Mirror System Research Articles

Efficacy of different rehabilitation therapies on post-stroke aphasia patients: A network meta-analysis.

Although several rehabilitation interventions are effective in post-stroke aphasia (PSA), the efficacy of different rehabilitation interventions compared to each other remains controversial. Here, we aimed to compare the effectiveness of varying rehabilitation interventions in PSA. Randomized controlled trials on 8 kinds of rehabilitation interventions to improve speech function in patients with PSA were searched by computer from 10 databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, OVID, CINAHL, Embase, CNKI, WanFang, CBM, and VIP. The search scope was from the establishment of the database to August 2023. The literature screening, extraction of basic information, and quality assessment of the literature were conducted independently by 2 researchers. Network meta-analysis (NMA) was performed using Stata 17.0 software. Fifty-four studies involving 2688 patients with PSA were included. The results of NMA showed that: ① in terms of improving the severity of aphasia, the therapeutic effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation were the most significant; ② motor imagery therapy was the most effective in improving spontaneous speech, repetition, and naming ability; ③ in terms of improving listening comprehension ability, the therapeutic effects of mirror neuron therapy was the most significant. The 8 rehabilitation interventions have different focuses in improving the speech function of PSA patients, and the clinical therapists can select the optimal rehabilitation interventions in a targeted manner according to the results of this NMA and the patients' conditions and other relevant factors.

Role of defective mirror neurons in causing autism spectrum disorder and the effectiveness of current treatment strategies for autism

The presence of mirror neurons (MN) in the premotor cortex, and parietal regions of the brain, has always been an area of interest to neurophysiologists, because unlike most neurons, they are activated, not only while an individual is performing an action, but also when one witnesses another experiencing a sentiment, and hence, is compelled to do the same. This phenomenon, helps develop empathy, as well as an individual's social behavior. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is defined as a socially isolating disease, and has been hypothesised to be caused by defective MNs. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), about 1 out of every 100 children suffer from ASD. Although many studies have proven that the impaired MN system is the underlying cause of the cognitive function defects seen in these individuals, the exact role it plays in causing the disease is still unclear.

Speech and language therapy intervention through stimulation of mirror neurons in children with autism spectrum disordertion in social interaction skills in children aged 4-6 years with autism spectrum disorder

Introducción. Los nuevos aportes sobre el trastorno del espectro autista (TEA) y la estimulación de las neuronas espejo tienen aplicabilidad en los procesos de intervención fonoaudiológica ya que la teoría de las neuronas espejo, descrita en 2009 por Iacoboni, establece que las personas con esta condición presentan un déficit en la imitación, además de un desarrollo casi nulo de la empatía, lo cual causa alteraciones en las conductas y los comportamientos sociales.Objetivo. Construir, a partir de la teoría de las neuronas espejo, un protocolo de intervención para habilidades de interacción social en población infantil (4-6 años) con TEA con nivel de apoyo 1 con el fin de propiciar una intervención fonoaudiológica con un enfoque ecológicamente válido. Métodos. El estudio se desarrolló acorde al método de investigación mixta con predominancia cualitativa, siendo este de tipo transversal y alcance descriptivo con diseño mixto anidado multinivel en seis etapas. Resultados. Los módulos conceptuales del protocolo de intervención para habilidades de interacción social diseñado comprenden la atención conjunta, la imitación verbal y no verbal, la intencionalidad comunicativa, la comprensión y expresión de emociones y las habilidades de juego. Se enfatiza que este protocolo se basa en la atención conjunta, pues esta es la primera condición sobre la cual se construye la comunicación y, por ende, se desarrollan las habilidades de interacción social. Conclusiones. Un protocolo de intervención desarrollado bajo un modelo ecológico permite la adaptación de las actividades de intervención a los entornos naturales a partir de estímulos representativos, logrando así eficiencia en el desarrollo de habilidades de interacción guiada a los diferentes contextos sociales típicos.

