Mirror Image Technique Research Articles

Accuracy of Mirror Image Mapping of Lymphatic Tract for High-stage and Reoperative Lymphaticovenular Anastomosis: Intraoperative Analysis and Early Clinical Outcome.

Indocyanine green lymphography (ICGL) generally has a nonlinear pattern in advanced-stage lymphedema. Despite the lack of a linear pattern ICGL, lymphatic vessels have been discovered in several studies. The purpose of this work was to establish lymphatic mapping utilizing information from the contralateral limb and to illustrate the symmetry of lymphatic systems. Data were retrospectively collected from 81 patients who underwent lymphaticovenular anastomosis (LVA) using the contralateral mapping technique during 2018 to 2022. The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and negative and positive predictive values of this technique were calculated and analyzed. Lymphatic vessels were identified in 85.2% of the upper and 82.3% of the lower limb presumed sites using the contralateral mapping technique. The positive predictive value for successful LVA anastomosis was 93.8% for upper limb and 92.3% for lower limb cases. This mirror image technique's accuracy was 91.7% and 91.1%, for the upper limb and lower limb group, respectively. Between reoperative and new LVA cases, there was no statistically significant difference in the number, type, or diameter of lymphatic vessels or number of anastomoses. LVA with contralateral mapping technique is an effective method for patients with high-stage lymphedema with a nonlinear pattern on ICGL.

Successful endoscopic ultrasound-guided hepaticogastrostomy using "mirror image technique" for obstructive jaundice with complete situs inversus viscerum.

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SHIP-SHIP HYDRODYNAMIC INTERACTION IN CONFINED WATERS WITH COMPLEX BOUNDARIES BY A PANELLED MOVING PATCH METHOD

This paper presents a potential flow solution for online estimation of hydrodynamic interaction between ships moving in restricted waters with complex boundaries. Each ship in concern is linked with a moving patch representing the arbitrary bathymetry beneath it. The wetted surfaces of ship hulls are meshed and loaded prior to the simulation, while the moving patches are dynamically discretized by a fast and robust mesh generator. The proposed method is validated for the ship- ship interaction case in the shallow water case with a flat and horizontal seabed where the mirror image technique is applicable, and satisfactory agreement is obtained. The method is further applied to simulate two interaction scenarios involving arbitrary seabed topography, and the numerical results are obtained and discussed.

Analysis of the Focusing Ion Beam Microscope Ion Mirror Method for Studying Influence of the Measuring Chamber

Using the ion mirror image (IMIM) technique, a focused ion beam (FIB) microscope is used to investigate the charging phenomenon of Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). The effect of the experimental chamber’s finite size is studied using classical scattering theory. We test the widely held belief that the method tests the radius of curvature of the equipotential by performing a thorough calculation of the Ion orbits in the presence of extended sources. We show that, near to the chamber walls, the field lines bend until they are normal to the walls, the field is small, and the ion orbit is unaffected, as well as how to get rid of the “mirror effect”.

Refinements in the design and division of the thenar flap to achieve better functional results

Though the thenar flap has been described since 1926, its use has not been widespread. The main criticisms are donor site morbidity and proximal interphalangeal joint (PIPJ) stiffness. In this paper, we describe a standard design technique for flap design and division to address these two issues. From July 2018 to April 2019, a total of ten patients underwent thenar flap reconstruction of the fingertip. The flap dimensions ranged from 10 mm × 10 mm to 25 mm × 15 mm. All the flaps survived. One patient developed wound infection post division. All donor sites were closed primarily without skin graft. We are using mirror image technique to elevate the flap to ensure that it is inset in the position as we planned without displacement. It largely reduced the chance of rotation and extensive tension when fix the finger to the thenar region. Our technique allows for the flap design to be individually customized based on the orientation of the defect, making it simpler and more replicable. We have also emphasized how care during division of the thenar flap can help prevent complications.

