Ministry Of Environment And Forestry Research Articles

Geospatial approaches for formulating multisystem silviculture in the tropical forests

The Indonesian Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MoEF) issued regulations that allow the use of multiple silvicultural systems throughout a single period of a forest management work plan, known as multisystem silviculture (MSS), to increase the productivity and economic value of forests. However, certain technical issues still need to be resolved before an MSS can be successfully implemented on-site, particularly in terms of scheming the silvicultural system and selecting the appropriate site. This study developed silvicultural systems based on the modelling of geospatial data on current land cover, forest function, slope, and erosion risk. In this study, forest harvesting techniques (prohibited, selective, and clear-cutting) and regeneration approaches (natural, enrichment, and line planting) were formulated by overlaying four thematic maps and applying modelling rules. For specific locations, overlay thematic modelling maps of forest harvesting and regeneration techniques have been verbalized as MSS, such as selective cutting with enrichment planting, selective cutting with line planting, clear-cutting with intensive planting, and many other systems. The results of this geospatial modelling will assist forest managers in creating forest management plans with MSS within particular forest objectives. Additionally, this study supports policymakers in rising technical procedures for implementing multisystem silviculture.

The Innovation of Gender Mainstreaming Implementation: A Study on Gender Festival at the Ministry of Environment and Forestry

Government agencies need to carry out public policy innovations to deal with changes that occur quickly and dynamically. The Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MoEF) developed an innovation called the Gender Festival as an effort to transform a "Gender Neutral" work environment into a "Nature Gender." This study, therefore, aims to evaluate the fulfillment of innovation aspects and the obstacles encountered in the Gender Festival by using the Australian Public Sector Innovation Indicators (APSII) theory. This qualitative-descriptive research collected data through interviews and documentation data. Data were then analyzed using Miles and Huberman's interactive analysis. The study findings demonstrated that the Gender Festival fulfilled 12 of the 15 aspects of innovation based on the APSII criteria. They comprise investment in innovation, human resources and skills innovation, staff attitudes and attributes for innovation, sources of innovation, technological infrastructure for innovation, diffusion of innovation, innovation culture and leadership, innovation strategy, activities and implementation, types of innovation, innovation novelty, and intangible outputs. On the other hand, the obstacle to implementing a Gender Festival was the limited number of human resources with sufficient capacity to understand gender in managing the workload, which is quite heavy; as a result, innovation collaboration, innovation management practices, and innovation intensity could not be implemented.

Performance of Integrated Mangrove-Aquaculture (IMA) in District of Sidoarjo, East Java Indonesia

Indonesia holds 23% of the world’s mangroves but has witnessed significant declines, especially on Java Island, in the past 30 years. Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MOEF) data from 2021 reports 3.36 million hectares of mangroves, down by about 1 million hectares. The main reason is conversion to shrimp ponds, totaling around 322,000 hectares according to the Indonesian Shrimp Forum (FUI, 2021). Despite covering 93%, traditional ponds contribute only 29% to national shrimp production, a key export accounting for 40% of fisheries revenue.To mitigate further mangrove loss, the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (MAF) targets an annual shrimp production of 2 million tons by 2024 through Integrated Mangrove-Aquaculture (IMA). Introduced in 1978, IMA’s productivity remains limited despite evaluations in Sidoarjo District, East Java. Polyculture ponds cultivate shrimp (tiger and vannamei), milkfish, and seaweed, with productivity ranging from 17.9 to 363.8 kg/ha/year for shrimp and additional 1,920 to 14,120 kg/ha/year for seaweed. Mangrove integration primarily occurs on embankments (>95%), covering 5% of the pond area, with few (<5%) on the platform (8%-10% coverage), affecting productivity inversely with farm size due to limited farmer management capability. This article explores IMA implementation in Sidoarjo District and suggests improvements for enhanced production.