Mu-Suppression Neurofeedback Training Targeting the Mirror Neuron System: A Pilot Study

Neurofeedback training (NFT) is a promising adjuvant intervention method. The desynchronization of mu rhythm (8–13 Hz) in the electroencephalogram (EEG) over centro-parietal areas is known as a valid indicator of mirror neuron system (MNS) activation, which has been associated with social skills. Still, the effect of neurofeedback training on the MNS requires to be well investigated. The present study examined the possible impact of NFT with a mu suppression training protocol encompassing 15 NFT sessions (45 min each) on 16 healthy neurotypical participants. In separate pre- and post-training sessions, 64-channel EEG was recorded while participants (1) observed videos with various types of movements (including complex goal-directed hand movements and social interaction scenes) and (2) performed the "Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test" (RMET). EEG source reconstruction analysis revealed statistically significant mu suppression during hand movement observation across MNS-attributed fronto-parietal areas after NFT. The frequency analysis showed no significant mu suppression after NFT, despite the fact that numerical mu suppression appeared to be visible in a majority of participants during goal-directed hand movement observation. At the behavioral level, RMET accuracy scores did not suggest an effect of NFT on the ability to interpret subtle emotional expressions, although RMET response times were reduced after NFT. In conclusion, the present study exhibited preliminary and partial evidence that mu suppression NFT can induce mu suppression in MNS-attributed areas. More powerful experimental designs and longer training may be necessary to induce substantial and consistent mu suppression, particularly while observing social scenarios.

Decoding familiar visual object categories in the mu rhythm oscillatory response

Whilst previous research has linked attenuation of the mu rhythm to the observation of specific visual categories, and even to a potential role in action observation via a putative mirror neuron system, much of this work has not considered what specific type of information might be coded in this oscillatory response when triggered via vision. Here, we sought to determine whether the mu rhythm contains content-specific information about the identity of familiar (and also unfamiliar) graspable objects. In the present study, right-handed participants (N = 27) viewed images of both familiar (apple, wine glass) and unfamiliar (cubie, smoothie) graspable objects, whilst performing an orthogonal task at fixation. Multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) revealed significant decoding of familiar, but not unfamiliar, visual object categories in the mu rhythm response. Thus, simply viewing familiar graspable objects may automatically trigger activation of associated tactile and/or motor properties in sensorimotor areas, reflected in the mu rhythm. In addition, we report significant attenuation in the central beta band for both familiar and unfamiliar visual objects, but not in the mu rhythm. Our findings highlight how analysing two different aspects of the oscillatory response – either attenuation or the representation of information content – provide complementary views on the role of the mu rhythm in response to viewing graspable object categories.

Social intuition: behavioral and neurobiological considerations.

Social intuition is instrumental in bringing about successful human interactions, yet its behavioral and neural underpinnings are still poorly understood. We focus in this article on the automatic, involuntary, nature of social intuition, rather than on higher-level cognitive and explicit Theory-of-Mind processes (which contribute to rendering social intuition meaningful in real-life situations). We argue that social-affective implicit learning plays a crucial role in establishing automatic social intuition. These implicit learning processes involve associations between the perception of other's bodily articulations, concurrent events, and the consequences or outcomes in terms of subsequent actions, affective valences and visceral states. The traditional non-social implicit learning paradigms do not allow one to draw conclusions about the role of implicit learning processes in social intuition, as they lack these vital characteristics typically associated with human actions. We introduce a new implicit learning paradigm, which aims to fill these gaps. It targets agile, rapid, social-affective learning processes, involving cue contingencies with a relatively simple structure, unlike the very complex structures that underpin the traditional tasks. The paradigm features matching social and non-social versions, allowing direct comparison. Preliminary data suggest equal performance of TD (typically-developed) and ASC (autism spectrum conditions) groups on the non-social version, but impaired implicit learning in ASC on the social version. We hypothesize that this reflects an anomalous use of implicitly learned affective information in ASC when judging other people. We further argue that the mirror neuron mechanism (MNM), which is part of the Action Observation Network, forms an integral part of the neural substrate for social intuition. In particular as there are indications that the MNM supports action anticipation, and that implicitly learned information can trigger MNM activation, which both seem vital to a social intuition ability. The insights that can be derived from comparing the performances of TD and ASC individuals on (non)social implicit learning tasks, and the implications for the role of MNM activation, are discussed.

