Renewable Energy Mix Research Articles

The french nuclear challenge to the eu green energy governance

This paper explores the role of nuclear power in substituting fossil fuels and contributing to the net zero. It considers to what extent the French position on nuclear energy is viable within the framework of EU green energy governance. The analysis of EU legal attempts to develop a common strategy for member countries and the case study of France reveal the controversial nature of nuclear energy. The authors argue that the EU could work towards easing off nuclear energy and could successfully overcome the pro-nuclear views of countries which currently depend on it for electricity production. The limited climate benefits of nuclear energy, when the whole life-cycle of nuclear reactors is considered, and the unease of the population with nuclear energy, even in countries that depend on it, chart a probable new course for a renewable energy mix in the EU. This phasing-out of nuclear energy is likely to be progressive so as to avoid lost investments in developing the technology and will hinge on how rapidly renewables reach their technological maturity.

The public’s intention to vote for continued use of woody biomass for energy in Denmark: a cognitive hierarchy perspective

BackgroundTo be socially robust, renewable energy policies aiming at achieving a low-carbon society require public support. Woody biomass is an important renewable energy source. It accounts for a large share of the renewable energy consumption in several EU countries. However, its sustainability credentials are contested. Little is known as yet about how the public perceives woody biomass. This paper aims to examine the public’s intention to vote for continued use of woody biomass, and to find out whether this voting intention can be explained using the cognitive hierarchy model. This model posits that values, attitudes and beliefs predict higher order cognitions like intention. We extend the model by including an additional variable (perceived benefit). Although the model is widely used in connection with natural resource management issues, it has not yet been applied to the case of increasingly contested energy sources like woody biomass. We use Denmark as a case study given that woody biomass makes up the largest share of the renewable energy mix in the country.ResultsResults of a nationwide questionnaire-based survey of the general public show that a large proportion of Danes are undecided about their attitudes towards, and their intention to vote for, woody biomass. Structural equation modeling results show that belief in the mitigation potential of woody biomass has a significant positive effect on both attitudes and voting intention. Altruistic and egoistic values have a significant positive effect on attitudes, which in turn have a significant positive influence on voting intention. We also confirm the mediating role of attitudes.ConclusionsUnderstanding public opinion-making processes can help to promote environmental decision-making that takes due account of public perceptions of the ways in which energy transitions come about. The cognitive hierarchy model is an apt framework with which to predict voting intention in the context of contested energy sources.

Renewable Energy Mix Enhancement: The Power of Foreign Investment and Green Policies

The objective of this study is to examine and assess the viewpoint of population and economic expansion, as well as foreign investment in the renewable energy sector, by examining the influence of green investment on indexed listed businesses in Indonesia's Sri-Kehati. The dataset utilised in this study include macroeconomic time series data from Indonesia spanning the years 2015 to 2021, as well as issuers indexed under the SRI-KEHATI framework. The data underwent analysis using the multiple regression approach. The study employed an associative research technique and utilised the Eviews 10 programme tool for data analysis. The findings of the study demonstrate a noteworthy positive impact of economic growth on the composition of renewable energy sources. The impact of population growth on the composition of renewable energy sources is shown to be insignificant, but foreign investment is observed to have a notable and adverse influence on the renewable energy mix. The impact of foreign investment on the Renewable Energy Mix is found to be both statistically significant and unfavourable. The variable of economic growth exhibits a noteworthy and favourable impact when moderated by green investment in Sri-Kehati indexed issuers, specifically in relation to the composition of renewable energy sources. The variable of population growth exhibits a noteworthy and favourable impact by means of moderating green investment in the perspective of Sri-Kehati indexed issuer companies regarding the composition of renewable energy sources. The variable of economic growth demonstrates a statistically significant and favourable impact when moderated by green investment in the Sri-Kehati Indexed Issuer Company, specifically in relation to the renewable energy mix. The impact of population growth on the renewable energy mix in the perspective of Sri-Kehati indexed issuer companies is found to be positive and statistically significant when considering the moderation effect of green investment. The variable representing economic growth demonstrates a notable and favourable impact when moderated by green investment in the Sri-Kehati Indexed Issuer Company, particularly in relation to the composition of renewable energy sources. The impact of population growth on the renewable energy mix in the perspective of Sri-Kehati indexed issuer companies is found to be positive and statistically significant when considering the moderation effect of green investment.

