Minute Particles Research Articles

Biomedical uses of Casson blood nanofluid with gold nanotubes: Mathematical modeling of blood flow in porous arteries

Gold nanoparticles (1–100[Formula: see text]nm) are minute particles and are safer to disperse into blood to deal with many internal ailments. Magnetized gold nanoparticles with their promising effect in biomedicines are the epicenter of research for many scientists. This study is an attempt to apply nanomaterials in the field of bio-medicine. Particularly, the study surrounds around heat and mass transfer property of blood nanofluid in porous artery of narrow diameter. This work involves modeling a layer of gold nanoparticles in blood flow along porous surface as well as effect of reaction. Flow of blood is assumed to be non-Newtonian (in vessels of small diameter). Magnetic effect is also clubbed with the study. Standard procedure of reducing equations is used. Nanoparticles’ layering concentration in the range of 2–9% delivers noticeable effects on conduction of heat and performance of blood flow. Numerical solution was obtained by MATLAB after shooting an appropriate guess. Accounting effect of layering of nanoparticle on Casson parameter leaves a noticeable impact on results. Graphical plots are used to extract impact of each parameter on heat conduction and velocity of the blood. The findings threw light on importance of magnetic parameters in relocating heat. The increase in thickness of layer of nanoparticle from 2[Formula: see text]nm to 6[Formula: see text]nm, increased heat conductivity and performance significantly. The information from this work can be basis of novel method of treatment in medical field and can deliver the base for future experimentation.

Characterization of Physical and Chemical Properties of Multi-Source Metallurgical Dust and Analysis of Resource Utilization Pathways

Steel metallurgical dust, characterized by a substantial output, minute particle size, and intricate composition, poses a considerable risk of environmental contamination while simultaneously embodying an exceptionally high potential for recycling. To achieve its resource utilization, chemical analysis, particle size analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Mössbauer spectroscopy, and water leaching methods were employed to investigate the chemical compositions, particle size distributions, phase compositions, and microscopic morphologies of blast furnace bag dust, sintering dust, converter fine dust, and electric arc furnace dust from steel plants. The results indicate that the four types of dust have extremely fine particle sizes, with the main distribution range of particle size being less than 100 μm. The main constituent element is Fe (19–56%), and it also contains Zn (1.4–33.5%), Pb, K, C, and other valuable elements. Alkali metals in blast furnace bag dust and sintering machine head dust existed mainly in the form of chloride. The zinc phases in sintering machine head dust and converter fine dust were ZnFe2O4, and the zinc phases in blast furnace bag dust were ZnCl2 and ZnFe2O4. Zinc in electric furnace dust was composed of ZnO and ZnFe2O4, accounting for 70.31% and 23.12%, respectively. There are significant differences in the types and contents of valuable elements among various dusts, making it difficult to achieve full-scale recovery through a single process. In view of this, a process of “in-plant recycling of harmless dusts—collaborative treatment of harmful dusts” has been proposed. Based on the characteristics of metallurgical dusts, multiple processes are used for collaborative treatment (using hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical methods), which can not only directly recover iron resources from dusts within the plant, but also avoid the waste of valuable elements such as Zn, Pb, K, Na, etc. It is hoped that the above work can provide a reference for steel enterprises to achieve full-scale and high value-added treatment of metallurgical dusts.

Comparison of extraction process, physicochemical properties, and in vitro digestion characteristics of chia seed mucilage polysaccharide.

