Mismatch Power Loss Research Articles

Numerical modeling, simulation and evaluation of conventional and hybrid photovoltaic modules interconnection configurations under partial shading conditions

Partial shading on solar photovoltaic (PV) arrays is a prevalent problem in photovoltaic systems that impair the performance of PV modules and is responsible for reduced power output as compared to that in standard irradiance conditions thereby resulting in the appearance of multiple maximas on panel output power characteristics. These maxims contribute to mismatch power losses among PV modules. The mismatch losses depend on shading characteristics together with different interconnected configuration schemes of PV modules. The research presents a comparative analysis of partial shading effects on a 4 × 4 PV array system connected in series (S), parallel (P), serries-parallel (SP), total-cross-tied (TCT), central-cross-tied (CCT), bridge-linked (BL), bridge-linked total cross-tied (BLTCT), honey-comb (HC), honey-comb total-cross-tied (HCTCT) and ladder (LD) configurations using MATLAB/Simulink. The PV module SPR-X20-250-BLK was used for modeling and simulation analysis. Each module is comprised of 72 number of PV cells and a combination of 16 PV modules was employed for the contextual analysis. Accurate mathematical modeling for the HCTCT configuration under partial shading conditions (PSCs) is provided for the first time and is verified from the simulation. The different configuration schemes were investigated under short-narrow, short-wide, long-narrow, long-wide, diagonal, entire row distribution, and entire column distribution partial shading condition patterns with mathematical implementation and simulation of passing clouds. The performance of array configurations is compared in terms of maximum power generated (Pmp), mismatch power loss (ΔPml), relative power loss (Prl) and the fill factor (FF). It was inferred that on average, TCT configuration yielded maximum power generation under all shading patterns among all PV modules interconnection configurations with minimum mismatch power losses followed by hybrid and conventional PV array configurations respectively.

Energy Acquisition of Solar-Powered Joint-Wing Aircraft Considering Mismatch Power Loss

Solar-powered aircraft can perform long-term flights with clean solar energy. However, the energy derived from solar irradiation is influenced by the time of year and latitude, which limits the energy acquisition ability of solar aircraft with a straight-wing configuration. Hence, unconventional configurations based on increasing wing dihedral to track the sun are proposed to improve energy acquisition at high-latitude regions in winter, which may involve power loss caused by mismatch in the photovoltaic system. However, mismatch loss is seldom considered and may cause energy to be overestimated. In this paper, the energy acquisition characteristics of a joint-wing configuration are presented based on the simulation of an energy system to investigate the mismatch power loss. The results indicate a 4~15% deviation from the frequently used estimation method and show that the mismatch loss is influenced by the curved upper surface, the severity of shading and the circuit configuration. Then, the configuration energy acquisition factor is proposed to represent the energy acquisition ability of the joint-wing configuration. Finally, the matching between the aircraft configuration and flight trajectory is analyzed, demonstrating that the solar-powered aircraft with an unconventional wing configuration is more sensitive to the coupling between configuration and trajectory.

A novel arithmetic sequence pattern reconfiguration technique for line loss reduction of photovoltaic array under non-uniform irradiance

Partial shading causes unwanted impact on the output produced by the photovoltaic arrays. This occurs because some modules in the array are covered by shade while others are not in the same array. As a result of this phenomenon, multiple peaks arise in the P–V characteristics of the photovoltaic array along with sudden and severe row current changes. Both factors impede the array performance. This manuscript presents a novel static reconfiguration technique (i.e., arithmetic sequence pattern configuration) and verifies it using an experimental work bench to reduce the shading effect on the array. This novel approach reconfigures the conventional total cross tied array in the arithmetic sequence pattern that helps to reduce the shading effect on a specific point and distributes it evenly across all the rows and increases the overall energy output. This manuscript examines and compares different techniques such as SuDoKu, futoshiki SuDoKu, improved SuDoKu, skyscraper SuDoKu and modified SuDoKu interconnections based on various factors like fill factor, mismatch power loss, efficiency, and global maximum power points. Finally, the present work concludes that the suggested arithmetic sequence pattern topology effectively reduces the shading effect and wiring losses. It provides better power output in reference to the other topologies. The proposed topology provides a maximum reduction of 37.98% in wire length as compared to skyscraper SuDoKu and minimum mismatch power loss of 594.8 W lesser as compared to the other configurations.