Renewable Energy Contribution Based on Microgrid Using Photovoltaic and Wind Turbine Scenario

Indonesia's renewable energy mix offers an alternative to conventional fossil fuels. Indonesia has made a significant commitment to the role of exploiting this new energy in accordance with the Paris Agreement. This paper proposes the design of a microgrid architecture for a solar and wind hybrid power plant with grid-connected configuration and micro-scale power plant modeling in Ciheras Village, Cipatujah District, Tasikmalaya Regency, West Java. This architecture is divided into three scenarios in order to determine the best design qualities. The first scenario involves 50% photovoltaic (PV) and 50% wind turbine (WT), the second 60% PV and 40% WT, and the third 70% PV and 30% WT. The findings of the grid-connected microgrid were compared using supporting software, HOMER Pro. The various scenarios yielded performance analysis and renewable energy contribution. Modeling, calculation, simulation, and analysis demonstrate that the first scenario's potential energy output produces 25,655 kWh/year with an 88.2% Renewable Fraction (RF). The second scenario generates 26,194 kWh of energy per year, with a renewable fraction of 87.8%. The third scenario is the best based on the participation and role of distributed energy (PV-WT), with a higher amount of energy output of 30,691 kWh/year and a higher renewable proportion of 89%.

Polynomial Regression Model Utilization to Determine Potential Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) Calories in Indonesia

Waste-to-energy (WTE) is one of the Indonesian government’s programs aiming to meet the target of achieving a new and renewable energy (NRE) mix, as well as one of the solutions proposed to overcome the problem of waste. One of the products of WTE is energy derived from raw material waste (refuse-derived fuel/RDF). Using the formula y = 0.00003 x5 − 0.0069 x4 + 0.6298 x3 − 24.3245 x2 + 432.8401 x + 55.7448 with R2 = 0.9963, which was obtained by comparing a scatter plot diagram from the RDF calorie test dataset produced through a bio-drying process, the potential RDF calories produced using the waste composition dataset taken from each region in Indonesia can be calculated. The results of the calculations using the determined equations produce a list of provinces with RDF calorie potential, ordered from the largest to the smallest, using which the government can determine which areas are the main priority for processing waste into energy. Thus, through this method, the target of 5.1% renewable energy sourced from waste can be achieved by 2025.

Economical assessment comparison for hydrogen reconversion from ammonia using thermal decomposition and electrolysis

Ammonia is a promising alternative for the storage and transport of renewable hydrogen over long distances. In this paper, a techno-economic assessment was conducted to evaluate the levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) produced from renewable ammonia feedstocks. Both thermal and electrochemical pathways were analyzed. For the thermal pathway we investigated the decomposition using fixed bed reactor and membrane technology, while alkaline electrolysis was studied for the electrochemical route. We evaluated different process scales corresponding to stationary reconversion in a hydrogen refueling station (1000 kgH2/day) or an ammonia import terminal (1500 tNH3/year) and mobile on-board reconversion for a heavy-duty truck (22 kgH2/day). The results show that currently the cheapest option to produce hydrogen from ammonia is the thermal decomposition with membrane technology for import terminal, fixed bed for the hydrogen refueling station, and electrolysis on-board a truck. The levelized cost of hydrogen for the thermal decomposition methods in an ammonia import terminal lie in the range of hydrogen prices produced from today's mix of renewable energy and water as feedstock in Europe. A sensitivity analysis shows that, regardless of the process scale, the parameters with the highest impact on the levelized cost of hydrogen are the reactor temperature for the membrane technology, and ammonia price for fixed bed and electrolysis technologies. The reconversion costs in the latter case are most sensitive to the cell voltage. A future scenario analysis indicates that ammonia electrolysis reconversion costs can be reduced between 14% and 44%, depending on the process scale.

Analysis of performance and economic value of thin film and monocrystalline photovoltaic systems in the tropical area of Jakarta

Evaluation of PV performance is important as a development in supporting the government’s program to increase the renewable energy mix to reach 23% in 2025. This study aims to analyze the performance of thin film vs monocrystalline PV which has been operating in tropical areas in Jakarta. Then thin film and monocrystalline PV were simulated using PVsyst. Evaluation is carried out through a performance ratio analysis approach and the value of the degradation rate. The performance of thin film PV was 5% close to the simulation result but not for the monocrystalline silicon. The degradation rates for thin-film and mono-si were 0.93% and 2.07%, respectively. The degradation rates of PV are comparable to other studies that have been conducted in other countries with similar climates. Such a degradation rate value reduces the economic value of PV where the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) value obtained decreases for thin films by 25% while for monocrystalline would change by 77%.