The study explored five (acidic, alkaline, heating, ionic liquid, and urea solvent) extraction methods' effects on chia seed mucilage polysaccharide (CSM), an anionic polymeric macromolecule, regarding its physicochemical properties, structure, and digestion behavior. The results showed that extraction parameters have a considerable effect on modulating CSM properties. Significant differences emerged in the predominant chemical compositions: the carbohydrates and protein content ranged from 49.20±0.06% to 85.81±0.03%, and 3.20±0.13% to 14.57±0.30%, respectively. The structural analysis revealed that alkaline heating treatment facilitated the formation of protein-polysaccharide conjugates, resulting in reduced particle size, enhanced ζ-potential, and improved thermal stability (194.72±2.19J/g). The crystallinity of CSM varied, peaking at 42.9±0.22% without pH adjustment and heating. CSM extracted using 6M urea exhibited the lowest protein content, and crystallinity (25.50±0.09%), coupled with the highest gastrointestinal digestion rate and poorest thermal stability (with a carbohydrate degradability of 24.223±1.78% and enthalpy value of 62.82±0.32J/g). The CSM obtained under alkaline heating showed minute particles (201.1±10.35μm), the highest ζ-potential absolute value (20.95±2.28mV), and robust thermal stability (194.72±2.19J/g of enthalpy value), which is ideal for stabilizing emulsions or encapsulating thermolabile substances. Additionally, compared to monovalent cations‑sodium ions, divalent cations‑magnesium ions, is more tend to aggregate the CSM structure, resulting in larger molecular particles and a higher protein content. Elevated ionic concentration further diminished thermal stability. These findings suggest that CSM is a customizable, multi-purpose polymer that can be extracted in various ways based on the end-product requirements.

Seasonal variations in microplastics in a coastal wetland in southwest India as well as their risks to Sillago sihama and Gerres filamentosus.

Microplastics are minute plastic particles ranging from 1µm to 5mm in size. Mangroves are crucial ecosystems with roles in carbon sequestration, shoreline protection, and habitat for diverse species. Despite their significance, the extent of microplastic pollution in mangroves, especially in India, remains inadequately understood. To address this gap, we conducted a seasonal sampling in the Kota mangrove ecosystem at different water column depths. Our analysis revealed average microplastic abundances of 0.93 (monsoon), 3.71 (post-monsoon), and 2.92 MPs/L (pre-monsoon). The average microplastic abundances were 19.88 and 15.86 microplastics/individual for Gerres filamentosus and Sillago sihama, respectively. Fibrous microplastics smaller than 1mm were dominant. Transparent microplastics dominated the water column (28.57% in monsoon, 77.45% in post-monsoon, and 49.24% in pre-monsoon), and they were also prevalent in S. sihama (49.55%) and G. filamentosus (41.51%). This points towards greater bioavailability and suggests that transparent microplastics are often mistaken for prey. Anthropogenic influence is a major factor that governs microplastic distribution than season in Kota mangroves. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that polypropylene was the dominant polymer in both water column as well as in S. sihama and G. filamentosus. We identified aquaculture, tourism, and local activities as probable sources of microplastic pollution. The monitoring data is crucial as it provides insights into microplastics pollution in two economically important fish species that are largely consumed by the local population. Exposure to microplastics from the consumption of these fish may cause serious health issues for human beings.

A numerical study of the effect of graphene nanoparticle size on brownian displacement, thermophoresis, and thermal performance of graphene/water nanofluid by molecular dynamics simulation

Brownian motion, often known as BM, is an inherent characteristic of minute particles suspended in a fluid. It plays an important role in several physical and chemical processes. Thermophoresis refers to the process where particles in a fluid are carried along with a gradient in temperature (Temp). This feature has significant importance in several applications, including microfluidics, thermal control, and energy conversion. Through the examination of the thermophoresis phenomenon in water/graphene nanofluid (NF), researchers might get valuable knowledge on the potential uses of these materials. The current study examined the effect of various sizes of graphene nanoparticles (NPs) (5, 6, 9, and 10 Å) on the thermal behavior (TB), BM, and thermophoresis of water/graphene NF using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. This study reported the changes in heat flux (HF), thermal conductivity (TC), average Brownian displacement (BD), and thermophoresis. It is concluded that by increasing the size of graphene NPs from 5 to 10 Å, the average BD and thermophoresis increased from 3.06 Å and 23.88 Å to 4.16 Å and 31.46 Å, respectively. Due to their higher kinetic energy (KE) and momentum, larger graphene NPs experienced more BM, enabling them to withstand random thermal fluctuations more effectively than smaller particles. In addition, as the size of graphene NPs increased, the HF and TC values ​​increased from 39.54 W/m2 and 0.36 W/(m.K) to 47.19 W/m2 and 0.51 W/(m.K) after 10 ns. Therefore, the size-dependent changes in BD and thermophoretic effects led to a simultaneous increase in HF and TC of the NF, which was attributed to the larger heat transfer (HT) surface area, improved HT properties, and synergistic effects of larger graphene NPs. The maximum (Max) temperature increases from 1415 K to 1504 K. These findings were useful in a variety of industries, particularly for improving TB in different NFs.