Modelling and simulation of AdDoKu based reconfiguration technique to harvest maximum power from photovoltaic array under partial shading conditions

A new AdDoKu method of photovoltaic (PV) module arrangement for total cross tied (TCT) interconnection pattern has been introduced in this paper. This arrangement is aimed at minimizing the PV array (PVA) losses caused by partial shading conditions and, thereby, increases the power output. Simulations are carried out in an extensive scale to validate the improvement in performance as compared to the TCT connection. Comparisons are also made between the newly proposed AdDoKu pattern and the SuDoKu configuration. The data obtained during this comparison place the proposed scheme at par with the SuDoKu configuration in terms of operational characteristics. The physical location of modules is rearranged without altering any electrical connections. The data obtained from the simulation tests show that the AdDoKu arrangement pattern reduces the number of local peaks in the P-V characteristics and, thereby, making the global maximum power point (GMPP) tracking algorithm much simpler and more accurate. MATLAB/SIMULINK is used for the modelling of all the PVAs considered in this work. Thus, the results establish the performance improvement of the proposed AdDoKu arrangement. Four different types of shading patterns (i.e., short wide, long wide, short narrow, and long narrow) are considered for analyzing the performance of the PVA system based on GMPP, mismatch power loss, % fill factor, % power loss, % power enhancement and energy saving with annual income generation analysis for the proposed topology. The output results shows that the AdDoKu method generates better power than TCT method by 28.76%, 30.15%, 11.66% and 0.34% in short wide, long wide, short narrow and long narrow shading pattern, respectively. Furthermore, the proposed AdDoKu method shows an improvement of 1.94% as compared to SuDoKu method under different shading conditions.

Performance Enhancement of a Partially Shaded Photovoltaic Array by Optimal Reconfiguration and Current Injection Schemes

The output of a photovoltaic array is reduced considerably when PV panels are shaded even partially. The impact of shading causes an appreciable loss in power delivery, since the PV panels are connected in series and parallel to contribute to the required voltage and power for the load. The prevailing research on mitigating the shading impact is mostly based on complex reconfiguration strategies where the PV panels are subjected to complex rewiring schemes. On the other hand, to disperse the shading many studies in the literature defend the physical rearrangement of the panels. The available intensive reconfiguration schemes, such as the series parallel (SP), bridge link (BL), honeycomb (HC), and total cross tied (TCT) schemes, try only to mitigate the shading impact and there is no scope for compensation; as a result, a loss of output power is inevitable. In the proposed research work, both the mitigation of and the compensation for the losses incurred due to shading are studied. In this work, an optimal reconfiguration scheme is adopted to reduce the shading impact and a power electronic circuit with a battery source is designed to compensate for the shading losses in all aspects. In the optimal reconfiguration scheme, a bifurcation strategy is adopted in each column and the electrical connections of the PV panels are interchanged such that the shading impact is dispersed. The power electronic circuit consists of a half-bridge buck converter with a battery source that injects the current required by a shaded column. This setup compensates for the shaded PV array’s power and improves the efficiency of the total system. The proposed scheme was implemented in a 3200 W system and subjected to various shading patterns, including single panel shading, corner shading, long and wide shading, and random shading. The proposed scheme was simulated in the MATLAB Simulink environment and compared with static 4 × 4 PV array configurations, including the series parallel (SP), bridge link (BL), honeycomb (HC), and total cross tied (TCT) configurations. The comparative performance was assessed in terms of mismatch power loss, fill factor, and efficiency. The proposed system is suitable for all shading patterns and was proved to be very efficient even in the worst shading, where 1353 W was saved.

Parameterizing mismatch loss in bifacial photovoltaic modules with global deployment: A comprehensive study

The effective cost reduction of solar photovoltaic (PV) power generation systems is supported by the widespread use of bifacial modules. To this end, the multiple bifacial modellings are expected to measure the energy yield excluding the mismatch power loss induced by self-shading. But, given the magnitude of non-uniform irradiance may differ between the monofacial and bifacial modules, the conventional full cell-level electrical model is no longer suitable for fast-estimation of bifacial ones. Hence, a fundamentally new equation is reformulated by parameterizing rear-shading mismatch losses (ML) optimally as a function of irradiance variability (standard deviation σ), whereby implicitly taking the effect of rear-shading into account. In Taizhou, the annual ML is found to be as high as 0.8% for close mounts (0.2 m) with a 0.2 albedo and a 22° tilt angle. Panels fixed with or without torque tube have been compared numerically. After the hourly rear-inhomogeneity and configuration dependence on cumulative annual ML of several global-mounted bifacial modules were analyzed. The authors improved the fit with an R2 better than 0.9 for generalization to any worldwide scenarios. Both experimental results and inter comparison with prior empirical equations indicate a better goodness of fits, especially in high-mismatch conditions. In this paper, the presented mismatch model will guide the deployment of revised bifacial gain (BGr)-maximized bifacial systems around the world.