Analisis Dampak Lingkungan dan Keekonomian Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Co-firing Biomassa dan Batubara Sebagai Upaya Bauran Energi Terbarukan

Steam power plants are the largest contributor to carbon emissions in Indonesia. Utilizing biomass fuel through co-firing technology is one way to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. As part of an effort to increase the use of renewable energy, this study will assess the economic and environmental effects of co-firing biomass and coal power plants. This study uses a descriptive method of analysis of literature studies. The research results show that the continuous use of coal can lead to extinction. According to the data, the energy potential of biomass reaches 32.6 GW, with a new utilization of 1,895.7 MW, or around 5.8%. It takes more than 9 million tons of biomass every year to support the application of co-firing technology in 52 steam power plants in Indonesia. Various sources of biomass have the potential to support the application of co-firing technology. To achieve the target of 23 percent of the new renewable energy mix in 2025, the supply of biomass is very helpful. In addition to being able to increase its contribution to the renewable energy mix, the application of co-firing can also help the growth of the people's economy or circular economy.
 Keywords: Coal, Biomass, Co-firing, Economy, Environment

Comparison of Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy in the Long and Short Term of Indonesia Economy

Indonesia has established Government Regulation Number 79 of 2014 concerning National Energy Policy (KEN). KEN as a public policy product was determined after going through a "top-down" debate since 2010. KEN's target only focuses on energy supply, even though energy policy has shifted to the side of energy demand. KEN does not set greenhouse gas mitigation targets. To support the achievement of KEN's goals regarding the mix of new and renewable energy (EBT). Indonesia has great potential, but can the potential be maximized by the government in the direction of better and environmentally friendly energy policies. This study analyzes the movement of renewable and non-renewable energy to the Indonesian economy from 1990-2021, using the Error Correction Model (ECM) statistical method by considering short-term and long-term results in the model. long-term results Consumption of non-renewable energy (CFE) has a positive and significant impact on increasing economic growth by 7.14%. Renewable energy in the form of electricity (RE) has a positive and significant influence in increasing economic growth by 0.18%, while the results of renewable energy through water resources (RIF) do not have a positive but not significant impact on Indonesia's economic growth. In the short-term results of the Error Correction Model (ECM), consumption of non-renewable energy (CFE) has a positive and significant effect on increasing economic growth by 5.35%. while the results of renewable energy in the form of electricity (RE) and renewable energy through water resources (RIF) do not have a positive but not significant impact on Indonesia's economic growth during 1990-2021.

Optimal replacement scenarios for an average petrol passenger car using life-cycle assessment

The reduction of the lifetime of vehicles, using scrappage schemes, has been identified as a transformation pathway in the target of reducing the environmental impacts of passenger transport. The energy-efficiency of manufacturing new automobiles needs to be measured in order to achieve environmental benefits when replacing old cars. Thus, the goal of the present study is to establish the environmentally optimal time in which to replace a petrol car, in five substitution scenarios that include a newer version of this car, a diesel car and an electric car. The average occupancy, annual mileage and the energy mix on the market for electricity were addressed in this approach. This research quantifies the GHG emissions from the selected vehicles, with the aim of determining the optimal number of years after which substitution should take place, by way of a novel contribution to the current literature. The results show that the base vehicle can be efficiently replaced after 8.88 years if an electric car is selected as the substitute. However, this period would decrease to 6.55 years if the new vehicle were powered with 100% renewable energy. Moreover, an environmentally optimal replacement could be made at 3.29 years, if the substitute were an electric car run with an average occupancy of 3 passengers and a 100% renewable energy mix. It was also demonstrated that the EURO 5 diesel car could be a replacement option for the base vehicle after 13.65 years, considering GWP impacts exclusively. By contrast, there are no environmental benefits related to diesel cars when considering PM2.5 emissions, hence they are not a feasible environmentally optimal substitution. This article concludes that the substitution could be up to 69.94% sooner if a cleaner energy mix is used to run the replacement car.