Microplastic injection? Identification and quantification of plastic particles in medical injections

Microplastics (MPs) mainly enter the human body through ingestion and breathing. Most of them are excreted through feces, and only a small amount can accumulate in human organs and tissues. In contrast, if intravenous injection contains MPs, it could directly enter bloodstream and maybe pose severe health risk. To verify this hypothesis, we collected two types of injection [0.9 % NaCl and 5 % Glucose] with three dominant brands in China, to analyze the possible MPs. The results indicated that the injection had an average abundance of 895 MP particles/kg, ranging from 140 to 1840 particles/kg. Furthermore, more MPs were found in NaCl than Glucose injection. The MPs encompassed 21 types of polymers with notable brand variations in distribution. Notably, polyisoprene chlorinated (61.77 % in NaCl, 61.23 % in Glucose) are most prevalent. Most polymers had small diameter, with 30.5 % and 44.2 % of particles measuring between 0 and 30 μm in NaCl and Glucose injection, respectively. These minute particle sizes contribute to the dispersal of MPs within human tissues. In terms of shape, most polymers are fibers/fragments, with some in bead form. Our study uncovered a previously unnoticed but important pathway for MPs enter the human body, emphasizing the need to evaluate health risks of infusion-related MP.

Impacts of Climatic Changes and Air Pollution on Public health and Environment

Air pollution is an emerging highlight in developing countries in changing climate, it is considered one of the greatest concerns of public, individual, and environmental health. The rate of mortality and morbidity seems to increase due to air contamination. There are many types of air pollutants, some of the major air pollutants are particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur oxides (SOx), and lead (Pb). PM are minute suspended particles that can inhaled while breathing and cause cardiovascular and respiratory disorders, nervous system diseases, and cancer. High levels of CO inhalation cause poisoning in humans. Nitrogen oxides are latent greenhouse gases with high global warming potential and deplete the ozone layer. SOx causes intoxication when absorbed by the human body. When lead is absorbed by the human body by inhalation it may cause toxicity, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, and lung cancer. Thereafter air pollution and changing climate lead to the spread of many infectious diseases. Hence, the way to manage this problem of air pollution is to make the public aware of impacts and management practices. The scientific and medical experts should conduct multidisciplinary research at the national and international level to sort out this problem in a sustainable way.

Consumption of Bottled Water and Chronic Diseases: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study.

Plastic pollution is a growing concern. It can form smaller particles called microplastics (<5 mm). Microplastics can break down into even smaller pieces called nanoplastics (<1 μm). These minute particles can infiltrate human cells and tissues, with their health impacts still largely undetermined. On average, a liter of bottled water includes about 240,000 tiny pieces of plastic. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between the use of bottled plastic water (BW) and several health outcomes. Utilizing data from the Italian National Institute of Statistics' "Aspects of Daily Life" survey (N = 45,597), we employed logistic regression to explore the correlation between BW consumption and the prevalence of various chronic diseases, including hypertension, gastric/duodenal ulcers, and kidney stones. Adjustments were made for covariates such as education, age, gender, and economic resources. Our analysis indicated a statistically significant association between BW consumption and increased risk of hypertension (Odds ratio [OR] = 1.05, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.00-1.11), diabetes (OR = 1.09, 95% CI 1.01-1.18), gastric/duodenal ulcers (OR = 1.21, 95% CI 1.07-1.38), and kidney stones (OR = 1.17, 95% CI 1.03-1.32). The consumption of BW is associated with heightened risk for certain health conditions. Policymakers and healthcare providers should consider implementing targeted prevention strategies and awareness campaigns.