Steering Mirror System with Closed-Loop Feedback for Free-Space Optical Communication Terminals

Precision beam pointing plays a critical role in free-space optical communications terminals in uplink, downlink and inter-satellite link scenarios. Among the various methods of beam steering, the use of fast steering mirrors (FSM) is widely adopted, with many commercial solutions employing diverse technologies, particularly focusing on small, high-bandwidth mirrors. This paper introduces a method using lightweight, commercial off-the-shelf components to construct a custom closed-loop steering mirror platform, suitable for mirror apertures exceeding 100 mm. The approach involves integrating optical encoders into two off-the-shelf open-loop actuators. These encoders read the signal reflected on purposefully diamond-machined knurled screw knobs, providing maximum contrast between light and dark lines. The resulting steering mirror has the potential to complement or replace FSM in applications requiring a larger stroke, at the expense of motion speed. In the presented setup, the mirror tilt resolution achieved based on the encoder closed-loop signal feedback is 45 μrad, with a mean slew rate of 1.5 mrad/s. Importantly, the steering assembly is self-locking, requiring no power to maintain a steady pointing angle. Using the mirror to actively correct for a constantly moving incoming beam, a 5-fold increase in concentration of the beam spot on the center of the detector was obtained compared to a fixed position mirror, demonstrating the mirrors ability to correct for satellite platform jitter and drift.

Mixed selectivity in monkey anterior intraparietal area during visual and motor processes

Classical studies suggest that the anterior intraparietal area (AIP) contributes to the encoding of specific information such as objects and actions of self and others, through a variety of neuronal classes, such as canonical, motor and mirror neurons. However, these studies typically focused on a single variable, leaving it unclear whether distinct sets of AIP neurons encode a single or multiple sources of information and how multimodal coding emerges. Here, we chronically recorded monkey AIP neurons in a variety of tasks and conditions classically employed in separate experiments. Most cells exhibited mixed selectivity for observed objects, executed actions, and observed actions, enhanced when this information came from the monkey’s peripersonal working space. In contrast with the classical view, our findings indicate that multimodal coding emerges in AIP from partially-mixed selectivity of individual neurons for a variety of information relevant for planning actions directed to both physical objects and other subjects.

The Influence of Meaningful Permissions on the Ability to Be Intimate and Autonomous on the Path Of Self-Realisation. Overview of a Book by Pearl Drego «Happy Family. Parenting Through Family Rituals»

Permissions as supportive messages are a unique antidote to all the destructive inhibitions that guide us in not choosing intimacy, spontaneity, and autonomy. This idea has evolved into the famous 3P (Potency, Protection, Permission) method, a specific method of psychotherapeutic work in the modality of transactional analysis. Pearl Drego expands on this idea and proposes to look at the topic of permissions through the unique perspective of Indian philosophy, which places great emphasis on family, community, and closeness in the clan. Permissions do not exist on their own, nor do injunctions, they cannot be contracted solely through empathy and mirror neurons. It is a kind of sacrament for the inner Child, ready or not ready to accept something important for its development from significant people around. The same resolution will have different meanings for people with different experiences, cultural backgrounds, and ages. This article provides an overview of Pearl Drego’s work on the use of permission messages through family rituals, which promotes cohesion and tenderness among loved ones. The author also presents two client cases from her own practice. The first describes the mechanism of how permission works in a family system dominated by injunctions from the parental introject. The second one shows the impact of antiscript on the quality of life and the possibility of overcoming it.

Two-dimensional time-resolved scintillating sheet monitoring of proton pencil beam scanning FLASH mouse irradiations.

Dosimetry in pre-clinical FLASH studies is essential for understanding the beam delivery conditions that trigger the FLASH effect. Resolving the spatial and temporal characteristics of proton pencil beam scanning (PBS) irradiations with ultra-high dose rates (UHDR) requires a detector with high spatial and temporal resolution. To implement a novel camera-based system for time-resolved two-dimensional (2D) monitoring and apply it in vivo during pre-clinical proton PBS mouse irradiations. Time-resolved 2D beam monitoring was performed with a scintillation imaging system consisting of a 1mm thick transparent scintillating sheet, imaged by a CMOS camera. The sheet was placed in a water bath perpendicular to a horizontal PBS proton beam axis. The scintillation light was reflected through a system of mirrors and captured by the camera with 500 frames per second (fps) for UHDR and 4 fps for conventional dose rates. The raw images were background subtracted, geometrically transformed, flat field corrected, and spatially filtered. The system was used for 2D spot and field profile measurements and compared to radiochromic films. Furthermore, spot positions were measured for UHDR irradiations. The measured spot positions were compared to the planned positions and the relative instantaneous dose rate to equivalent fiber-coupled point scintillator measurements. For in vivo application, the scintillating sheet was placed 1cm upstream the right hind leg of non-anaesthetized mice submerged in the water bath. The mouse leg and sheet were both placed in a 5cm wide spread-out Bragg peak formed from the mono-energetic proton beam by a 2D range modulator. The mouse leg position within the field was identified for both conventional and FLASH irradiations. For the conventional irradiations, the mouse foot position was tracked throughout the beam delivery, which took place through repainting. For FLASH irradiations, the delivered spot positions and relative instantaneous dose rate were measured. The pixel size was 0.1mm for all measurements. The spot and field profiles measured with the scintillating sheet agreed with radiochromic films within 0.4mm. The standard deviation between measured and planned spot positions was 0.26mm and 0.35mm in the horizontal and vertical direction, respectively. The measured relative instantaneous dose rate showed a linear relation with the fiber-coupled scintillator measurements. For in vivo use, the leg position within the field varied between mice, and leg movement up to 3mm was detected during the prolonged conventional irradiations. The scintillation imaging system allowed for monitoring of UHDR proton PBS delivery in vivo with 0.1mm pixel size and 2ms temporal resolution. The feasibility of instantaneous dose rate measurements was demonstrated, and the system was used for validation of the mouse leg position within the field.