Advanced SuDoKu-Based Reconfiguration Strategies for Maximum Power Extraction From Partially Shaded Solar Photovoltaic Array

Abstract Individual performance of photovoltaic (PV) modules is contravened by mismatch losses which result in blockage in most of the solar power generated by the PV array (PVA). Partial shading conditions (PSCs) are the main causes of these losses. Several techniques have been discussed to reduce the issues caused by PSCs. Reconfiguration techniques have been proven to be one of the most successful methods that help toward this cause. In this method, the location of PV module (PVM) in the PVA is reconfigured so that the shading effects get distributed throughout the entire array and, hence, maximizing the power output. Two novel reconfiguration patterns such as canonical SuDoKu (CS) and multi diagonal SuDoKu (MDS) for total cross tied (TCT) configuration have been put forth in this paper. This approach aims to rearrange the PVMs in the TCT array as per the fed-in patterns without causing a change in the internal electrical connections. Further parts of the paper focus on the comparison of the proposed pattern's performance with other pre-existing PVA arrangements such as, TCT, SuDoKu, optimal SuDoKu (OS), and modified SuDoku (MS) by taking into account the effects of global maximum power (GMP) point, mismatch power loss, fill factor, and performance ratio. The results obtained from the detailed analysis presented in this paper give proper evidence that, in many cases, the GMP is amplified in the CS and, in all cases, GMP is amplified in the proposed MDS PVA under different shading conditions.

Experimental Investigation of PV Array Interconnection Topologies at Nonuniform Aging Condition for Power Maximization

In vast Photovoltaic (PV) power plant the output power production decreases significantly due to the fact of non-uniform aging of PV modules. The non-uniform aging of PV modules increases current-voltage (I-V) mismatch among the array modules and causes mismatch power loss (MPL). There are different interconnection topologies of the PV module in an array to minimize MPL and thus maximize the array output power. This paper investigates four different interconnection topologies experimentally on a 4×4 nonuniformly aged PV array. Three different patterns of PV module rearrangement are used to investigate the performance of each interconnection topology in terms of array output power and MPL. The experimental results show that the proposed interconnection topology is yields about 3.28% (average) higher output power than that of the most commonly used series-parallel array topology.
 GUB JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING, Vol 6(1), Dec 2019 P 39-45

A novel objective function with artificial ecosystem-based optimization for relieving the mismatching power loss of large-scale photovoltaic array

Harvesting maximum power from a partially shaded photovoltaic array is a critical issue that attracts the attention of several researchers. As per the literature, it is found that providing an optimal reconfigured pattern of the shaded photovoltaic array is an optimal solution for this issue. Therefore, in this paper, an innovative fitness function has been considered with the artificial ecosystem-based optimization for an electrical photovoltaic array reconfiguration approach. The proposed approach has been applied for the large scale photovoltaic arrays including 9 ×9,6×20,16×16, and 25 × 25 photovoltaic array with different shade patterns. The new fitness function has been validated via a comparison with the regular used weighted function in literature. The quality of the solutions of the proposed artificial ecosystem-based optimization–reconfiguration approach has been assessed and demonstrated via performing several measures namely fill factor, percentage of power loss, mismatch power loss, and power enhancement in comparison with a total cross-tied, particle swarm optimizer approaches, and harris hawks optimizer. Furthermore, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test has been performed to illustrate the applicability, robustness, and consistency of the proposed algorithm results across several independent runs. The analysis reveals the quality of the innovative fitness function while integrating with the optimization algorithms in comparison to the weighted fitness function in producing higher power values via attaining a more efficient photovoltaic array design. Furthermore, the results confirmed the efficiency of the artificial ecosystem-based optimization–photovoltaic reconfiguration approach in boosting the generated photovoltaic power by a percentage of 28.688%, 7.0197 %, 29.2565%, 8.3811% and 5.3884 % across the considered systems with an uniform dispersion of the shadow on the photovoltaic surface and providing highest consistent in the maximum power values across the independent runs.