Metabolomic and biochemical disorders reveal the toxicity of environmental microplastics and benzo[a]pyrene in the marine polychaete Hediste diversicolor

Recently, the abundance of environmental microplastics (MPs) has become a global paramount concern. Besides the danger of MPs for biota due to their tiny size, these minute particles may act as vectors of other pollutants. This study focused on evaluating the toxicity of environmentally relevant concentrations of MPs (10 and 50 mg/kg sediment) and benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P, 1 µg/kg sediment), alone and in mixture, for 3 and 7 days in marine polychaete Hediste diversicolor, selected as a benthic bioindicator model. The exposure period was sufficient to confirm the bioaccumulation of both contaminants in seaworms, as well as the potential capacity of plastic particles to adsorb and vehiculate the B[a]P. Interestingly, increase of acidic mucus production was observed in seaworm tissues, indicative of a defense response. The activation of oxidative system pathways was demonstrated as a strategy to prevent lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, the comprehensive Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics revealed significant disorders in amino acids metabolism, osmoregulatory process, energetic components, and oxidative stress related elements. Overall, these findings proved the possible synergic harmful effect of MPs and B[a]P even in small concentrations, which increases the concern about their long-term presence in marine ecosystems, and consequently their transfer and repercussions on marine fauna.

Theoretical derivation of Planck’s constant based on brownian motion model and uncertainty relation

In stochastic mechanics, one of the interpretations of realistic quantum mechanics, the Schrödinger equation can be derived by assuming the Brownian motion (BM) of minute particles. In this study, we theoretically derive Planck’s constant (h), a fundamental constant of quantum physics, by assuming same BM. Einstein investigated the BM of a resonator caused by photons in a black body; meanwhile, in this study, BM is considered to be caused by the particle and wave natures of light. As a result, as the functional form of h,hN=4πe2cε01β\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${h}_{N}=\\frac{4\\pi {e}^{2}}{c{\\varepsilon }_{0}}\\frac{1}{\\beta }$$\\end{document} (e: elementary charge, ε0\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\\varepsilon }_{0}$$\\end{document}: permittivity, c: speed of light) was derived, where the undetermined coefficient β2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\frac{\\beta }{2}$$\\end{document} represents the probability that the interaction between electrons and electromagnetic waves becomes particle-like absorption in one cycle of oscillation. The theoretical value of h was calculated to be 4πe2cε0π3\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\frac{4\\pi {e}^{2}}{c{\\varepsilon }_{0}}\\pi \\sqrt{3}$$\\end{document} by obtaining β from the transition conditions of the BM model and uncertainty relation. This theoretical value is within 0.3% of the most recent value of h. Besides, Nelson’s assumed diffusion coefficient in the stochastic mechanics, which is essential in obtaining Schrödinger’s equation, was proved to be obtained from the BM model and the uncertainty relation. This finding and the conclusion that the Planck’s constant can be mathematically derived, provide support for Nelson’s stochastic mechanics.

Microplastic prevalence and human exposure in the bottled drinking water in the west Godavari region of Andhra Pradesh, India

Microplastics (MPs) are widespread, minute plastic particles present in various aquatic environments, raising concerns about their effect on human health and ecosystems. The detrimental effects of MPs on the environment, include the contamination of ecosystems, harm to aquatic life through ingestion, potential disruption of food chains, and long-term ecological consequences. Despite numerous studies confirming the MP's presence in aquatic environments, research specifically focused on MPs in bottled drinking water (BDW) is limited. Research on MPs in drinking water is vital to assess potential health risks and develop strategies for ensuring water safety and quality. This study fills a research gap by investigating microplastics (MPs) in nine brands of BDW in the West Godavari region of Andhra Pradesh, India. The average MP concentration in BDW was found to be 2.89 ± 0.48 items/L, with fibers being the predominant shape and sizes ranging from 500 to 1000 μm. Transparent and blue were the most common colors. From ATR-FTIR analysis, the dominant polymer found was polypropylene (PP) followed by polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The human risk assessment was also calculated using the formula of Estimated daily intake (EDI) and Lifetime intake (LTI). The calculation found that the EDI of MPs for children and adults ranged from 0.041 to 0.291 MPs per kilogram per day and 0.019 to 0.133 MPs per kilogram per day, respectively. The mean LTI of MP consumption of an individual, ranged from 17,958 to 2,54,861 MPs, considering an average age of 75 years. The current findings offer valuable information for ongoing evaluations of the potential human risks linked to MP exposure.