Influence of the spatial and temporal monitoring design on the identification of an instantaneous pollutant release in a river

In recent years, several approaches in the field of pollution source identification have been developed to identify the unknown pollution source parameters (PSP) of a river pollution incident. These approaches rely on monitoring data which have to be collected in the case of the pollution incident. Up until now, the influence of the often arbitrarily selected monitoring data on the identification results is rarely evaluated. Nevertheless, when considering an inverse problem, monitoring data can be of major importance regarding parameter identifiability and the reliable estimation of unknown parameters. Accordingly, in this work, the influence of the spatial and temporal monitoring design on the identification of an instantaneous pollutant release is analyzed. Assuming steady flow conditions, an analytical solution of the two-dimensional advection-dispersion-reaction-equation is used to model the pollutant transport in the river. The mirror-image technique is applied to capture no-flux conditions across the lateral boundaries. Parameter identifiability is analyzed using the profile likelihood approach. The approach additionally enables the user to determine causes in the case of poor or non-identifiability and to derive likelihood-based confidence intervals. The results imply that the spatial and temporal monitoring design has a significant influence on the identifiability and reliable estimation of PSP. This work provides an overview of first recommendations to guide the setup of a monitoring campaign in the case of a pollution incident.

Visualization and quantification of the degenerative pattern of the talus in unilateral varus ankle osteoarthritis

The aim of this study was to quantify and visualize the degenerative patterns of the talus in ankle osteoarthritis (OA). The differences in talar morphology between sides of patients with unilateral varus ankle OA (medial talar tilt > 4°) were compared. Computed tomography images of both feet of 35 patients (OA: 22 patients, control: 13 patients) were analyzed. Each surface model of the right and left tali was registered to the opposite talus via a mirror-image technique and an iterative closest point algorithm. The surface deviation between the two models was quantified and visualized by deviation color maps. The results quantitatively demonstrated that osteophytes are generated in the area under the antero-medial margin of the trochlea in OA tali. In severe OA tali, bone resorption of more than 2 mm in the medial portion of the trochlea, as well as a similar degree of osteophyte formation on the lateral surface, was also seen. Stereotypical patterns of degeneration occurring in OA tali were successfully visualized and quantified by left-right comparison of patients with unilateral ankle OA. Such information would contribute to better understanding of the development of ankle OA and preoperative planning of total ankle arthroplasty and arthrodesis.

Thermodynamic properties of atrial fibrillation cryoablation: a model-based approach to improve knowledge on energy delivery.

The objective of this study is to describe a suitable model of atrial fibrillation cryoablation thermodynamic properties. Three different thermal loads were applied to a cylindrical copper element simulating the cryoprobe, thermally coupled with a Peltier stack producing the freezing effect, and in contact with a bovine liver sample. Thermal events occurring inside the samples were measured using mirror image technique. Heat subtracted flux during ice formation and minimum temperature measured at probe-tissue interface were, respectively, 1.33 W cm-2 and -27.8°C for Sample#0, 1.88 W cm-2 and -35.6°C for Sample#1 and 1.82 W cm-2 and 1.44 W cm-2 before and after the ice trigger, respectively, and -29.3°C for Sample#2. Ice trigger temperature was around -8.5°C for Sample#0 and Sample#2, and -10.4°C for Sample#1. In all the investigated samples, ice front penetration was proportional to the square root of time and its velocity depended on the heat flux subtracted. The fraction of the useful energy spent for ice formation was less than 60% for Sample#0, and about 80% for Sample#1 and for Sample#2, before the reduction of the removed heat flux. Freezing time exceeding a cut-off, according to the heat subtracted flux, does not improve the procedure effectiveness and is detrimental to the surrounding tissues.