Odd-Even-Prime pattern for PV array to increase power output under partial shading conditions

The output power of the Photovoltaic (PV) array diminishes considerably due to Partial Shading Condition (PSC). The significant factors that influence the PSC are neighboring trees, neighboring buildings, and moving clouds. This paper proposes a novel static one-time reconfiguration called “Odd-Even-Prime” (OEP) arrangement. The PV modules in the PV array are physically relocated according to the OEP arrangement. The OEP arrangement mitigates the power loss due to PSC, as well as avoid multiple peaks in P–V characteristics by effectively distributing the shade to all the possible rows. Five different partial shadings considered to study the performance of the proposed OEP arrangement. In the end, results of OEP arrangement compared with the existing “Odd-Even” method, and obtained results are validated using MATLAB/SIMULINK. The performance of the proposed technique studied with Global maximum power point (GMPP), Mismatch-Power-Loss (MPL), Fill-Factor (FF), and Efficiency (η) indices.

A novel Magic-Square puzzle based one-time PV reconfiguration technique to mitigate mismatch power loss under various partial shading conditions

Partial Shading Condition (PSC) significantly reduce the maximum power output of Photovoltaic (PV) array. There are different techniques to mitigate partial shading problem in PV arrays. One of the best technique to mitigate power losses due to PSC is “Reconfiguration of PV modules” without changing electrical connection. This paper proposes a Magic-Square technique as a one-time solution for any PSC, to increase the power output of the PV array. In this technique, the physical location of PV modules are rearranged based on Magic-Square puzzle without changing electrical connections. In the end, the performance of the proposed Magic-Square has been investigated with the existing SuDoKu and Optimal-SuDoKu patterns with all possible shading conditions. The performance of the proposed technique is studied with Global maximum power point (GMPP), Mismatch power loss (MPL), Fill-Factor (FF) and Efficiency(η) indices.

Reduction of mislead power and mismatch power loss under partial shading conditions using novel square matrix shade dispersion technique

Generated output power from SPV array decreases drastically during Partial Shading (PS) conditions. Due to PS, multiple peaks arises in P-V and I-V characteristics of SPV array, instead of single Global Maximum Power Point (GMPP) peak. Such multiple peaks make it difficult to track GMPP. Apart from ‘Shaded Area’, effects of PS on SPV array also depend on ‘Type of Interconnection’, ‘Shading Intensity’ and ‘Shading Pattern’. To overcome problems occurring during PS condition, a Novel Square Matrix Shade Dispersion technique is proposed. Research work explored in the present study is to increase generated output power by reducing ‘Mislead Power’ and ‘Mismatch Power Loss’ in SPV array. In the present work, initially performance of various conventional interconnections are simulated under Uniform and PS conditions. Also, Shade dispersion technique with ‘Bypass Diodes’ is investigated and observed to provide enhanced performance under partial shading effects. For performance analysis purpose, results from proposed re-arranged TCT interconnected Test SPV array are compared with other three recent shade dispersion techniques applied to fixed electrical reconfigured array.

A Su Do Ku puzzle based shade dispersion for maximum power enhancement of partially shaded hybrid bridge-link-total-cross-tied PV array

Partial shading of photovoltaic (PV) arrays results in hot spot creation and multiple peaks in the power-voltage (P-V) characteristics which ultimately leads to mismatch power loss in the PV system. This loss is a function of the shading pattern and configuration of the PV array. In this paper, the aims are to disperse the mismatch power loss and enhance the power of a partially shaded PV array through the reconfiguration of a hybrid topology bridge-link-total-cross-tied (BL-TCT) based on Su Do Ku puzzle which is named as Su Do Ku reconfigured BL-TCT (SRBL-TCT) configuration. The dancing links algorithm has been used to solve the Su Do Ku puzzle. Performance of the proposed SRBL-TCT configuration is also compared with the performance of conventional series–parallel (SP), total-cross-tied (TCT), bridge-link (BL), honey-comb (HC) and hybrid BL-TCT configurations in terms of power loss, performance ratio and fill-factor. A moving cloud model having five instants has also been modeled for performance comparison in partial shading conditions so that partial shading conditions can be realized in the real environment. To make the analysis more realistic, movement and acceleration of the cloud due to the wind speed and direction are also taken into account.