Changes in Blue Color of Sapphire Compared with Oxidation State Changes

Blue sapphire has long been treated with heat to modify its blue color and attain greater value. However, the process of modifying the blue color in sapphire remains not well understood. The color-changing mechanism has traditionally been explained using the Intervalence Charge Transfer (IVCT) (Fe2+-Ti4+ and/or Fe2+-Fe3+) theory, wherein the blue color can be diminished by heat treatment in an oxidizing environment which alters Fe2+ (FeO) to Fe3+ (Fe2O3) and decreases the occurrence of the IVCT process. However, recently, the band gap theory has been proposed, suggesting that iron (Fe) in sapphire is always in the Fe3+ state, the blue color is caused by Fe3+-Ti4+ pair and the heat treatment does not affect Fe oxidation state. Therefore, in this study, eight magmatic sapphires from four localities were investigated for changes in blue color via color analysis, changes in spectra using XANES, and changes in chemical composition using PIXE both before and after heat treatment. The color analysis reveals a slight reduction in saturation (fading of blue) and a noticeable lightening after heat treatment, which corresponds with the high content of solid inclusions or trapiche samples. XANES data analysis using the LCF technique indicated insignificant changes in Fe oxidation state from 2+ to 3+ after heat treatment across all samples. However, when comparing the XANES data with color parameter L*a*b*, it is noted that the percentage of Fe oxidation state changes does not show a positive relationship with changes in blue based on color parameter b* (blue–yellow); rather, it shows a positive relationship with parameter L* (lightness). Microscopic observations also reveal the dissolution of clouds or minute particles around planes of ilmenite needles. It could be suggested that the changes in Fe oxidation state may not be directly related to changes in blue color but could be linked to the partial dissolution of Fe-bearing inclusions.

Mechanochemical activation of silicon photothermal material for efficient interfacial solar desalination and wastewater purification

Solar steam generation (SSG) has emerged as a sustainable solution for addressing water scarcity, and ongoing research has resulted in the development of various photothermal materials that demonstrate exceptional light-absorption capabilities and overall performance. This study presents mechanochemically activated silicon (Si60), which exhibits a high photon-to-heat conversion efficiency for SSG, as an advanced and superior photothermal material. When exposed to simulated sunlight conditions (AM1.5G, 100 mW cm−2), the Si60-coated photothermal membrane demonstrated an impressive evaporation rate of 2.2 kg m−2 h−1 and a high SSG efficiency of 107.9 %. Our investigation revealed that Si60 possessed a minute particle size (∼1.2 µm), nano-scale cracks, and reduced Si-O bond percentage owing to mechanochemical activation (60 h). In addition, it exhibited low thermal conductivity (∼0.33 W m−1 K−1), hydrophilic characteristics, and high photon-to-heat conversion efficiency (∼56.4 %). These characteristics collectively enhanced SSG performance. Moreover, we examined the practical application of the Si60 photothermal membrane in seawater desalination and wastewater purification. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) analysis revealed that the ion concentrations in the collected water were considerably lower than the standards set by the World Health Organization (WHO) in both cases. In addition, we evaluated the SSG performance of a large-area Si60 membrane under natural sunlight conditions. The results demonstrated robust evaporation capabilities of approximately 11 kg m−2 day−1, even under low average solar intensity (0.61 sun). This study underscores the profound impact of mechanochemical activation on bulk silicon, enhancing its photothermal properties and potentially facilitating the development of high-performance desalination systems on a large scale.

Mineralogy and Geochemistry of the Mupane and Shashe Gold Deposits of the Tati Greenstone Belt (NE Botswana): Implications for Mineral Deposit Models and Exploration

