Mineral Premix Research Articles

PSVIII-22 Maternal vitamin and mineral supplementation affect fetal hepatic expression of genes underlying mineral homeostasis and lipid metabolism in early pregnancy

Abstract Vitamins and minerals play critical roles in functions such as hormone production, DNA synthesis, regulation of gene expression, and lipid metabolism. However, the impact of vitamin and mineral supplementation on fetal programming and the interplay with gene expression of fetal organs remains unclear. We used a differential gene expression analysis to determine effects of maternal vitamin and mineral supplementation (from pre-breeding to d 83 post-breeding) on fetal hepatic gene expression and the pathways underlying liver function and metabolism at 83 d of gestation. Crossbred Angus beef heifers were supplemented (VTM, n = 7) or not (CON, n = 8) with 113 g•heifer-1•d-1 of mineral premix (Purina® Wind & Rain Storm All-Season 7.5 Complete) from a minimum d 71 before breeding through d 83 of gestation. After breeding, heifers were fed to gain 0.79 kg/d. All heifers were surgically ovariohysterectomized on d 83 and fetal liver collected. Total RNA was isolated from the fetal liver (n = 15) and gene expression measured with RNA-Seq. After library quality control and read mapping, differential expression was performed using edgeR. We identified 53 genes upregulated and 37 downregulated in the VTM group (adj.Pval < 0.1). Genes involved with mineral homeostasis, such as MT1A, MT1E, and MT2A, were among those differentially expressed underlying the mineral absorption pathway. ABCA1 and ABCA6, which are involved in cholesterol and metal ion transport across the plasma membrane, and PPARG and SDR16C5, that act on lipoprotein transport and metabolism, were upregulated in the VTM group. Also upregulated in the VTM group, the CUBN gene plays a role in vitamin and iron metabolism. In summary, maternal vitamin and mineral supplementation from pre-breeding to d 83 of gestation leads to upregulation of fetal hepatic genes acting on mineral homeostasis, lipid transport, and metabolism.

Effects of copper source and supplementation level on degradation products, color, and fatty acid profile in canned pet food

Discolored thermally processed canned pet foods may be perceived by pet owners as moldy or adulterated. Interactions between trace minerals, especially copper, and fatty acids or carbohydrates may occur during canning. Today, copper is supplemented primarily as highly reactive, inorganically bound copper sulfate. Chelated copper sources may protect the metal ion and prevent formation of undesirable/visually unfavorable reactions. Therefore, the objective of this work was to determine the effects of 3 mineral premixes at 2 levels of inclusion in a canned pet food diet on color, degradation products, and fatty acid profile. In a 2ｘ3 + 1 augmented factorial arrangement of treatments, canned pet food diets were as follows: no mineral premix (NC), 60 mg/kg dry matter (DM) from copper-lysine-glutamate (LG60), copper amino acid complex (CA60), and copper sulfate (CS60), or 300 mg/kg DM from the same copper sources (LG300, CA300, and CS300, respectively). The copper supplementation levels represented roughly 8–12 and 41–60 times the minimum recommended allowances for adult dogs and cats [7.3 and 5.0 mg/kg DM, respectively; Association of American Feed Control Officials AAFCO (2017)]. Diets were produced in three 20-can batches over 3 days (replicates) and cooked in a still retort (Dixie; Athens, GA). All treatments were analyzed for copper, iron, zinc, manganese, thiamin, vitamin A, and vitamin E. Fatty acids were quantified for NC, CS60, LG60, and CA60. Color was analyzed by slicing the full canned product into 4 segments and measuring each portion with a colorimeter (CIELAB color system). Data were analyzed as a linear mixed model with significance set at P < 0.05. Fatty acids were not affected (P > 0.05) by copper source, nor were thiamin or vitamin A by concentration or source of copper. Vitamin E concentration of NC was greater (P < 0.05) than all other treatments. The control (NC), as a reference, was lighter, redder, and more yellow (P < 0.05) than all other treatments. Yellowness was not different (P > 0.05) between copper-supplemented treatments and LG300 was darker (P < 0.05) than LG60, CA60, and CS300 but did not differ (P > 0.05) from CS60 or CA300. This research indicated that all copper sources tested led to color change of canned pet food when over-supplemented. Further research is needed to determine if copper at lower levels might decrease discoloration to undetectable levels.