PLASTIC TAX AND CIRCULAR ECONOMY INCENTIVES TO TACKLE CLIMATE CHANGE (INDONESIAN CONTEXT)

The use of plastic can harm the environment and contribute to climate change. Later, climate change will reduce the quality of ecosystems, public health and a region's economy. The use of plastic needs to be reduced, especially for single-use or only plastic with a short useful life. One way to control the use of plastic is through a plastic tax, which in this study is categorized as an excise. This research aims to determine what tariff is appropriate for the Indonesian context, which will soon impose an excise on plastic. This study also provides an overview of state revenues from related plastic excise and incentives that can be given to business actors implementing a circular economy. Next, this research uses a qualitative descriptive research method. This study estimates the amount of excise and tax revenue from implementing plastic excise. The study results show the enormous potential for state revenue from plastic excise and import tax increases. Furthermore, synergistic activities carried out by Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MEF) and Directorate General of Customs and Excise (DGCE) can take the form of joint business processes in monitoring plastic waste recycling. This research could trigger further research regarding plastic excise and the effects on economic companies after the government determines the excise.

Product category rules development as a reference for PROPER life cycle assessment reporting: recommendations

The Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MOEF) issued regulations regarding monitoring of company environmental performance (PROPER), which required companies to conduct LCA studies for their products to obtain a green or gold rating. The LCA report submitted in the PROPER program should refer to the specified guiding standards, namely Product Category Rules, which contain the necessary elements of product environmental footprint (PEF) for assessing environmental management performance evaluations to meet international standards and ensure acceptance by the international community. This study aims to evaluate and analyze industries that have received green and gold ratings in the 2022 PROPER program and whether their LCA arrangement refers to certain PCRs contained in the international program operators. MOEF and MOI (Ministry of Industry) will use the evaluation and analysis results as a suggestion to build PCR for priority industries. Seven industrial sectors already have PCR as the basis of the LCA study. Additionally, three product categories require establishing PCR as a criterion for LCA.

Penggunaan Ecobrick dalam Upaya Untuk Mengurangi Volume Limbah Sampah Plastik di Desa Pematang Johar Dusun XV

According to data from the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MoEF), Indonesia will produce 19.45 million tons of waste by 2022. Of the total amount of waste, 882.03 thousand tons of it is waste from North Sumatra. This amount of waste makes North Sumatra the seventh largest waste producer in Indonesia. Pematang Johar Village is one of five villages located in Labuhan Deli Sub-district, Deli Serdang Regency. The village consists of 18 hamlets, one of which is hamlet XV Suka Mulia. Hamlet XV is a hamlet that is labeled as an ecobrick hamlet, because hamlet XV is the first hamlet to bring and apply plastic waste processing with the ecobrick method. The application of this ecobrick has been running since five years ago until now. In this research, the method used is a qualitative method supported by literature studies. In addition, this study also used an interview method conducted with the community of Dusun XV Suka Mulia, Pematang Johar Village

Strategy to Increase Interest in Purchasing Refill Machine Products as an Implementation of Pro-environmental Behavior

Along with the increasing volume of national waste had been getting higher since 2019-202, it increased by 37.3% in national waste was almost 14% of the total of the world. Through the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MEF), the Indonesian government made policies concerning the movement of waste free Indonesia implemented through the 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) which began in 2018. In this regard, companies offer to purchase products without packaging where the buyers were required to bring their own packaging. This study aim to determine public interest in the use of refill machines by analyzing economic aspects, knowledge, facility support, attitude, and pro-environmental behavior. The research used descriptive quantitative method with 155 respondents and the analytical method was Structural Equation Model (SEM) with Smart-PLS software. The results show that there was positive significant effect between knowledge, facility support, and attitude towards pro-environmental behavior. Whereas, the economic aspect had no significant effect on pro-environmental behavior. Researchers suggested business organizations to provide refill machine at affordable prices, and government to provide adequate waste treatment facilities that could be reached easily by the public.

