. Finally, the accuracy of the parameter range is validated based on the simulated and experimental mechanical properties and quantitative results of cracks.

Modeling the strength parameters of agro waste-derived geopolymer concrete using advanced machine intelligence techniques

Abstract The mechanical strength of geopolymer concrete incorporating corncob ash and slag (SCA-GPC) was estimated by means of three distinct AI methods: a support vector machine (SVM), two ensemble methods called bagging regressor (BR), and random forest regressor (RFR). The developed models were validated using statistical tests, absolute error assessment, and the coefficient of determination (R 2). The importance of various modeling factors was determined by means of interaction diagrams. When estimating the flexural strength and compressive strength of SCA-GPC, R 2 values of over 0.85 were measured between the actual and predicted findings using both individual and ensemble AI models. Statistical testing and k-fold analysis for error evaluation revealed that the RFR model outperformed the SVM and BR models in terms of accuracy. As demonstrated by the interaction graphs, the mechanical characteristics of SCA-GPC were found to be extremely responsive to the mix proportions of ground granulated blast furnace slag, fine aggregate, and corncob ash. This was the case for all three components. This study demonstrated that highly precise estimations of mechanical properties for SCA-GPC can be made using ensemble AI techniques. Improvements in geopolymer concrete performance can be achieved by the implementation of such practices.