Abstract
The issuance of the Ministry of Forestry Regulation (Number SK 159/Menhut-II/2004) on Ecosystem Restoration in Production Forest marked a paradigm shift in production forest management in Indonesia from timber to ecosystem-based. By 2019, the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MoEF) has issued 16 ecosystem restoration concessions (ERC) in production forest totaling 622,826 ha, or only 21% out of the 3 million ha of MoEF's target. Although this policy was considered a breakthrough and it garnered significant attention, currently, there is no comprehensive assessment on the development of ERC policy and its impacts on achieving MoEF's target. Applied a combination of policy content, process, and implementation analysis, and rational policy analysis, this research examined the gaps in ER policy and implementation and identified policy space to pursue necessary policy improvement. The findings suggested that existing policy remains inadequate to support the implementation of ERC from the licensing process to performance evaluation. This study has identified the need to revise the applicable regulations to facilitate the objectives of ERC management unit, and the objective of ecosystem restoration in the production forest. Revisions include ecological, social, and economic aspects using available policy space that supported by the coalition of actors within the Ecosystem Restoration Working Group.
Highlights
Since the beginning of the New Order regime in 1968, the forestry business, timber, has been the main pillar for Indonesia's economic development
Government of Indonesia (GoI)'s commitment to supporting the implementation of ecosystem restoration concessions (ERC) in Indonesia was demonstrated through the issuance of over 30 regulations from 2004 to 2019, which directly and indirectly govern ecosystem restoration in the production forest
ERC-related regulations that have been issued remain inadequate to support the implementation of ERC in Indonesia
Summary
Since the beginning of the New Order regime in 1968, the forestry business, timber, has been the main pillar for Indonesia's economic development. This lucrative business developed rapidly until the end of the 1990s. In 1993, 575 logging concessions were operating in Indonesia, covering a total area of up to 61.7 million ha. The number of logging concessions operating in Indonesia had decreased significantly to 323 units covering a total area of 28.8 million ha in 2007 (Center of Forestry Planning and Statistic, 2009). These numbers continued to decrease to 277 units in 2013, and in 2017 only 259 units were still in operation with a total area of 18.8 million ha or only 29.7% from the total logging concession area in 1993 (MoEF, 2017)
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