Indonesian Forest and Land Fire Prevention Patrol System

(1) Background: The management of forest and land fires has become of concern to the Indonesian government, as demonstrated by the issuing of the Presidential Instruction of the Republic of Indonesia Number 11 of 2015, then replaced by Number 3 of 2020, concerning Forest and Land Fire Management. In 2002, the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MoEF) established Manggala Agni, a forest fire management organization, at the central government level. This study aims to explain the development of the Indonesian Forest and Land Fire Prevention Patrol System. The system development was conducted by the Computer Science Department of IPB University, in collaboration with the Agency for Climate Change and Forest and Land Fire Management, as well as the Directorate of Forest and Land Fire Management, MoEF. (2) Methods: The system development adopted the steps in the prototyping method, namely communication, quick planning, rapid design modeling, and prototype construction, as well as dissemination, submission, and feedback. (3) Results: The web-based system for the real-time monitoring and analysis of the forest and land fire prevention patrol is integrated into a mobile application for recording field observations during patrol activities. The system testing was successfully conducted by involving the users. The test results show that all features in the system are working correctly and meet the user’s requirements. The mobile application has saved 36.02% of the time for recording the patrol data and 40.32% for creating the patrol reports. In addition, using the web-based application has saved time in preparing the patrol reports by 56.48%.

Reforestation Opportunities in Indonesia: Mitigating Climate Change and Achieving Sustainable Development Goals

Reforestation in the tropics is highlighted as an important intervention to mitigate climate change globally because of its potential for high CO2 removal rates, ranging from 4.5 to 40.7 t CO2e ha−1 yr−1 during the first 20 years of tree growth. Reforestation is critical to meeting emissions’ targets of the Paris Climate Agreement, as well as achieving Indonesia’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) targets. Increasing carbon stocks through forest and land rehabilitation activities (RHL) is one of the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MoEF) five main strategies for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the land sector. This study focuses on reforestation opportunities to support Indonesia’s NDC in reducing GHG emissions by 2030. We identified unproductive areas of land (shrub, open land) with highly degraded conditions as potential areas for reforestation. Based on Indonesian data of land cover change, we found that reforestation activities during 2019–2030 (11 years) under a realistic, ambitious and very ambitious scenario may remove carbon up to −0.25 GtCO2e (equal to −23 MtCO2e yr−1), −1.3 GtCO2e (equal to −124 MtCO2e yr−1) and −2.7 GtCO2e (equal to −247 MtCO2e yr−1), respectively. Based on international data of land cover change (Hansen et al. 2013), reforestation activities during 2019–2030, under a realistic, ambitious, and very ambitious scenario, have the opportunities to remove −17 MtCO2e yr−1, −118 MtCO2e yr−1, and −241 MtCO2e yr−1, respectively. This study demonstrates that ambitious and very ambitious scenarios of reforestation activities can significantly contribute to Indonesia’s forestry-related NDC in 2030 by reducing the Indonesia Business As Usual (BAU) emissions up to 17% and 35%.

COVID-19 Anxiety as a Moderator of the Relationship between Organizational Change and Perception of Organizational Politics in Forestry Public Sector

In addition to an outstanding commitment to the Sustainable Development Goals’ (SDG) agenda to good governance (goal no. 16), there is an argument that the SDGs can only be achieved through good governance with strong political institutions and processes. In Indonesia, a new era in politics has been marked with the new leadership of Joko Widodo (the current Indonesian President) who has a vision to reform the Indonesian bureaucracy. One of the bureaucratic reform implementations is the merging of the Ministry of Forestry and the Ministry of Environment into the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MoE). In this kind of organizational change, employees may have increased perceptions of organizational politics and feelings of uncertainty and anxiety. This effect is suspected to be exacerbated by the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. This article, therefore, aims to investigate the effects of organizational change in the public sector. Based on a survey of 112 state civil apparatuses in the forestry sector in Indonesia, we found that organizational change is positively related to employees’ perception of organizational politics. Nevertheless, our most intriguing finding is that the COVID pandemic situation has decreased employees’ perception of organizational politics. This is because political behaviors are difficult to perform in virtual working settings due to reduced face-to-face interaction and limited non-verbal cues.

A better understanding of gender mainstreaming in environmental policies

Public policies are made to solve public problems. A problem can be said to be a public problem if reality and expectations are different. Women and men have the opportunity to participate in gender equitable development. One of the key components for the successful implementation of gender mainstreaming is the formulation of gender-responsive policies, namely policies that are able to respond to differences in experiences, aspirations and needs between women and men. This article discusses the importance of gender mainstreaming policies and innovations carried out by the Secretary General as a driver institution for gender mainstreaming, realizing gender equality and justice within the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MoEF). It is a descriptive qualitative research with respondents from Policy Makers in the Secretary General of MoEF with purposive sampling. The data were collected through questionnaires, focus group discussion. Data were analyzed using a systematic literature review (SLR) model. A gender policy through the Regulation of the MoEF, the innovations carried out by driver institution. Conclusion of this article is gender mainstreaming policies are important for incorporated into the MoEF’s environmental and forestry policies.