Estimating and parameterizing mismatch power loss in bifacial photovoltaic systems

AbstractNonuniform irradiance on the rear side of bifacial photovoltaic (PV) systems can cause additional mismatch loss, which may not be appropriately captured in PV energy production estimates and software. We evaluated several scenarios including horizontal single‐axis tracking (HSAT) over natural ground‐cover and rooftop‐mounted systems over high albedo reflective roofs. We found mismatch losses of up to 1.5% annual loss for very close‐mounted (0.15 m) rooftop systems, but losses for HSAT systems and high‐ground‐clearance rooftop systems were lower (<0.5%). A simplified empirical relationship was found that links the spatial variation of irradiance (specifically, the mean absolute difference of irradiance) to the resulting mismatch loss factor, with an R2 better than .99. This approximate relationship was experimentally validated on mismatched PV modules, and it provides a basis for rapidly estimating bifacial mismatch loss factors for use in hourly PV performance simulations such as PVSyst or SAM. Additional parameters investigated include (a) climate dependence and module orientation, which were not found to have a strong impact on bifacial mismatch losses and (b) PV module fill factor and bifaciality ratio, which did have a strong linear impact on mismatch losses.

Mitigation of Mismatch Power Losses of PV Array under Partial Shading Condition using novel Odd Even Configuration

In this paper, the effect of Partial Shading Condition (PSC) on various solar photovoltaic (PV) array topologies has been studied extensively. PSC reduces the maximum power of a PV array and produces multiple Maximum Power Points (MPPs) in the PV characteristics. A novel PV array configuration, named as the Odd Even Configuration (OEC) has been proposed to mitigate the effects of PSC under a diagonally progressing shadowing scenario and performance parameters like mismatch power loss, Fill Factor (FF) and Performance Ratio (PR), have been measured. The performance of the proposed OEC has been compared with pre-existing standard configurations such as TCT, SP-TCT, BL-TCT and BL-HC. Another recently proposed configuration has also been used for comparison. The effect of variation in temperature on the shade dispersion effect has also been studied. All the considered PV array configurations have been modeled in MATLAB/Simulink environment. The proposed OEC configuration is found to be superior to other configurations for all the PSCs considered, with minimum power loss and improved FF.

Optimal photovoltaic array reconfiguration for alleviating the partial shading influence based on a modified harris hawks optimizer

Mismatch power loss is the unfortunate problem created as a result of the partial shading phenomenon. To relieve the entire photovoltaic system from this issue, reconfiguring the photovoltaic modules of the considered photovoltaic array is proposed as a favorable solution to disperse the shadow regularly. Therefore, in the current work, a novel developed optimization algorithm named modified harris hawks optimizer is introduced aiming to provide the optimal reconfiguration pattern of the switching matrix to maximize the generated power from the array. The basic version of the harris hawks optimizer is implemented for the same problem over several stages of the analysis, as well. Rearrangements of four patterns of shadow (short broad, long broad, short narrow, and long narrow patterns) are implemented on 9 × 9 photovoltaic array. Moreover, the algorithm is also validated on another two shade patterns with 6 × 4 and 6 × 20 photovoltaic arrays are reported in the simulation part. The results of the proposed techniques are compared to those obtained by a total-cross-tied, competence square, particle swarm optimizer, and genetic-based reconfiguration techniques based on several metrics. The utilized measures are mismatch power, fill factor, percentage power loss, as well as percentage power enhancement. The analysis reveals that the introduced approach enhances the produced power by 33.274%, 27.79%, 6.99%, 7.197% over the first four shaded patterns, respectively and increases the generated power by 20%for the other shade patters. Further, the modified harris hawks optimizer proves its excellency in providing the optimal photovoltaic array configuration in less than 1 s. For intensive justification, the modified harris hawks optimizer reconfiguration approach is validated based on an experimental work for 9 × 9 photovoltaic array with twelve shade patterns during a day from 8 ante meridiem to 7 post meridiem with one hour step. Comparing the produced power based on the modified harris hawks optimizer arrangements to those of total-cross-tied and harris hawks optimizer schemes over the daily hours proves the superiority of the modified harris hawks optimizer interconnected system in generating the highest values of power with a uniform dispersion for the shadow and smooth characteristics with saving the energy by 12.569% compared with that produced by total-cross-tied across the day hours.