Life cycle greenhouse gases emissions from high-speed rail in Spain: The case of the Madrid – Toledo line

The Madrid – Toledo high-speed rail (HSR) line is 74.5 km long, has an average speed of 140 km/h and a maximum speed of 270 km/h. It averages almost 104 million passenger-kilometres travelled and has a utilisation rate (passengers per available seats) of 0.75 as of 2019. This study analyses the life cycle greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions of the Madrid – Toledo HSR line using the life cycle assessment methodology, taking into consideration the stages of construction, maintenance and operation for the infrastructure, as well as the manufacturing, maintenance and operation stages for trains. The most significant stage is infrastructure construction, which accounts for an average 75 % emissions, followed by train operation, with an average 18.2 %.The results highlight several environmental benefits of the deployment of the line, as after 40 years of operation there will be an average 21 % reduction in GHG emissions for passenger mobility between Madrid and Toledo compared to the case where no HSR line was built. Moreover, the line's GHG emissions are offset between 19 and 23 years after starting operation, mainly due to the emissions avoided by passengers switching to a carbon-friendlier mode of transportation in terms of operation, and the adoption of a 100 % renewable energy mix for the operation of trains since 2019.These findings point to opportunities for improving the life cycle GHG emissions of high-speed rail lines, such as increasing the occupancy of trains by applying new pricing policies and investing in intermodal infrastructures to achieve higher modal shift rates, promoting proximity criteria for the supply of raw materials during the infrastructure construction stage and improving the maintenance stage to prolong the lifetime of the infrastructure, thus deferring life cycle emissions for longer.

Portfolio benefits of taxonomy orientated and renewable European electric utilities

This paper investigates carbon and energy mix risk in the equity prices of EU-Taxonomy orientated and renewable European electric utility companies. We calculate carbon intensity and energy mix factors to measure possible carbon and energy mix premia while investigating the performance of portfolios of EU-Taxonomy orientated and renewable European electric utilities. We use a unique dataset to extend the three-factor model presented by Fama and French (1993) and find evidence of a positive renewable energy mix premium for portfolios of EU-Taxonomy orientated firms and firms with a high level of renewable energy in the energy mix. A positive low-carbon premium is also found for these same portfolios. Lastly, based on the three-factor model, an EU-Taxonomy orientated portfolio outperforms both a non-orientated portfolio and a non-reporting portfolio while a renewable energy portfolio outperforms a conventional energy portfolio. Our results are important for regulators, investors and European electric utilities in assessing the impact environmental regulations have on a firm’s cost of capital.

Characterization of solid particle candidates for application in thermal energy storage and concentrating solar power systems

Thermal energy storage (TES) enables concentrating solar power to remain competitive in the renewable energy mix by firming up intermittent solar resource and providing grid services such as load shifting. Free from siting constraints, stand-alone TES systems show promise as a low-cost alternative to traditional pumped-storage hydropower or compressed air energy storage. At the core of all TES technologies is a storage medium, the selection of which governs many aspects of system design and operation. Although the majority of commercial installations utilize molten salts, solid particles can demonstrate stability over wider temperature ranges. This amounts to increased energy storage densities and corresponding reductions in system cost which is essential in achieving low-cost energy storage. In this work, eight solid particle candidates are systematically identified and screened for application in a specific particle-TES system. The five most promising candidates (CARBO CP and HSP, calcined flint clay (CFC), brown fused alumina (BFA), and silica sand) are further characterized by size and morphology for fluidization suitability, flowability for particle transport, and thermal stability. Calcined flint clay and brown fused alumina are eventually down-selected due to thermal instability at the target operational temperature of 1200 °C. Although the physical characteristics of CARBO outperform silica sand in all categories examined, the marginal performance gains are considered insufficient to justify the additional media cost so silica sand is selected as the leading candidate. Within the silica sand (α-quartz) space, the high end of Geldart Group B particles is identified to satisfy the target fluidization regime for the application of interest without compromising particle flowability. In focused testing, Silica 460 is shown to exhibit sufficient stability through long-duration (500-hour) thermal and cyclic testing (1200 °C), 10-hour testing at 1400 °C, and in contact with candidate refractory containment materials. Finally, an average heat capacity of 1.1 J/g∙ °C is measured over 300–1200 °C with a quartz inversion enthalpy (ΔHα-β) of 10.7 J/g.