Mirror Image Technique in Choledocholithiasis: ERCP in Situs Inversus With a Forward Viewing Endoscope

Situs inversus is a congenital disease manifested by complete or partial reversal of anatomy. It occurs during early gestation and typically results in normal function. However, performing procedures on such patients is technically challenging due to their abnormal anatomies. Herein we describe a challenging endoscopic case of choledocholithiasis in a patient with situs inversus. A 45-year-old male with history of abdominal situs inversus from polysplenia syndrome presented for epigastric pain, nausea and vomiting. Vital signs were stable and exam was notable for diffuse tenderness in the epigastrium without jaundice or Murphy's sign. Pertinent labs showed a negative troponin, AST 399 U/L, ALT 385 U/L, alkaline phosphatase 425 U/L, total bilirubin 2.5 mg/dL, direct bilirubin 1.8 mg/dL, and WBC 13.6 K/uL with neutrophilic predominance. CT scan revealed abdominal situs inversus with multiple splenules, gallbladder distention without wall thickening or pericholecystic fluid, and an obstructing stone with common bile duct (CBD) dilatation to 2.1 cm. ERCP was performed by placing the patient in the right lateral decubitus with the endoscopist standing to the right of the patient. A TJF scope was advanced into the duodenum but retracted and was unable to be re-advanced due to the anatomy. The TJF scope was switched out for a forward viewing endoscope which was successfully advanced to the major papilla. The bile duct was then cannulated with the short-nosed traction sphincterotome. Injected contrast showed adequate ductal flow and dilated main bile duct with a 12 mm stone. Biliary sphincterotomy was made with traction sphincterotome using ERBE electrocautery and a plastic double pigtail stent was placed into the CBD allowing free-flow of the bile. Repeat ERCP for mechanical lithotripsy was scheduled and the patient was discharged. Situs inversus is a rare congenital disease that presents with partial to complete reversal of anatomy. Our case utilizes the mirror image technique employed in prior reports. This technique positions the patient in the right lateral decubitus and the endoscopist on the right of the patient. Prior cases were notable for ERCP failure rates of up to 25% in situs inversus. This case was successfully performed by utilizing mirror image technique with a forward viewing 1T scope. Though such cases are rare, we present this case to highlight the difficulties met by changes in anatomy and techniques used to overcome such challenges.2160_A Figure 1. Abdominal CT demonstrating stone obstructing common bile duct (Red Arrow).2160_B Figure 2. Abdominal CT demonstrating intrahepatic ductal dilatation (Red Arrows), contrast filled stomach (Blue Arrow), and liver situated on left side of the body (Green Arrows).2160_C Figure 3. Abdominal CT demonstrating extrahepatic ductal dilatation (Red Arrow), and multiple splenules (Blue Arrows).

Innovative use of a stereolithographic model together with the mirror image technique to reconstruct a defect in mandibular continuity

Reconstruction of mandibular defects after resection of a tumour is complicated by anatomical and functional complexities, 1 Rahimov C. Farzaliyev I. Virtual bending of titanium reconstructive plates for mandibular defect bridging: review of three clinical cases. Craniomaxillofac Trauma Reconstr. 2011; 4: 223-234 Crossref PubMed Google Scholar and autografts together with reconstruction plates are among the most commonly used techniques. One shortcoming is the relatively long time spent on bending the plate during the operation, which not only increases the operating time, but also causes metal fatigue of the plate. 1 Rahimov C. Farzaliyev I. Virtual bending of titanium reconstructive plates for mandibular defect bridging: review of three clinical cases. Craniomaxillofac Trauma Reconstr. 2011; 4: 223-234 Crossref PubMed Google Scholar , 2 Salgueiro M.I. Stevens M.R. Experience with the use of prebent plates for the reconstruction of mandibular defects. Craniomaxillofac Trauma Reconstr. 2010; 3: 201-208 Crossref PubMed Google Scholar Ideal symmetry between the affected and non-affected sides is impossible to achieve, but the use of a stereolithographic model (introduced in the 1980s 3 Berry E. Brown J. Connell M. et al. Preliminary experience with medical applications of rapid prototyping by selective laser sintering. Med Eng Phys. 1997; 19: 90-96 Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (192) Google Scholar ), combined with mirroring and superimposition of the non-affected side on to the affected side, is a suitable way to reduce or eliminate these complications.