Performance investigation of hybrid and conventional PV array configurations for grid-connected/standalone PV systems

Now a days, the critical challenge in solar photovoltaic (PV) system is to make them energy efficient. One of the key factors that can reduce the PV system power output is partial shading condition (PSC). The reduction in power output not only depends on shaded region but also depends on pattern of shading and physical position of shaded modules in the array. Due to PSCs, mismatch losses are induced between the shaded modules which can cause several peaks in the output power-voltage (P-V) characteristic. The series-parallel (SP), total-cross-tied (TCT), bridge-link (BL), honey-comb (HC), and triple-tied (TT) configurations are considered as conventional configurations, which are severely affected by PSCs and generate more mismatch power loss along with a greater number of local peaks. To reduce the effect of PSCs, hybrid PV array configurations such as series-parallel : total-cross-tied (SP-TCT), bridge-link : total-cross-tied (BL-TCT), honey-comb : total-cross-tied (HC-TCT) and bridge-link : honeycomb (BL-HC) are proposed in this paper. This paper briefly discusses the modeling, simulation and performance evaluation of hybrid and conventional 7∗7 PV array configurations during different PSCs in Matlab/Simulink environment. The performance of hybrid and conventional PV configurations are evaluated and compared in terms of global maximum power (GMP), voltage and currents at GMP, open and short circuit voltage and currents, mismatch power loss (MPL), fill factor, efficiency, and number of local maximum power peaks (LMPPs).

Chaotic baker map-based array reconfiguration in solar photo-voltaic systems under shading conditions

The location of shaded and unshaded panels affect power generation of solar photo-voltaic array, which not only causes the disturbance in characteristic curves but also achieves multiple maximum peaks. In order to overcome these issues, panel reconfiguration is proposed based on chaotic baker map technique, which employs the concept of image processing. In this approach, the static position of a panel is changed without altering the electrical circuit to minimize the power loss and enhance the maximum power. The proposed method is tested with different sizes of solar photo-voltaic array considering a wide range of shading spectrum on both software and hardware platforms. The proposed approach augments the output power and minimizes the mismatch power loss by reducing the mismatch in row currents with both simulations and prototype results. The results of the proposed approach are compared with hitherto known configurations under various shading conditions, which support the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Performance Comparison of Mismatch Power Loss Minimization Techniques in Series-Parallel PV Array Configurations

The mismatch in current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of photovoltaic (PV) modules causes significant power loss in a large PV array, which is known as mismatch power loss (MML). The PV array output power generation can be improved by minimizing MML using different techniques. This paper investigates the performance of different module arrangement techniques to minimize MML both for long series string (LSS) and long parallel branch (LPB) in series-parallel (SP) array configurations at uniform irradiance condition. To investigate the significance of MML LSS-SP configuration with dimensions: 1 × 40, 2 × 20, 4 × 10, 5 × 8 and LPB-SP configuration with dimensions: 40 × 1, 20 × 2, 10 × 4, 8 × 5 were used. A comparative analysis is made to find the effectiveness of MML reduction techniques on PV arrays with three different power ratings. Simulation results show that the PV modules arrangement obtained by the genetic algorithm (GA) and current based arrangement (Im) performed better than the arrangements obtained by all other techniques in terms of PV array output power and MML minimization. The performance of the proposed technique was analyzed for both LSS-SP and LPB-SP array configurations in 400 W, 3400 W, and 9880 W arrays. To substantiate the simulation results experiment was performed using a 400 W PV array in outdoor weather condition and obtained similar results. It was also observed that the percentage of recoverable energy (%RE) obtained by arranging the modules using the GA method was higher than Im based method for both LSS-SP and LPB-SP array configurations. A maximum %RE of 4.159 % was recorded for a 5 × 8 LSS-SP array configuration by applying the GA based MML reduction method.

Performance enhancement by shade dispersion of Solar Photo-Voltaic array under continuous dynamic partial shading conditions

Partial shading adversely affects the output parameters of the Solar Photo-Voltaic (SPV) array because it causes shading of some panels and at the same time, other panels in the array remain unshaded. This also hinders the performance of SPV Array by causing multiple peaks in the voltage-power characteristics and abrupt changes in the row current. In this work, conventional Total Cross-Tied (TCT) panels are reconfigured based on the Arrow Sudoku (AS) puzzle pattern. This reconfiguration minimises the mismatch of current between the rows. The physical locations of shaded and unshaded panels are changed in this reconfiguration technique, without altering their electrical connections. This reconfiguration can dodge the requirement of complex maximum power point tracking algorithms. The performance of the proposed approach is investigated in terms of maximum output power, mismatch power loss and utility factor. A comprehensive analysis of the proposed reconfiguration for different continuous dynamic shading conditions like top to bottom, diagonal and left to right shading, proves its efficacy. The outperforming nature of the proposed approach with respect to the existing state-of-art approaches for all cases of the partial shading conditions provides apparent evidences in support of its utility.