Scenario Planning of PLN Indonesia Power in 2030: To Be a Leading Green and Sustainable Power Generation Company

Following the company's transformation in 2023, PLN IP's generating capacity now reached 21 GW, establishing it as the largest power generation company in Southeast Asia. However, most of PLN IP's power plants rely on fossil fuels. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to formulate a strategy that enables PLN IP to become a leading sustainable company and support Indonesia's target of achieving a renewable energy mix of 24.8% by 2030. The scenario planning method is used in this study to anticipate and prepare for future critical uncertainties that may impact the business of PLN IP. Critical uncertainties are obtained from analyzing the company's business, which is then elaborated with the results of semi-structured interviews from internal and external stakeholders. Five scenarios have been identified, namely: Parking the Bus, Kick & Rush, Tiki Taka, Gegenpressing, and Catenaccio. Each scenario is driven by a different critical uncertainty, consisting of electricity supply and demand, fuel prices, regulations, technological advancements, and investments. Key leading indicators of driving factors have been determined to detect potential scenario trends as early warning signals. This study is expected to serve as a reference for policymakers and stakeholders in the electricity sector to apply a balanced strategy for providing clean, reliable, and affordable electricity in Indonesia.

Assessment of a Fully Renewable System for the Total Decarbonization of the Economy with Full Demand Coverage on Islands Connected to a Central Grid: The Balearic Case in 2040

The transition to clean electricity generation is a crucial focus for achieving the current objectives of economy decarbonization. The Balearic Archipelago faces significant environmental, economic, and social challenges in shifting from a predominantly fossil fuel-based economy to one based on renewable sources. This study proposes implementing a renewable energy mix and decarbonizing the economy of the Balearic Islands by 2040. The proposed system involves an entirely renewable generation system with interconnections between the four Balearic islands and the Spanish mainland grid via a 650 MW submarine cable. This flexible electrical exchange can cover approximately 35% of the peak demand of 1900 MW. The scenario comprises a 6 GWp solar photovoltaic system, a wind system of under 1.2 GWp, and a 600 MW biomass system as generation sub-systems. A vanadium redox flow battery sub-system with a storage capacity of approximately 21 GWh and 2.5 GWp power is available to ensure system manageability. This system’s levelized electricity cost (LCOE) is around 13.75 cEUR/kWh. The design also incorporates hydrogen as an alternative for difficult-to-electrify uses, achieving effective decarbonization of all final energy uses. A production of slightly over 5 × 104 tH2 per year is required, with 1.7 GW of electrolyzer power using excess electricity and water resources. The system enables a significant level of economy decarbonization, although it requires substantial investments in both generation sources and storage.

Towards sustainable passenger transport: Carbon emission reduction scenarios for a medium-sized city

The sustainability of transportation systems is frequently linked to human preferences, hence it is pertinent to align quotidian commuting choices with sustainable development goals. The main goal of the present research was to simulate eight scenarios designed to reduce the carbon dioxide emissions of passenger transport in a Colombian medium-sized city, taking into account the Global Warming Potential (GWP) of public and private vehicles, obtained by means of Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA). In this work we compared the environmental efficiency of the scenarios in order to make a contribution to the scientific discussion on sustainable mobility policies. Measures such as reducing the number of the most polluting vehicles, optimising the modal shares of public and private transportation systems, integrating electric vehicles, increasing the use of bicycles, and reducing mobility, have been tested. The results show that the current annual emissions from passenger transport in the selected city (263.98 kt CO2-eq) could be decreased by up to 64.28% by implementing a 50% reduction in individual Trips per Day (TpD) and distances travelled by private and public vehicles. In addition, increasing the public bus fleet by 50% could yield a 56.92% reduction in the carbon dioxide released, while using an average occupancy of 30 passengers in buses could decrease the total emissions by 25.73%. Augmenting the occupancy ratio of private vehicles was shown to yield a 22.71% reduction in carbon dioxide released. Also, increasing the electric vehicle fleets by 50% can produce carbon emission reductions of 17.96% for the current energy mix and 20.08% for a 100% renewable energy mix; while boosting the use of bicycles and increasing the diesel car fleet yielded reductions of 9.24% and 5.06%, respectively. This article concludes that managing mobility and restricting commuting could be the most sustainable measure for life-cycle carbon emission reduction.

Marine spatial planning and offshore wind: preliminary principles for Australia

Australia is endowed with some of the richest and most diverse renewable energy resources. Its offshore wind resources alone equate to an estimated 5,000 Gigawatts (GW) of electricity potential. Given these substantial estimates, offshore wind energy will likely represent a key pillar of Australia’s future renewable energy mix. Australia’s palpable offshore energy potential is increasingly understood and acknowledged. Yet, the critical legal and policy question remains of how its new regulatory framework to enable offshore wind development, the Offshore Electricity Infrastructure Act 2021 Act (Cth) (OEI Act), will interact with existing marine sectors and the marine environment. Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) may provide the missing process puzzle piece to enable more strategic coordination of the Australian offshore wind sector within the marine environment. This article adopts a socio-legal approach, examining and drawing upon international experiences to explore the potential adoption of MSP in the Australian offshore wind context. In so doing, the article argues for a coordinated approach to develop a federal MSP process to support and promote strategic offshore wind operations with existing sea users while preserving the Australian marine environment.