Research on fine co-focus adjustment method for segmented solar telescope

For segmented telescopes, achieving fine co-focus adjustment is essential for realizing co-phase adjustment and maintenance, which involves adjusting the millimeter-scale piston between segments to fall within the capture range of the co-phase detection system. CGST proposes using a SHWFS for piston detection during the co-focus adjustment stage. However, the residual piston after adjustment exceeds the capture range of the broadband PSF phasing algorithm( ± 30μm), and the multi-wavelength PSF algorithm requires even higher precision in co-focus adjustment. To improve the co-focus adjustment accuracy of CGST, a fine co-focus adjustment based on cross-calibration is proposed. This method utilizes a high-precision detector to calibrate and fit the measurements from the SHWFS, thereby reducing the impact of atmospheric turbulence and systematic errors on piston measurement accuracy during co-focus adjustment. Simulation results using CGST demonstrate that the proposed method significantly enhances adjustment accuracy compared to the SHWFS detection method. Additionally, the residual piston after fine co-focus adjustment using this method falls within the capture range of the multi-wavelength PSF algorithm. To verify the feasibility of this method, experiments were conducted on an 800mm ring segmented mirror system, successfully achieving fine co-focus adjustment where the remaining piston of all segments fell within ±15μm.

Experimental setup for the measurement of optical properties in the vacuum ultraviolet region

Abstract This work presents an experimental setup designed for measuring optical properties in the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) region. Originally developed for the characterization of ICARUS photomultiplier tubes, the setup has been recently employed to measure the conversion efficiency of para-Terphenyl coatings, acting as wavelength shifters, as a function of thickness. The VUV region is of particular interest in particle physics experiments utilizing cryogenic noble gases as scintillating media. The setup includes a deuterium light source, a mirror system, an intensity monitor, and a sample chamber to host sample and photodetector. An example measurement of para-Terphenyl conversion efficiency — as wavelength shifter — with varying thickness is presented, demonstrating the versatility and effectiveness of the presented system.

Study of the Method of Photon Neutralization of Powerful Beams of Negative Ions at the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics

A short review of the studies carried out at the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences (BINP SB RAS) on the photon neutralization of the beams of negative ions is presented. The principal distinctive feature of the presented approach consists in the nonresonant accumulation of photons in a limited space. Their confinement is based on the adiabatic motion of photons in a system of concave mirrors, which is insensitive to the quality of the injected radiation. An analysis is carried out of the possibility of using the neutralizer based on such a nonresonant photon trap in large-scale installations such as ITER and TRT, and a future experiment is described on the photon neutralization using a beam of negative hydrogen ions with energy up to 130 keV and a current of about 10 mA.

Live vs video interaction: sensorimotor and visual cortical oscillations during action observation.