Abstract The Archean Tati greenstone belt is located at the southwestern margin of the Zimbabwe craton (northeast Botswana) and hosts numerous Cu-Ni ± platinum group element (PGE) and Au ± Ag occurrences and deposits. Gold occurrences/deposits are poorly studied, and key questions pertaining to their genesis remain unclear, including the mode of occurrence(s) of gold, the relative timing of gold introduction with respect to the evolution of the greenstone belt, the number of gold mineralization events, the alteration patterns, and the relationships between each alteration pattern and gold mineralization. A detailed study that includes sulfide and gold grain chemistry using laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), respectively, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) of mineralized rock samples of three Tati greenstone belt gold deposits was carried out to constrain the genesis of gold mineralization and formulate exploration guidelines in the Tati greenstone belt. Gold in the Tati greenstone belt is the result of multiple events, is mainly associated with arsenopyrite, pyrite, and sphalerite, and occurs as (1) microinclusions within sulfides, (2) intergrowth with sulfides, (3) minute particles (&amp;lt;2–10 µm) within the silicate matrix, (4) microfractures and microvug infills, and (5) lattice-bound and sulfide-hosted refractory gold. The first gold event (as electrum) is premetamorphic and associated with sphalerite-quartz veins. The second stage is a postmetamorphic high-grade gold event that is accompanied by extensive carbonatization and propylitization of host rocks. The third stage of gold mineralization is marked by the dissolution of gold in the early formed stages 1 to 2 and subsequent reprecipitation within cracks, fractures, and vugs. Auriferous pyrite composition suggests that Au-bearing mineralizing fluids are predominantly of magmatic origin and that their physicochemical compositions changed during the mineralization process, as supported by chemically zoned Au-bearing arsenopyrite, various alteration types containing gold, and variation in gold fineness across the several gold deposits in the Tati greenstone belt. Gold deposition in the Tati greenstone belt mainly occurred through sulfidation, as indicated by the closest spatial association between gold and Fe-bearing sulfides and ferromagnesian silicates. Gold in the Tati greenstone belt is closely correlated with As, Sb, Pb, Bi, Ni, Hg, Tl, Cd, In, Mo, W, Zn, and Te and moderately to weakly associated with Sn, Se, Cr, Co, Ge, Cd, Mn, V, Ga, and Ag. The correlation between Au and fluid mobile elements, i.e., Te, Sb, Se, As, Hg, and Bi, can be used as a vectoring tool during the exploration of gold within the Tati greenstone belt, as these elements likely form halos that are much broader than the primary footprint of gold mineralization.

Polyoxometalate nanocluster-infused triple IPN hydrogels for excellent microplastic removal from contaminated water: detection, photodegradation, and upcycling.

Microplastic (MP) pollution pervades global ecosystems, originating from improper plastic disposal and fragmentation due to factors like hydrolysis and biodegradation. These minute particles, less than 5 mm in size, have become omnipresent, impacting terrestrial, freshwater, and marine environments worldwide. Their ubiquity poses severe threats to marine life by causing physical harm and potentially transferring toxins through the food chain. Addressing this environmental crisis necessitates a sustainable strategy. Our proposed solution involves a highly efficient copper substitute polyoxometalate (Cu-POM) nanocluster infused triple interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) hydrogel, comprising chitosan (CS), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and polyaniline (PANI) (referred to as pGel@IPN) for mitigating MP contamination from water. This 3D IPN architecture, incorporating nanoclusters, also enhances the hydrogel's photodegradation capabilities. Our scalable approach offers a sustainable strategy to combat MPs in water bodies, as demostrated by the adsorption behaviors on the hydrogel matrix under varying conditions, simulating real-world scenarios. Evaluations of physicochemical properties, mechanical strength, and thermal behavior underscore the hydrogel's robustness and stability. Detecting minute MP particles remains challenging, prompting us to label MPs with Nile red for fluorescence microscopic analysis of their concentration and adsorption on the hydrogel. The catalytic properties of POM within the hydrogel facilitate UV-induced MP degradation, highlighting a sustainable solution. Our detailed kinetics and isotherm studies revealed pseudo-first-order and Langmuir models as fitting descriptors for MP adsorption, exhibiting a high maximum adsorption capacity (Qm). Notably, pGel@IPN achieved ∼95% and ∼93% removal efficiencies for polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polypropylene (PP) MPs at pH ∼ 6.5, respectively, also demonstrating reusability for up to 5 cycles. Post-end-of-life, the spent adsorbent was efficiently upcycled into carbon nanomaterials, effectively removing the heavy metal Cr(VI), exemplifying circular economy principles. Our prepared hydrogel emerges as a potent solution for MP removal from water, promising effective mitigation of the emerging pollutants of MPs while ensuring sustainable environmental practices.