Mirror image technique for the thermal analysis in cryoablation: Experimental setup and validation

The paper presents a set of experiments that were performed to characterize the freezing front propagation in water first, and in an agar-gel solution afterwards. The experimental setup made of Peltier devices, to emulate the cryogenic effect, and a copper cold finger, to mimic the cold probe interface, are described. We claim that by monitoring some temperatures at the generating cryodevice, several pieces of information can be derived through the cold interface to assess the outside thermodynamic changes. The employed technique, known as mirror image, allows determining the occurrence of the initial ice formation outside the cryo-probe and in the surrounding material, also with different magnitudes of the thermal contact resistance at the cold interface. For both water and agar the ice penetration was found to be non linear versus time, and proportional to the square root of time in the performed experiments. The ice drift velocity decreases according to its penetration inside the tested materials. At the beginning of ice formation, the measured drift velocities are approximately 0.11 mm/s and 0.06 mm/s for water and agar, respectively, and after the ice penetrates 2 mm, they become approximately 0.03 mm/s for both materials.

PROSTHETIC EAR RECONSTRUCTION APPLYING COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHIC (CT) DATA AND ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGIES

The treatment of auricle defect can be by surgical or prosthetic ear rehabilitation depending on the condition. Current practice by surgeon for prosthetic ear rehabilitation require patient to go for osseointegrated craniofacial implant surgery for retention of the prosthetic ear. Impression technique play a vital role in accurate reproduction of affected and unaffected ears, orientation of the ear during wax try in and fabrication of ear prostheses. Traditionally, the wax pattern was created from the impression taken from patient and the final prosthesis is processed with silicone material. This conventional method has always been time consuming, massive work and caused discomfort to patient. Moreover the accuracy of the final prosthetic sometimes was not satisfied. Improvement in medical imaging technology whereby data from computerized tomography (CT) in 2D format can be converting to 3 dimensional images gave tremendous view for surgeon to visualize the result. A new and impressive advance in the development of additive manufacturing technology is now being able to be applied in medical field. The widespread use of computer-aided design (CAD) combine with computer aided manufacturing (CAM) produced the momentum and desire to translate the 3-D images into physical models. Studies and research have indicated the viability of using medical imaging technology, computer aided design (CAD) and additive manufacturing techniques in prosthetics. This paper proposed a novel method of fabricating the prosthetic ear applying mirror image technique to reconstruct the missing ear, and then fabricate the 3D model of the prosthetic ear using Stereolitography (SLA) technology that will become the master mold to produce the final prosthetic ear. This method eliminates the traditional wax pattern procedure. A clinical study is done onto a patient in HUSM and comparison is made between traditional method vs new approach using computer aided technology. Result showed that there is significant different between traditional and new approach design. The new method also shows time reduction during design and fabrication stage.

Numerical models for heat conduction and natural convection with symmetry boundary condition based on particle method

Numerical models of heat conduction and natural convection are developed based on Meshless Moving particle semi-implicit (MPS) method to study the unsteady complex flow coupling with heat transfer. Fundamental heat exchange process is systematically investigated in one dimension and extended to two dimensions without internal heat source. The energy conservation equation is discretized on particles and coupled with flow by momentum change that caused by temperature difference. Both Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions are proposed with mirror image technique and the numerical results are verified to have high accuracy against benchmark solutions (theoretical or experimental, and or other numerical solutions) for several representative examples. To improve the calculation efficiency, symmetry boundary models are established and applied in transient heat conduction and natural convection heat transfer. The results using the symmetry boundary are comparable and reliable to the full-domain results, both of which agree well with the experimental and other numerical solutions.