Increasingly, in the field of communication, education, and business, people are switching to video interaction, and interlocutors frequently complain that the perception of nonverbal information and concentration suffer. We investigated this issue by analyzing electroencephalogram (EEG) oscillations of the sensorimotor (mu rhythm) and visual (alpha rhythm) cortex of the brain in an experiment with action observation live and on video. The mu rhythm reflects the activity of the mirror neuron system, and the occipital alpha rhythm shows the level of visual attention. We used 32-channel EEG recorded during live and video action observation in 83 healthy volunteers. The ICA method was used for selecting the mu- and alpha-components; the Fourier Transform was used to calculate the suppression index relative to the baseline (stationary demonstrator) of the rhythms. The main range of the mu rhythm was indeed sensitive to social movement and was highly dependent on the conditions of interaction-live or video. The upper mu-range appeared to be less sensitive to the conditions, but more sensitive to different movements. The alpha rhythm did not depend on the type of movement; however, a live performance initially caused a stronger concentration of visual attention. Thus, subtle social and nonverbal perceptions may suffer in remote video interactions.

공감의 관점에서 분석한 연극교육의 가치 연구

In this study, we attempted to reveal, by analyzing the experience structure of ‘creating an impromptu play,’ that theater education in a competencybased curriculum can improve empathy. For this purpose, we looked at empathy. Empathy is the ability to understand others and is a concept that combines the cognitive element of being able to think from the other person's perspective and the emotional element of being able to feel the emotions of others. Empathy can be expressed through face-to-face social interaction experiences, as revealed by mirror neurons, so diverse direct experiences are of utmost importance. Based on this, the experience structure of ‘creating an impromptu play’ was divided into three stages and analyzed to be an experience structure that can promote empathy. The first step is ‘creating a story.’ This is a process that is premised on empathy from another person’s perspective, and when imagining a story, the body can promote empathy because it reenacts actions as if they were real. Since this process is structured through group cooperation, it can be analyzed as an immediate empathy training process from the perspective of others. The second step is ‘expressing roles.’ Depending on the body's operating principles, role experience can promote actions appropriate to one's imagination or fragmentary expressions can stimulate the rest of the body to provide sufficient role experience. Therefore, it is an experience structure that allows us to understand others in the most direct way. Additionally, since it is a face-to-face social interaction, you can practice empathy by experiencing the non-verbal behavior of others. The third step is ‘appreciating it as an audience member.’ Appreciation experience is an experience structure that allows one to escape the physical limitations of everyday life, understand others from their perspective, and internalize the life knowledge they have acquired through this, according to the body's operating principle of internal imitation. In this way, theater education has an experience structure based on empathy, so it can be an educational alternative for improving empathy in a competency-centered curriculum. By proving the value of theater education through this study, we hope that theater education will be more actively applied and expanded in various educational fields.

Neuroarchitecture: How the Perception of Our Surroundings Impacts the Brain.

The study of neuroarchitecture is concerned with the significant effects of architecture on human behavior, emotions and thought processes. This review explores the intricate relationship between the brain and perceived environments, focusing on the roles of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and parahippocampal place area (PPA) in processing architectural stimuli. It highlights the importance of mirror neurons in generating empathetic responses to our surroundings and discusses how architectural elements like lighting, color, and space layout significantly impact emotional and cognitive experiences. The review also presents insights into the concept of cognitive maps and spatial navigation, emphasizing the role of architecture in facilitating wayfinding and orientation. Additionally, it addresses how neuroarchitecture can be applied to enhance learning and healing environments, drawing upon principles from the Reggio Emilia approach and considerations for designing spaces for the elderly and those with cognitive impairments. Overall, this review offers a neuroscientific basis for understanding how human cognition, emotions, spatial navigation, and well-being are influenced by architectural design.

Neural mechanisms distinguishing two types of cooperative problem-solving approaches: An fNIRS hyperscanning study

Collaborative cooperation (CC) and division of labor cooperation (DLC) are two prevalent forms of cooperative problem-solving approaches in daily life. Despite extensive research on the neural mechanisms underlying cooperative problem-solving approaches, a notable gap exists between the neural processes that support CC and DLC. The present study utilized a functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) hyperscanning technique along with a classic cooperative tangram puzzle task to investigate the neural mechanisms engaged by both friends and stranger dyads during CC versus DLC. The key findings of this study were as follows: (1) Dyads exhibited superior behavioral performance in the DLC task than in the CC task. The CC task bolstered intra-brain functional connectivity and inter-brain synchrony (IBS) in regions linked to the mirror neuron system (MNS), spatial perception (SP) and cognitive control. (2) Friend dyads showed stronger IBS in brain regions associated with the MNS than stranger dyads. (3) Perspective-taking predicted not only dyads’ behavioral performance in the CC task but also their IBS in brain regions associated with SP during the DLC task. Taken together, these findings elucidate the divergent behavioral performance and neural connection patterns between the two cooperative problem-solving approaches. This study provides novel insights into the various neurocognitive processes underlying flexible coordination strategies in real-world cooperative contexts.