Kalas Embryological Aspect with Reference to its Origin

Abstract: Kala sharir is an important part of ayurvedic anatomy. It is a unique subject as well as difficult to understand. Acharya Sushrut was the first to explain Kala in 4th chapter of Shareer sthan named “Garbha Vyakran Shareer”. Acahrya Sushruta has defined the Kala as limiting or separating Membranes between Dhatu and Ashaya. These are extremely minute particles and in visible to naked eye, similar to cell. They can be understood by their functions in the body. There are seven Kalas in our body - Mamsdhara, Raktadhara, Medodhara, Shleshmadhara, Pureeshdhara, Pittadhara, Shukradhara kala. [1] Kala can be correlated with Membrane, Fascia, Covering etc. structures as per contemporary science. Membrane may be fibrous, serous and mucous. Membrane are formed during the embryonic period. Here an attempt is made to understand the formation of kala on the basis of Ayurvedic and modern view.

The Dual Edge of Nanotechnology: Investigating the Environmental Risks and Benefits of Nanoparticles

Nanotechnology plays several roles in our environment, and this study focuses on AgNPs, TiO₂ NPs, and CNTs. While these minute particles are incredibly useful and extend great hope toward applications in the purification of water, as well as controlling pollutants, they are known to pose a high degree of environmental risk. Examples include AgNPs, which were observed to bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms with high toxicity levels, hence raising concerns over its potential for ecosystem harm. On one side, TiO₂ NPs mostly exhibit less toxicity; however, with the action of UV light exposure, it can be dangerous and elicit stress in organisms. On the other hand, CNTs only showed low immediate toxicity, but their persistence in the environment may result in long-term effects. This work further underpins how much balance is needed in the use of nanotechnology: to maximize its benefits while trying to minimize risks as protection for our environment.

DISTRIBUTION OF HEAVY METALS IN SOIL IN INDUSTRIAL ESTATES: A COMPARATIVE REVIEW OF SOUTH CHINA AND SIDOARJO, EAST JAVA, INDONESIA

Heavy metals, found in extremely minute particles, can create environmental contamination in various media, including soil, water, and air. The study sites were chosen in coastal regions of southern China, other industrial zones in Sidoarjo, East Java, Indonesia, and areas near significant industrial activity. This study aims to review and compare the sources and spatial distribution of heavy metals, as well as the potential health risks for the two regions of South China and Sidoarjo, Indonesia. The methodology utilized for this study is a literature review. There are parallels across the research location articles in terms of industrial soil properties.

Detection of microparticles through the LoRa module

Particles in the PM2.5 size range can enter the respiratory system and go to the lungs. Short-term health impacts from exposure to these microscopic particles include coughing, sneezing, runny nose, and breathing difficulties, as well as irritation of the eyes, nose, throat, and lungs. The lungs can be harmed by exposure to these minute particles, which can also raise the risk of heart disease and asthma. According to scientific studies, daily PM2.5 exposure increases are linked to an increase in mortality as well as cardiovascular and respiratory problems. Studies have shown that exposure to fine particulate matter for an extended period of time may also increase the risk of developing chronic bronchitis, reduce lung function, and raise the mortality rate from heart disease and lung cancer. Studies have shown that PM2.5 causes about 400,000 preterm deaths every year in EU countries. Significant links between long-term PM 2.5 exposure and both Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease have been found. Indoor and outdoor sources are the two main sources of fine particles. external sources. mostly from the exhausts of cars, trucks, buses, and off-road vehicles. Tobacco smoke, cooking fires, burning candles, etc. are examples of indoor sources of fine particles.

Bacteria derived extracellular vesicles in the pathogenesis and treatment of gastrointestinal tumours.

Extracellular vesicles are fundamentally significant in the communication between cells. Outer Membrane Vesicles(OMVs) are a special kind of EVs produced by Gram-negative bacteria, which are minute exosome-like particles budding from the outer membrane, which have been found to play essential roles in diverse bacterial life events, including regulation of microbial interactions, pathogenesis promotion, stress responses and biofilm formation. Recently, and more researches have explored the substantial potentials of EVs as natural functional nanoparticles in the bioengineering applications in infectious diseases, cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune diseases and neurological diseases, such as antibacterial therapy, cancer drugs and immunoadjuvants, with several candidates in clinical trials showing promising efficacy. However, due to the poor understanding of sources, membrane structures and biogenesis mechanisms of EVs, progress in clinical applications still remains timid. In this review, we summarize the latest findings of EVs, especially in gastrointestinal tract tumours, to provide a comprehensive introduction of EVs in tumorigenesis and therapeutics.