The role of dietary supplements in the meat productivity of rabbits with a dry type of feeding

The role of vitamin-mineral premix and nanocrystalline iron in the meat productivity of young rabbits was studied by classical methods in the scientific and economic experience in the departments of fur farming and Rabbit Breeding of the V. A. Afanasyev Research Institute of Fur Farming and Rabbit Breeding. From 180 heads of young rabbits at the age of 45 days, 3 groups of 60 heads each were formed according to the principle of analogues: the 1-st-control group received a typical full-fledged granulated mixed feed (FGMF) with a vitamin-mineral premix P 90-2T, in the (FGMF) of the 2-nd and 3-rd experimental groups, the premix was absent, but nanocrystalline iron was included in the (FGMF) of the 3-rd group. Control slaughter of rabbits to assess meat productivity was carried out at the age of 90 days. During the experiment, it was found that the feed in all groups was identical in gross caloric content, but slightly different in the ratio of nutrients. In the mixed feed of the experimental groups, there were more nutrients with the highest digestibility coefficient (fat and soluble carbohydrates) and almost 2 times less fiber, which is slightly digested in young rabbits, only by 3-10%. Rabbits of all groups had no significant differences in live weight and average daily gain. But during the fattening period, the rabbits of the experimental groups consumed less feed when feeding freely than in the control group. At the same time, there were no significant differences in the mass of the carcass and the slaughter yield between the groups. But the feed conversion rate in the experimental groups was 1.32 and 1.28 lower than in the control group, which is economically advantageous. Based on the results of the experiment, it can be assumed that the inclusion of biologically active additives in the form of vitamin-mineral premix and nanocrystalline iron in the full-fledged granular feed for young rabbits does not make much sense, since it does not contribute to increasing meat productivity. In the cost of mixed feed, the vitamin and mineral premix accounts for 10%. Optimizing the ratio of nutrients in the diet plays a crucial role in reducing the feed conversion rate.

Effect of using Spirulina platensis in place of vitamin mineral premix in feed on the performance of broiler

Feed of commercial broiler fortified by the external sources of vitamin and minerals which is expensive and increase the cost of feed. Blue green algae (Spirulinaplatensis) would be an alternative to those synthetic micronutrients after production in laboratory scale was studied in broiler.Spirulinaplatensiswas cultured in inorganic media contained macronutrients NaHCO3, K2HPO4, NaNO3, K2SO4, NaCl, MgSO4.7H2O, CaCl2, and FeSO4.2H2O and micronutrient solution containing H3BO4, MnCl2.4H2O, ZnSO4.7H2O, CuSO4.5H2O, MoO3, CoCl2.6H2O. Media was autoclaved and Spirulinawas cultured for 12 hours lighting with continuous aeration for 15 days to use in poultry feed. Day old broiler chick (180) was reared offering starter mash diet for 7 days. Birds were divided into 6 groups having 30 birds in each (10 per cage). Birds were offered 1. Control diet, 2. 75% premix+25% Spirulina, 3. 50% premix+50% Spirulina, 4. 25% premix+75% Spirulina, 5. 0% premix+100% Spirulina and 6. 0% premix+0% Spirulina (negative control). Spirulinawas calculated on DM basis added minerals in the media. After 21 days (28 day old) final body weight was 1039, 1070, 1044, 1065, 1117 and 893 g/bird in group 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 where higher (P&lt;0.5) weight observed in Spirulinagroup (5). Feed intake was observed more or less similar in all groups (1483±24g). Feed conversion ratio was 1.72, 1.65, 1.69, 1.62, 1.61 and 1.99 in group 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 respectively (P&lt;0.5) where higher in negative control group (6) and control group (1), but was lowest in 75% Spirulinagroup (4) and highest (100%) Spirulina group (5). Ash% is also highest in 100% Spirulina group 5 (55.07) than any other group. Considering growth performance of broiler, complete replacement of vitamin-mineral premix could be possible by cultured Spirulinaalong with media in broiler diet. Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2021. 50 (1):64-72

Influence of nutritional value of complete feed on the chemical composition of rabbit meat