The prevention of road accidents in non-expert drivers: Exploring the influence of Theory of Mind and driving style

BackgroundDrivers consider external and hypothetical behaviours of other drivers, but internal factors also impact road safety. ObjectivesThis study aims to examine the connection between Cognitive and Affective Theory of Mind (ToM) and Driving Style in road safety. It hypothesizes that a higher level of ToM corresponds to a greater ability to avoid accidents and to assume virtuous driving behaviour. The study investigates how ToM impacts driving behaviour, directly correlating with assessing potential accidents' probability and severity. Method207 non-expert drivers, including 164 females, participated in assessing Cognitive and Affective ToM through two tasks. They also completed self-measured questionnaires to assess their driving style and behaviours. In addition, they evaluated 12 videos depicting cars, motorcycles, trucks, and pedestrians to determine the probability of a road accident and the level of danger in each scenario. ResultsThe results of the mediation models clearly indicate a relationship between ToM and the reduction of road accidents. Specifically, Cognitive ToM plays a crucial role in assessing the probability of risky and dangerous situations related to Risky and Angry Driving Styles. However, it was observed that Cognitive ToM does not significantly affect the prediction of actual driving behaviours. ConclusionsFindings are discussed within the theoretical framework of the Task-Capability Interface Model and the Embodied Simulation Model based on mirror neuron research. Our results suggest the importance of creating drive-assistance systems considering both the Cognitive ToM and Driving Style to reduce road accidents among non-expert drivers.

Effectiveness of reinforced feedback in virtual environment for upper limb rehabilitation in acute stroke

Background. Motor impairments following stroke result in loss of upper extremity function which is often persistent and disabling. Reinforced feedback in the virtual environment (RFVE) could activate mirror neuron systems which are stimulated during action observation and action execution. This study aims to evaluate the activation of proximal muscles in paretic upper limb following RFVE training. Methodology. Twenty-four stroke patients were included in the study, 12 in control group received impairment specific training and 12 in experimental group received RFVE training using Oculus quest 2 in addition to impairment specific exercise training. Surface electromyography (SEMG) of shoulder muscles of affected upper limb were recorded in both groups. Arm motor recovery was recorded using Chedoke - McMaster stroke assessment scale (CMSA). Results. Paired t-test was used to analyze the results within the group which showed improvement in the both groups and unpaired t-test was used to test the outcomes between the groups where RFVE group showed significant improvement in average muscle activity in anterior deltoid, middle deltoid and CMSA scores than control group (p < 0.005*). Conclusion. The results of this study demonstrated the beneficial effects of RFVE in upper limb training which showed improvements in muscle activation in SEMG and arm recovery in CMSA scores. RFVE training is a safe and well-accepted effective intervention in acute stroke rehabilitation that could become a successful intervention for early functional recovery.

Functional features of the mirror neuron system during action observation and execution in patients with anxiety and depressive symptoms

The perception and comprehension of non-verbal information and body language in humans and higher primates are realized by the mirror neuron system (MNS). Anxiety and depressive symptoms may change social perception, which could manifest as functional changes in the MNS. In this paper, using the inverse electroencephalography (EEG) problem and rhythm suppression, we investigated spatial and frequency distortions of the MNS in 24 patients exhibiting depressive and anxiety symptoms and 23 controls. EEG was recorded during four motor tasks: action observation (where participants observed a hand gesture performed by a demonstrator), imagination, execution, and joint execution (simultaneous execution with the demonstrator). Mu suppression was employed across a wide frequency and spatial range to assess the level of MNS activity, while the sLORETA method was employed to localize the activity sources. The results indicate that the patients demonstrated task-selective mu suppression mainly during observation and joint execution in the frontal, central, and occipital areas of the cortex across a wide frequency range. In contrast, the controls demonstrated clear and pronounced mu rhythm suppression in the central regions of the brain in the upper-frequency range (10.5 – 13 Hz) during all mirroring tasks. These results suggest that patients with anxiety and depressive symptoms engage additional neural resources to complete social tasks, particularly involving auxiliary neural networks located in the frontal associative arrays and visual cortex.