The Implementation of Organization Development at PT Pembangkitan Jawa-Bali

Background – PT Pembangkitan Jawa-Bali (PT PJB) is a subsidiary of PT PLN (Persero) which participates in the Business Performance Rating Program in Environmental Management (PROPER) organized by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MoEF) of the Republic of Indonesia based on Ministry of Environment Regulation No 06 year 2013. As a subsidiary of PT PLN (Persero), PT PJB establishes management contracts which aim to get a Gold PROPER rating from the MoEF. Even so, the company still has some challenges as it encounters several problems of managing CSR internally. As a first step, PT PJB, especially in CSR Department, has made improvements in its organization by implementing a PROPER-based performance appraisal system in managing CSR in all PT PJB Power Plants. Purpose – Examining the phenomenon which has been occurring for the past several years, researcher decided to conduct observations and interviews. This study tries to explain descriptively how changes have been designed and implemented through the "Performance Management Model" approach. Design / Methodology / Approach – This study is a qualitative field research. The data for this research were collected through observation and interviews. Focus interview were about CSR concept, Company’s goal and target, integrated CSR management to Company’s vision and mission, CSR management problems in different area, and social-environment national issue. Data collected were then analyzed using content analysis method. Result and Discussion – Positive impacts were found after the implementation of change in management model at the CSR Department, such as maturity level in CSR management increased, charity program decreased, and human resources capability increased. The result that One of the company’s Power Plants, Paiton Power Plant, won the Gold PROPER rating. It could be considered as the biggest achievement since the company became the only power plant in the PLN (Persero) Group which first obtained a Gold PROPER rating. Conclusion – The establishment and implementation of PROPER-based governance system would not be optimum if it did not involve employees (Head Department, Managers, Supervisors, and staff) mastering in CSR. Research Limitations – This study has limitations in reference, namely the limited researches and previous journals on organizational change, particularly in the management of its CSR activities, which researcher found as reference material.

EVALUATION OF REVEGETATION PRACTICES IN POST-MINED AREAS OF INDONESIA

In compliance with government regulations, mining companies in Indonesia are obliged to reclaim and return a post-mined area into its pre-mining condition. Revegetation, as part of reclamation activity, performs a significant role in the rehabilitation of degraded post-mined areas to restore their productive land uses. Hence, this study aimed to assess tree growth on the reclamation sites across four mining companies in East Kalimantan, South Sulawesi, South Sumatra, and West Java in Indonesia and to evaluate whether the companies have met the legal requirements set for site revegetation. The success parameters were based on the applicable regulations of the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MOEF) P.60/Menhut-II/2009 and tree growth parameters (stem diameter, total height and basal area). The parameters set by MOEF included revegetation realization, survival rate, tree density, tree health, species composition and rotation length. The four mining companies applied the two-phase planting method that included the planting of Enterolobium cyclocarpum for the first phase; and in the second phase, the slow growing native species, such as Intsia palembanica, Sycygium polyanthum, Shorea spp. and Elmerrillia tsiampaca. The tree growth parameters showed different performances over species and reclaimed sites. An extremely high growth of stem basal area of 57.6 m2/ha in 11 years, was recorded in the E. tyclocarpum stand of the Mining Company in South Sulawesi. All four mining companies strived to comply with the regulation with scores of revegetation success ranging from 15 to 25 out of 25 possible points. However, these favorable results may not be representative of all the mining companies, as the ones assessed were only those voluntarily supporting this research. Moreover, each of the four companies made some distinct efforts in implementing post-mining revegetation, such as by establishing plots of Melaleuca cajuputi trees producing cajuput oil and polycultures of native species.  Keywords: mining, reclamation, reforestation, rehabilitation, success parameters    Â

Ecosystem Restoration Policy and Implementation in Production Forest in Indonesia