Rabbit breeding, one of the oldest branches of animal husbandry, provides man with a wide range of agricultural products, the main one being dietary meat. Many domestic and foreign scientists pay great attention to the chemical composition of rabbit meat and the factors affecting it. It is known that the protein content in rabbit meat increases with age, but no significant difference in the protein content in rabbit meat of different breeds has been established. The article shows the dependence of the chemical composition of rabbit meat on the ratio of nutrients in the diet with a dry type of feeding. In a scientific and economic experiment on young rabbits of the Soviet chinchilla breed, the influence of the ratio of nutrients in a complete granulated feed on the chemical composition of meat at slaughter at the age of 90 days was established. It was formed on the principle of analogs of the 2nd group of young animals at the age of 45 days, 60 heads in each: group 1 - control, 2 - experiment. The rabbits were fed with full-feed granulated feed (FGF), consisting of the same plant and mineral components: barley, oats, corn, grass flour, sunflower meal, feed chalk, monocalcium phosphate, table salt. The composition of the FGF 1 of the control group contained 1% of the vitamin and mineral premix P 90-2T; the composition of the FGF of the experimental group contained no vitamin and mineral premix. The diets of the control and experimental groups differed in the ratio of protein, fat and fiber. As a result of laboratory studies by the method of full zootechnical analysis, it was found that the chemical composition of rabbit meat from the hip part does not depend on the nutritional value of the diet, and the neck part does, and the protein content is inversely related.

Dietary Selenium reduces the toxic effect of Mercury on different organs (Brain, Gills, Kidney and Liver) of Rohu fish (Labeo rohita)

Because of improbably high partiality with antioxidant selenium to mercury, selenium isolates mercury and reduces its biological handiness to organisms. The present study investigates the effect of mercury (Hg) and selenium (Se) on the fingerling of Labeo rohita. The various sub-lethal concentrations of Hg i.e. 0.125µg/g, 0.250µg/g, and 0.500µg/g was used and incorporated in diet with a commercial diet (fish meal 40%, soya bean 33%, 3 % of vitamins premix, mineral premix and oil each and rice polish 18%). To understand how selenium reduces the toxic effect of mercury, fingerlings were exposed with 6ug/g Se singly and combined with doses of Hg. The effect of these heavy metals was observed after 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours in different organs of (Brain, Gills, Kidney and Liver) of Labeo rohita. The organs of exposed rohu showed significant changes in their microscopic anatomy in comparison to control. Prominent changes were observed in Hg treatments and found embody shrinkage of capillary, and dilation of the hollow lumen. In addition to the aforementioned changes vacuolation, peeling, hydropic swelling, and hyaline degeneration of hollow epithelium were also observed. Cysts and hamorrhage developed additionally seem in the organs of fish. Length of exposure seems to own a profound impact on organs because the increase in length of exposure enhanced the severity of histopathological damages. However, combined doses of metals cause reduction in the toxicity of mercury results in decrease damage in the shrinkage of capillary and dilation of the hollow lumen. During histological study vacuolation, hydropic swelling, and hyaline degeneration of hollow epithelium were also reduced. In Hg, the lethal concentration (LC50) was 0.374ug/g while when Hg and Se were combined, LC50 drops to 0.491ug/g. Results of this study suggest that exposure to Se helps to scale back the impact of mercury on mortality and different organs of Labeo rohita fingerling.

Efficacy of Formulated Feed Preference and Stocking Density on Growth and Survival of Baby Pila globosa Reared in Laboratory Condition

Quality diet as food for raising freshwater snails under laboratory conditions has a significant effect on their growth and the number of egg clutches laid as well as on the size of the snail. Now a days, some innovative farmers of Bangladesh started snail culture within their fish farms in the view of producing snail to use as feed for their Prawn (Macrobrachiam rosenbergii), indigenous catfish (Clarius batrachus) farms, domestic duck farms and also as a protein supplement for preparing fish feed. From previous study we know that Bulinus nyassanus growth and survive rate was found well on locally formulated fish diet consisting of 30% crude protein with ingredients comprising fish meal, maize bran, rice bran, soya bean, wheat bran, hemicellulose (binder), vitamin premix and mineral premix. But no such research has been done in case of apple snail. The present study was aimed to investigate the feed formulation preferred by Pila globosa species and their effects on survival and growth of these snails in laboratory condition. Three type of formulated feed viz., pellet feed, fish meal and 50% fish meal + 50% crusted khudipana were used for the experiment in high and low stocking density of baby snails. The present findings shown that the diets in order of preference based on their effects on growth and survival of snails were formulated pellet feed, fish meal and 50% fish meal+ 50% crushed khudipana. After rearing of 28 days, highest growth found 0.32g with 86.66% survival with formulated diet in 60nos/L stocking density and 0.35g with 90% survival with formulated diet in 30nos/L stocking density. It`s indicate that the snails reared on formulated pellet feed diets and lower stocking density gave better performance in terms of survival and mean growth rate than those reared on other diets.