RESOLUTION OF BELLS PALSY WITH MIRROR IMAGE REHABILITATION: A CASE SERIES

Event Abstract Back to Event RESOLUTION OF BELLS PALSY WITH MIRROR IMAGE REHABILITATION: A CASE SERIES Marc Ellis, D.C. DACNB1, Bethany Miteiko, D.C.1 and Carla Gibson2* 1 Georgia Chiropractic Neurology, United States 2 Life University, United States Background: This case series reports three patients presenting with Bell’s palsy and treated with mirror image technique to restore motor function to the affected areas. All three patients were women with insidious onset Bell’s palsy and symptoms had persisted from one week up to three years when patients presented for evaluation. The patients had sought other care for their complaint with no resolution. Methods: In each case, the patient was given a thorough neurological evaluation and mirror image therapy was prescribed along with other therapies. Patients were instructed to look at the functioning side of their face in a mirror and told to make movements with the functioning side of their face. Therapy continued until the patient was fatigued or had attained movement on the non-functioning side. Results: In each case the patients achieved a reversal of paralysis during the mirror image therapy and total reversal of paralysis was achieved within the treatment period. Conclusion: Mirror image therapy has been shown to be beneficial in relieving limb paralysis and phantom limb pain. Use of mirror image therapy as a treatment for Bell’s palsy has not been documented. Use of this therapy could provide benefit to patients in avoiding muscle atrophy and other complications such as eye irritation and blindness that are sequelae of Bell’s palsy and further investigation should be conducted. Keywords: Facial Paralysis, Bell's palsy, motor rehabilitation, mirror image, Neurorehabilitation Conference: International Symposium on Clinical Neuroscience: TBI and Neurodegeneration, Orlando, Florida, United States, 10 Dec - 14 Dec, 2015. Presentation Type: Poster Presentation Topic: Case Study Reports Citation: Ellis, D.C. DACNB M, Miteiko, D.C. B and Gibson C (2015). RESOLUTION OF BELLS PALSY WITH MIRROR IMAGE REHABILITATION: A CASE SERIES. Front. Neurol. Conference Abstract: International Symposium on Clinical Neuroscience: TBI and Neurodegeneration. doi: 10.3389/conf.fneur.2015.58.00024 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 01 Nov 2015; Published Online: 02 Nov 2015. * Correspondence: Ms. Carla Gibson, Life University, Marietta, GA, 30060, United States, gibsonwellness@gmail.com Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Marc Ellis, D.C. DACNB Bethany Miteiko, D.C. Carla Gibson Google Marc Ellis, D.C. DACNB Bethany Miteiko, D.C. Carla Gibson Google Scholar Marc Ellis, D.C. DACNB Bethany Miteiko, D.C. Carla Gibson PubMed Marc Ellis, D.C. DACNB Bethany Miteiko, D.C. Carla Gibson Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

Mirror image: newfangled cell-level layout technique for single-event transient mitigation

Recent years, the hardening of combinational circuits is becoming a common concern. Unlike the transistor-level hardening technique, the cell-level hardening technique, a divide and conquer strategy, can substantially make use of some typical character in the cell-circuit module to mitigate single event transient (SET) sensitivity. The mirror image (MI) technique proposed in this paper can adequately enhance the charge sharing in those cell-circuits with stage-by-stage inverter-like structure. 3D TCAD mixed-mode simulation have been performed in 65 nm twin-well bulk CMOS process, the results indicate that the MI technique can almost reduce the SET pulse width from the anterior-stage PMOS over 25 %, and can mitigate the SET pulse width from the posterior-stage PMOS about 10 %. The MI technique, a represent of the cell-level technique, may be the future of the hardening of combinational circuits.

Yang–Baxter and reflection maps from vector solitons with a boundary

Based on recent results obtained by the authors on the inverse scattering method of the vector nonlinear Schrödinger equation with integrable boundary conditions, we discuss the factorization of the interactions of N-soliton solutions on the half-line. Using dressing transformations combined with a mirror image technique, factorization of soliton–soliton and soliton–boundary interactions is proved. We discover a new object, which we call reflection map, that satisfies a set-theoretical reflection equation which we also introduce. Two classes of solutions for the reflection map are constructed. Finally, basic aspects of the theory of the set-theoretical reflection equation are introduced.