Design And Simulation Of Solar Power Generation On Rooftops Towards Clean Technology

Various efforts are continuously being encouraged and pursued in order to achieve the clean energy transition program. The clear goal is to reach a renewable energy mix target of 23% by 2025. The use of electrical energy is increasing each year, but the availability of fossil energy as the majority fuel used in power generation is becoming limited. Indonesia, being located near the equator, experiences high solar radiation intensity. This potential can be utilized for harnessing solar energy as a power source. Additionally, the utilization of solar energy as an alternative source is more environmentally friendly as it reduces emissions from fossil fuel-based power generation. In this research, the design and planning of a solar power plant are conducted to create clean and environmentally friendly energy. The technical aspects are discussed and simulated using software. The author utilizes the Helioscope application for analyzing the feasibility of installing a solar power plant and conducting simulations. Based on the research results, by utilizing a roof area of 13,725 m2 and installing 2,305 solar modules with a capacity of 550 Wp per module, the solar power plant's capacity amounts to 1,267.8 kWp. The performance ratio is calculated to be 80.6%, and the energy production over a year is estimated at 1,695,000 MW.<script id="stacks-wallet-provider" type="text/javascript" src="chrome-extension://ldinpeekobnhjjdofggfgjlcehhmanlj/inpage.js"></script><script id="stacks-wallet-provider" type="text/javascript" src="chrome-extension://ldinpeekobnhjjdofggfgjlcehhmanlj/inpage.js"></script>

Sustainable and circularity in the decentralized hybrid solar-bioenergy system.

The sustainable development goals (SDGs) are fundamental to circular economy, climate action, sustainable digital environment initiatives that addresses the higher need of shifting towards fully sustainable and renewable energy systems. The decentralized power system has been applied and interconnected to the system and accounting to the renewable energy mix, energy storage and distribution. A decentralized hybrid renewable energy system can be of much help in providing a deficit of power between energy generation and demand where a single renewable energy system is not sustainable and reliable. The aim of this study was to characterize the biomass, perform the biomethane potential test of the biomass, select suitable bio-digester using multi-criteria decision analysis, carry out simulation-modelling of the solar-anaerobic digestion system in achieving energy self-efficiency with the development of the dynamic models that of climatic condition, social-economic and technology feasible. The performance of the system was designed and optimised to get maximum output power and mitigation of the environment at a lower cost. The performance was analysed based on present cost, locally availability, environmentally friendly, cost of energy on the local tariffs, load satisfaction, fuel consumption savings, operation and maintenance cost, human and technology capital and pollutants saving rates. The results showed major energy consummation from the solar-biodigester system, technology solutions that maximize energy efficiency and reduce the heat loss in the AD process. Waste to energy (WtE) technology coupled with the solar system could be viewed as key to sustainable, affordable and clean electricity generation.

Second-Generation Bio-Fuels: Strategies for Employing Degraded Land for Climate Change Mitigation Meeting United Nation-Sustainable Development Goals

Increased Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions from both natural and man-made systems contribute to climate change. In addition to reducing the use of crude petroleum’s derived fuels, and increasing tree-planting efforts and sustainable practices, air pollution can be minimized through phytoremediation. Bio-fuel from crops grown on marginal land can sustainably address climate change, global warming, and geopolitical issues. There are numerous methods for producing renewable energy from both organic and inorganic environmental resources (sunlight, air, water, tides, waves, and convective energy), and numerous technologies for doing the same with biomass with different properties and derived from different sources (food industry, agriculture, forestry). However, the production of bio-fuels is challenging and contentious in many parts of the world since it competes for soil with the growth of crops and may be harmful to the environment. Therefore, it is necessary to use wildlife management techniques to provide sustainable bio-energy while maintaining or even improving essential ecosystem processes. The second generation of bio-fuels is viewed as a solution to the serious issue. Agricultural lignocellulosic waste is the primary source of second-generation bio-fuel, possibly the bio-fuel of the future. Sustainable practices to grow biomass, followed by their holistic conversion into ethanol with desired yield and productivity, are the key concerns for employing renewable energy mix successfully. In this paper, we analyze the various types of bio-fuels, their sources, and their production and impact on sustainability.