​Effect of Probiotic Enterococcus gallinarum N3 Supplemented Feed on Growth Performance of Freshwater Fish Cyprinus carpio

Background: Probiotic is the best solution (Produce antimicrobial compounds, inhibit colonization of pathogenic microorganism, increase digestive ability and confer better health to the host) as an alternative to antibiotics against various microbial infection in freshwater and marine water. The freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio was selected for this research work (due to high growth rate, high protein content, ability to survive under different climatic conditions and its availability throughout the year) to observe the effect of probiotic Enterococcus gallinarum N3 supplemented feed on its growth. Methods: In this present research work Prepared three different concentration of probiotic Enterococcus gallinarum N3 (0.1%. 0.5% and 1.0%) along with basal diet containing other ingredients (fish meal, groundnut oil cake, wheat bran, starch and Vitamin mineral premix). Initially 14 days acclimatized freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio to laboratory condition selected randomly for four treatment groups as Control (C) and probiotic feed treated T1, T2 and T3 group. The experiment was carried out for 42 days with continuous aeration, natural photoperiod of 16 hrs light and 8 hrs dark, maintain temperature constant and fishes fed diet twice daily. The feed ingredients and experimental diets analysed for proximate composition and measured Weight gain, Specific growth rate (SGR), and Feed conversion efficiency (FCE). Result: The proximate composition of the feed was determined as percentage dry matter in which 36.21% protein, 6.8% moisture and 7.8% of lipid. The probiotic feed experiment was conducted for 42 days and entire group of fishes was survived. The effect of probiotic feed on growth performance of Cyprinus carpio was measured as initial weight, final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate and feed conversion efficiency. The growth changes were observed before and after treatment with 0.1%, 0.5% and 1.0% of probiotic E. gallinarum N3 fed to Cyprinus carpio. The final weight (g) and final length (cm) was measured in treatment T1 (3.107 g; 3.32 cm), T2 (3.258 g; 3.40 cm) and T3 (3.413 g; 3.52 cm) respectively as compared with Control group C (2.255 g; 2.98 cm). The percentage weight gain obtained in group T1 (37.78%), T2 (44.45%) and (51.55%) respectively as compared with Control group C (29.54%). Maximum specific growth rate was observed in treatments T1 (0.94 % day-1), T2 (0.99% day-1) and T3 (1.02% day-1) as compared with control group C (0.56% day-1). The results showed better growth performance and feed utilization in all the three treated groups T1, T2 and T3. The best growth performance (final weight, final length, weight gain, specific growth rate and feed conversion efficiency) and feed utilization (moisture, protein and lipid) was observed best in T3 (1 g kg-1) group of fishes as compared to control C group. There was significant difference (P greater than 0.05) in final weight, final length, weight gain, specific growth rate and feed conversion efficiency.

The influence of mineral granulated complex on milk productivity and quality indicators of cows’ milk

The purpose of the research was to study the effectiveness of the use of rations for freshly calved cows during the increasing the milk yield period with the use of new mineral granulated complexes produced by Uralchem LLC. The results of research on the replacement of the mineral part of the vitamin and mineral premix in the rations of lactating cows with the mineral granular complex developed according to two recipes have been presented in the article. Research has shown that cows of the 1st and 2nd experimental groups during the experiment period gave more milk than their herdmates from the control group by 70,8 (P ≥ 0,95) and 106,2 kg (P ≥ 0,95). Due to the higher milk yield of animals that consumed the granulated complex, the yield of milk fat was greater than that of the control analogues by 3,21 (P ≥ 0,95) and 5,17 kg (P ≥ 0,95), protein by 2,70 and 4,30 kg (P ≥ 0,95). The milk yield of cows of the 1st and 2nd experimental groups for 305 days of lactation was higher than in the control group, respectively, by 205,3 (P ≥ 0,95) and 296,8 kg (P ≥ 0,95). In the milk of cows that consumed the granulated complex, there was a tendency for a higher content of dry matter (0,09 and 0,16 %), lactose (0,01 and 0,06 %), nonfat milk solids (0,09 and 0,07 %), ash (0,05 and 0,05 %) in comparison with analogues from the control group. A similar trend has been established between groups of cows in terms of milk density, acidity and rennet coagulability. The revenue from the sale of milk produced from cows of the 1st and 2nd experimental groups was more than in the control group for the experimental period (120 days) by 2074,6 and 3344,0 rubles and for the 305 days of lactation by 7055,4 and 9950,6 rubles.