Frequency domain fundamental solutions for a poroelastic half-space

In frequency domain, the fundamental solutions for a poroelastic half-space are re-derived in the context of Biot’s theory. Based on Biot’s theory, the governing field equations for the dynamic poroelasicity are established in terms of solid displacement and pore pressure. A method of potentials in cylindrical coordinate system is proposed to decouple the homogeneous Biot’s wave equations into four scalar Helmholtz equations, and the general solutions to these scalar wave equations are obtained. After that, spectral Green’s functions for a poroelastic full-space are found through a decomposition of solid displacement, pore pressure, and body force fields. Mirror-image technique is then applied to construct the half-space fundamental solutions. Finally, transient responses of the half-space to buried point forces are examined.

Laparoscopic management of left-sided appendicitis in situs inversus totalis

Situs inversus totalis is a rare autosomal recessive inherent disease in which the thoracic and abdominal organs are transposed. Incidence in the general population is only 0.001-0.01%. Symptoms of appendicitis may appear in the left lower quadrant making the diagnosis difficult. We report a case of left-sided appendicitis diagnosed preoperatively after dextrocardia that was detected by X-ray chest and ultrasonography revealed long retrocecal appendix in left iliac fossa with loops of bowel clumped in the area. The patient underwent laparoscopic appendectomy and post-operative recovery was uneventful. Although, technically more challenging because of the mirror nature of the anatomy, we used the conventional 3-port techniques after laparoscopic confirmation of anatomy and not the mirror image technique as is normally practiced. This method also provided the same comfort level to the surgeon.

A Novel Model for Predicting the Dense Phase Behavior of 3D Gas‐Solid Fluidized Beds

AbstractA novel phenomenological discrete bubble model was developed and tested for prediction of the hydrodynamic behavior of the dense phase of a 3D gas‐solid cylindrical fluidized bed. The mirror image technique was applied to take into account the effects of the bed wall. The simulation results were validated against experimental data reported in the literature that were obtained by positron emission particle tracking. The time‐averaged velocity profiles of particles predicted by the developed model were found to agree well with experimental data. The initial bubble diameter had no significant influence on the time‐averaged circulating pattern of solids in the bed. The model predictions clearly indicate that the developed model can fairly predict the hydrodynamic behavior of the dense phase of 3D gas‐solid cylindrical fluidized beds.

Annual risk of tuberculosis infection in Sri Lanka: a low prevalent country with a high BCG vaccination coverage in the South-East Asia Region.

Despite its simplicity, efficiency and reliability, Sri Lanka has not used the Annual Risk of Tuberculosis Infection (ARTI) to assess the prevalence and efficiency of tuberculosis (TB) control. Hence, a national tuberculin survey was conducted to estimate the ARTI. A school-based, cross-sectional tuberculin survey of 4352 children aged 10 years irrespective of their BCG vaccination or scar status was conducted. The sample was selected from urban, rural and estate strata using two-stage cluster sampling technique. In the first stage, sectors representing three strata were selected and, in the second stage, participants were selected from 120 clusters. Using the mode of the tuberculin reaction sizes (15 mm) and the mirror-image technique, the prevalence and the ARTI were estimated. The prevalence of TB estimated for urban, rural and estate sectors were 13.9%, 2.2% and 2.3%, respectively. The national estimate of the prevalence of TB was 4.2% (95% CI = 1.7-7.2%). ARTI for the urban, rural and estate sectors were 1.4%, 0.2% and 0.2%, respectively, and the national estimate was 0.4% (95% CI = 0.2-0.7%). The estimated annual burden of newly infected or re-infected TB cases with the potential of developing into the active disease (400/100 000 population) was nearly 10-fold higher than the national new case detection rate (48/100 000 population). The national estimate of ARTI was lower than the estimates for many developing countries. The high-estimated risk for the urban sector reflected the need for intensified, sector-specific focus on TB control activities. This underscores the need to strengthen case detection. Repeat surveys are essential to determine the annual decline rate of infection.