The issuance of the Ministry of Forestry Regulation (Number SK 159/Menhut-II/2004) on Ecosystem Restoration in Production Forest marked a paradigm shift in production forest management in Indonesia from timber to ecosystem-based. By 2019, the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MoEF) has issued 16 ecosystem restoration concessions (ERC) in production forest totaling 622,826 ha, or only 21% out of the 3 million ha of MoEF's target. Although this policy was considered a breakthrough and it garnered significant attention, currently, there is no comprehensive assessment on the development of ERC policy and its impacts on achieving MoEF's target. Applied a combination of policy content, process, and implementation analysis, and rational policy analysis, this research examined the gaps in ER policy and implementation and identified policy space to pursue necessary policy improvement. The findings suggested that existing policy remains inadequate to support the implementation of ERC from the licensing process to performance evaluation. This study has identified the need to revise the applicable regulations to facilitate the objectives of ERC management unit, and the objective of ecosystem restoration in the production forest. Revisions include ecological, social, and economic aspects using available policy space that supported by the coalition of actors within the Ecosystem Restoration Working Group.

Assessing the Agreement between Deforestation Maps of Kalimantan from Various Sources

Due to its multiscale impacts, deforestation of tropical rainforests had become a global concern. A number of stakeholders comprising government, research agencies, and NGOs; ranging from local to international levels; have developed their own forest monitoring systems for detecting forest loss. However, discrepancies on deforestation reports from various producers often trigger public debates; which mostly degenerate the productivity of efforts in providing salient, legitimate and credible data on deforestation. Thus, we should reconcile the dispute by acknowledging the deforestation data from all sources. This study assessed the agreement between deforestation maps from various sources. In this case, deforestation maps of Kalimantan within 2009-2013 period from 4 sources were used; i.e. deforestation maps from European Space Agency - Climate Change Initiative (ESA-CCI), Forest Watch Indonesia (FWI), Global Forest Watch (GFW), and Indonesian Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MoEF). We found that the inter-rater agreement between deforestation maps were relatively low, as indicated by Cohen’s kappa (κ), ranging from slight (κ=0.18 between ESA-CCI and GFW) to fair (0.24 ≤ κ ≤ 0.35 for other pairs of sources); due to omission/commission disagreements (47.82% to 87.58%). It suggests that in order to reconcile the dispute, we should remove the omission disagreement by forming the union of deforestation maps. The results from further analyses proved that the union of deforestation maps increased the agreement to moderate (κ=0.44 between union map and FWI) and even substantial (κ=0.79 between union map and GFW). Findings of this study should support the implementation of one map policy.

Private forest in facing the timber legality regime in Indonesia: the NGOs’ role

Private forest becomes a role model of sustainable forest management in Indonesia. Not only it is able to rehabilitate critical lands, but it also significantly contributes to meet the community daily needs and wood-based industries due to using agroforestry system as its management practice. However, in 2009 the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MoEF) of Indonesia decided to implement a timber legality assurance system as a mandatory instrument including for private forest. However, the administrations and procedures are complicated. Private forest thus faces new challenges to obey the complication of the system. NGOs are often mentioned as the most contributing actor in solving private forest difficulties. This paper thus attempts to shed light on the challenges faced by private forest because of the timber legality policy and how NGOs take their role.

Comparative Study of Methods to Estimate Historical Peat Burnt Area in Gaung – Batang Tuaka River of Peat Hydrological Unit (KHG)

As a country with 14.9 ha of peatland, Indonesia is a major contributor of GHG emissions, especially from peat ecosystems. These emissions were caused by peat decomposition and peat fires. However, accurate estimation of peat burnt area was still a barrier that prevented the inclusion of peat fire emission in the document of Forest Reference Emission Level (FREL) as a followup document to REDD+ activities. This research has the objective to analyse two different approaches to estimate peat burnt area used in the FREL document and the most recent semi-automatic approach suggested by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MoEF). The study focused on the Gaung – Batang Tuaka River Peat Hydrological Unit (KHG), as one of the KHG priorities in Indonesia. The results showed that the average total annual burnt area from the FREL approach was 58% higher than that of the semi-automatic approach, which could lead to an overestimate of peat fire emissions from this approach. The burnt area identified in this study was found to occur within the production forest area. As stepwise approach is allowed for FREL submission, improvements to a higher precision method are necessary to increase the accuracy of burnt area estimation.