Вплив шишок хмелю і вітаміну E на кетогенез та антиоксидантний статус корів

The purpose of the work was the correction rumen fermentation in the transition cows to prevent metabolic disorders. For the experiment, two groups of Ukrainian dairy black-and-white breed cows were formed, 10 animals per group. The experiment lasted 3 weeks prepartum and 3 weeks postpartum. Animals received a balanced diet, which consisted of haylage, silage, barley, wheat, corn, soybean meal, salt, mineral and vitamin premix. The first group was the control. To the diet of second group 300 mg of α-tocopherol acetate (0.6 g of Rovimix E-50) and 1 g/kg of dry hop cones per kg of dry matter was added. Before calving, the tested feed additive reduced the concentration of peroxide oxidation products in the cows blood (P&lt;0.05) without affecting other parameters. Changes that are more significant detected after calving. A decrease in the concentration of lipid hydroperoxides (P&lt;0.05), TBARS (P&lt;0.05), and beta-hydroxybutyrate (P&lt;0.05) were observed in the blood of the cows of the experimental group. Therefore, the addition into diet of transition cows of α-tocopherol and hop cones inhibits the lipid peroxidation and reduces the ketones formation. So, this feed supplement can be used to prevent ketosis and steatosis in cows.

The effect of trace minerals on the stability of retinol acetate, cholecalciferol and selenomethionine stability within premixes

This study compared the effect of an organic proteinate mineral source and an inorganic sulphate mineral source in relation to their effect on the stability of retinol acetate and cholecalciferol within simulated premixes, while comparing the stability of two different selenomethionine (SeMet) sources (selenium enriched yeast (SeYeast) and the chemically synthesised L-SeMet) in the presence of inorganic sulphate mineral sources within simulated premixes. Four vitamin-trace mineral premixes, two containing organic trace mineral sources in the form of proteinates and two containing inorganic trace mineral sources in the form of sulphates, were formulated so that, when added to a complete broiler feed at the appropriate inclusion rates, they contained the same amount of retinol acetate and cholecalciferol and varying levels of trace minerals (National Research Council recommended level, commonly used industry level or a reduced inclusion level). The two SeMet-trace mineral premixes were formulated to contain commonly used industry levels of vitamins and trace minerals. The two SeMet-trace mineral premixes differed in the source of SeMet. One premix contained chemically synthesised L-SeMet while the other contained SeYeast. The vitamin content of the four vitamin-trace mineral premixes was analysed after 14 and 84 days in storage by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography and the amount present within each of the premixes was compared to the quantity determined prior to storage. In general, the premixes formulated with the sulphate trace mineral source were found to have higher losses of retinol acetate and cholecalciferol than those formulated with the proteinate trace mineral source. The inclusion of the proteinate minerals at both National Research Council and reduced inclusion levels significantly (P≤0.05) increased the stability of both the vitamins when compared to the inorganic sulphate mineral sources included at commonly used industry levels. The SeMet content of the two SeMet-trace mineral premixes was analysed after 49 days in storage by high performance liquid chromatography – inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and the amount of SeMet present within each of the samples was compared to the quantity determined prior to storage. SeMet present within the SeYeast was found to be significantly more stable (P≤0.05) than the chemically synthesised L-SeMet.

PSIII-6 Gene Expression Profile of Beef Heifer Placental Caruncles Is Affected by Pre-breeding and Early Gestation Micronutrient Supplementation

Abstract Vitamins and minerals are essential for proper fetal and placental development and function. However, the impact of micronutrient supplementation on placental function and gene expression remains unclear. Herein, we performed a transcriptomic analysis to determine the impact of pre-breeding maternal micronutrient supplementation on the gene expression of placental caruncles (CAR; maternal placenta). Crossbred Angus beef heifers were supplemented (VTM, n = 7) or not (CON, n = 7) with 113 g•heifer-1•d-1 of mineral premix (Purina® Wind &amp; Rain® Storm® All-Season 7.5 Complete) from d 71 to 148 before breeding and until d 83 of gestation. After breeding, heifers were fed a diet to gain 0.79 kg/d. Uteroplacental tissues were collected at d 83. The largest placentome closest to the fetus was collected, and CAR was manually dissected from the cotyledon. Total RNA was isolated from CAR, and gene expression was measured with RNA-Seq. After data quality control and read mapping, differential expression was performed using DESeq2. We identified 46 upregulated and 19 downregulated genes in the VTM group (adj.Pval &amp;lt; 0.1). ShinyGO pathway analysis software was used to identify genes in the Ca and CGMP-PKG signaling pathways, including CALM2 and CAMK2G, which were down and upregulated, respectively. Calcium-mediated systems may activate steroidogenic activity in bovine placentomes, while the cGMP-PKG pathway plays a key role in vascular homeostasis mediated by nitric oxide and decreased Ca concentrations. Furthermore, biological processes underlying blood circulation were among those over-represented. Previous studies report that maternal nutrition may impact placental vascularity and uterine blood flow. ATP2B, that is upregulated in the VTM group, is a calcium/calmodulin-regulated, magnesium-dependent protein involved in intracellular Ca homeostasis. In summary, pre-breeding and early gestation maternal micronutrient supplementation leads to differential expression of genes involved in Ca homeostasis and has a putative effect on placenta vascular function.

Use of Spirulina platensis in place of vitamin mineral premix on the performance of broiler

The experiment was conducted to compare the effects of different sources of Spirulina and vitamin mineral premix as feed additive on the growth performance of broiler. Two hundred day old broiler chicks (COBB-500) were divided into five groups such as T1-(Feed containing 0.30% Vitamin mineral premix+0.0% Spirulina), T2-(Feed containing 0.15% Vitamin mineral premix+0.15% Spirulina from China), T3-(Feed containing 0.0% Vitamin mineral premix+0.30% Spirulina from China), T4-(Feed containing 0.15% Vitamin mineral premix+0.15% Spirulina from Myanmar) and T5-(Feed containing 0.0% Vitamin mineral premix+0.30% Spirulina from Myanmar) having four replication in each group containing 10 birds/replication. The experiment was conducted for 28 days (Completely Randomized Design) with ad libitum feed and water. Live weight was numerically higher (P&gt;0.05) in T4 in 4th weeks of age. Lower feed intake observed in T3 and T5 which was mainly 50% replacement of vitamin mineral premix by Spirulina. After end of the feeding trial feed conversion ratio (1.66) in control group was higher (P&lt;0.05) than other groups (1.63, 1.64, 1.59 and 1.61 respectively in T2, T3, T4 and T5). Dressing percentage (63.12%), breast weight (21.22%) and thigh weight (8.54%) were higher (P&lt;0.05) in T4 than all other groups. Concentration of total cholesterol in blood plasma (64.42mg/dl) and serum albumin (1.75g/dl) was lower (P&lt;0.05) in T4. It could be concluded that Spirulina from Myanmar is better than China and 50% synthetic vitamin mineral premix could be replaced by using Spirulina from Myanmar for better growth of broiler.&#x0D; Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2020. 49 (2): 151-158

A full factorial design to investigate interactions of variable essential amino acids, trace minerals and vitamins on Atlantic salmon smoltification and post transfer performance

To contribute in knowledge for the development of safe, efficient and sustainable functional salmon diets, we ran a feeding trial applying a 23 full factorial design to investigate combined effects, on Atlantic salmon smoltification and post transfer performance, of variable supplementation levels of essential amino acid (Lys, Met, Thr and Arg), essential trace mineral (Zn, Fe and Se) and vitamins (E, C and astaxanthin as provitamin A) premixes in low fishmeal diets, using crystalline amino acids, organic trace minerals and synthetic vitamins, respectively. The nutrient levels used in our study were chosen to meet the known requirements of fish reflecting the variation in commercial feeds. Fish performance, nutrient digestibility, skin, and intestinal health were evaluated in Atlantic salmon parr-smolt, the latter by means of qPCR, global transcriptomics, and immunohistochemistry. The results revealed the potential for significant improvement of salmon post smoltification growth by simultaneous dietary level increase of Met, Lys, Thr and Arg (5% higher body weight increase). Significantly negative effect on fish post transfer growth and survival (22.5 % lower body weight growth and 2.6 times higher mortality) was observed in the high dietary vitamin supplementation treatments which was not present in the simultaneous high trace mineral and vitamin supplementation treatments (8% higher body weight increase and 2.8 times lower mortality in the high trace mineral supplementation treatments). In the high trace mineral supplemented dietary treatments was also observed improved FCR (8.5 %) and a further improvement in performance was seen in the treatments with simultaneous high essential amino acid and trace mineral supplementation levels (12.6 % higher body growth increase). Redox-sensitive gene and extracellular matrix components’ gene transcription effects and compensatory mechanisms on protein and energy metabolism, immune modulation, skin repair systems and erythropoiesis were observed by transcriptomic and histological analyses in response to the variable dietary essential nutrient levels.