The dynamics of mangrove forest: the relationship between mangrove community structures and carbon stock–study cased in the Jakarta Bay

Pollution has resulted degradation that affects carbon stocks and mangrove composition and structure. Ecologically this relationship creates conditions that are interrelated with each other. This research has been conducted along in the shores of Jakarta Bay, from Tangerang (Banten Province)-North Jakarta (DKI Jakarta)- Muara Bendera (Bekasi-West Java province). The purpose of this research is to design the relationship between mangrove community structure and carbon stock. The method used vegetation analysis, allometric, Pearson correlation, and system dynamic. The result is the average of import value index at tree level is 113.57%, at tillers level is 92.03%, and the seedling levels is 80.6%. The average coverage for all levels was 38.62%, and according to regulation ministry of environment and forestry (MoEF) number 201 in years 2004, it was put into damaged criteria. Dominant species are performed by Avicennia marina, Avicennia lanata, Rhizophora aviculata, Soneratia caseolaris, and Soneratia alba. The average of carbon stock was 204.25 grC.m-2 with an average of 454.04 grC.m-2 biomass, an average litter of 271.59 grC.m-2, an average sediment of 206.31 grC.m-2, an average of roots of 45.4 grC.m-2, and average of nekromassa of 43.88 grC.m-2. Carbon stocks in above of soil surface was 67% of the total, and in below ground level was 33% of the total. The result of Pearson correlation showed a negative relationship between mangrove community structure and carbon stocks. This linear relationship shows the interplay between them. The low value of the mangrove community structure causes a low value in carbon stocks, and they were trying to balance in ecosystem. This is strengthening the hypothetic that the degradation occupied the mangrove forest and occurred for a long time. By looking at the ecological design which is explains their relationship, it is predicted that the Jakarta Bay will lose mangrove forest in the next around 40’s years, if the habitat condition remains the same as it is today.

A reflection of Social Forestry in 2019: Towards inclusive and collaborative government approaches

In this policy forum, we seek to engage in a discussion related to the acceleration of social forestry approaches, foremost led by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MOEF), and supported by civil society actors. This article thus points to three key areas of reflection being raised among forums at different governing scales at the end of 2018. The first is a reflection of the national level issues discussed in a forum convened by MOEF in partnership with the media organization Tempo Magazine. The second is part of a reflection on a forum conducted by the Lampung province, which was convened by a coalition of NGOs. Finally, the third forum for reflection involved a public consultation about a study on the impacts of social forestry in South Sulawesi. These three forums highlighted that there is a sharp increase in formal social forestry designations by bureaucratically requiring regions to submit proposals, which are then followed up by verification of sites. This has resulted in a large increase in the number of social forestry permits and has also had the consequence of opening up bureaucratic access (in this case by MOEF) to civil society organizations in more inclusive and collaborative ways. However, on the other hand, we also found that amidst these discussions, there was also a strong element of recentralization emerging in the forestry sector related to permits, in which decision-making powers were being redirected to the central government. Another finding that emerged involves the weakening of capacity among communities themselves to benefit from social forestry designations. Therefore, although there are indications of positive engagement by government towards the principles of collaboration, concerns also emerge about the ways community engagement is unfolding. Overall, this highlights important considerations for improving social forestry policy and implementation for the future.

Current achievements to reduce deforestation in Kalimantan

Indonesia has developed its forest reference emission level (FREL), using a historical reference period of 1990-2012. Based on official Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MoEF) data, this paper analyses gross deforestation rates and emissions from deforestation in the five provinces of the island of Kalimantan which occurred in the time after 2012, i.e. 2013 until 2015, and puts them in relation to the average annual deforestation and emission rates of each province in the reference period. Even though the overall linear trend of deforestation and emission rates in Kalimantan from 1990 until 2015 goes down, this trend is not reflected in all of the five provinces equally. West and North Kalimantan’s rates even seem to be on the rise. The potentials to achieve emission reduction targets thus remain unequal for each province in Kalimantan Island.