The Stability of Vitamin A from Different Sources in Vitamin Premixes and Vitamin-Trace Mineral Premixes

This study was conducted to investigate the stability of five commercial vitamin A products in vitamin premixes and vitamin-trace mineral premixes. The five commercial products used were: Xinhecheng, Zhejiang medicine, Kingdomway, DSM, and BASF. The vitamin A products were stored in three vitamin premixes (for suckling, weanling, and finishing pigs) or in vitamin-trace mineral (VTM) premixes (for suckling, weanling, and finishing pigs). Vitamin premixes were stored in an environmentally controlled chamber set at 25 °C and 60% humidity. The VTM premixes were stored at room temperature (approximately 22 °C). Sampling was performed on d 0, 90, 180, 270, and 360. Stability was reported as the residual vitamin A activity (% of initial) at each sampling point. For the stability of vitamin premixes, all interactive and main effects of storage time and vitamin A product were not significant. For the stability of VTM premixes, there was no significant interaction effects between storage time, vitamin A product and main effect of vitamin A product, but the main effect of storage time was significant (p &lt; 0.01). In conclusion, a longer storage time reduced vitamin A activity in VTM premixes but there was no difference in the stability of commercially available vitamin A.

Effects of Sources and Forms of Vitamin K3 on Its Storage Stability in Vitamin Premixes or Vitamin Trace Mineral Premixes.

Simple SummaryVitamin K3 (VK3) is the most unstable vitamin. Menadione sodium bisulfite (MSB) and menadione nicotinamide bisulfite (MNB) are two commonly used VK3 in animal diets. Micro-capsule and micro-sphere forms of vitamins, provided from encapsulation techniques, have been used in vitamin production, while the effects of these encapsulated forms on the storage stability of VK3 need systematic investigation. Our results show that high temperature-high relative humidity had a negative effect on the recovery of VK3. The retention of MNB was higher than that of MSB in vitamin premixes. VK3 retention was higher in micro-capsule or micro-sphere forms in vitamin premix and vitamin trace mineral premixes during storage.Six types of vitamin K3 (VK3); two sources (menadione sodium bisulfite, MSB; menadione nicotinamide bisulfite, MNB), and three different forms (crystal, micro-capsule, and micro-sphere) were used to determine the retention of VK3 in vitamin premixes (Experiment 1) or vitamin trace mineral (VTM) premixes (Experiment 2) after 1, 2, 3, and 6 months of storage. The retention of VK3 in vitamin premixes was evaluated at 25 °C/60% relative humidity or 40 °C/75% relative humidity in an incubator in Experiment 1 and in VTM premixes (choline chloride: 0 vs. 16,000 mg/kg) stored at room temperature in Experiment 2. The VK3 retention in vitamin premix or VTM premix decreased significantly with the extension of storage time (p < 0.05). In Experiment 1, the VK3 retention was higher in the 25 °C/60% incubator (56%) than in the 40 °C/75% incubator (28%). The MNB retention (52%) was higher than MSB retention (32%). The retention of VK3 in micro-capsules (43%) or micro-spheres (48%) was higher than the crystal form (35%) after six months of storage. In Experiment 2, there was no difference between the retention of MSB (49%) or MNB (47%). The retention of VK3 of micro-capsule (51%) or micro-sphere (54%) was higher than that of crystal form (40%). The VK3 retention was higher in the choline-free group (51%) than in the choline group (47%) after six months of storage. Finally, the predicted equations of VK3 retention with storage time in vitamin premixes or VTM premixes were established. The R2 of the prediction equations was ≥0.9005, indicating that time is an important factor in predicting VK3 retention. In conclusion, the higher temperature-relative humidity, choline had negative effects on VK3 retention during premix storage. MNB retention was higher than MSB during storage of vitamin premix. The encapsulated forms of VK3, micro-capsules and micro-spheres, could improve VK3 storage stability in vitamin premix and VTM premix.

Microelement (Mn, Zn, Cu, Fe, Co, І) levels in quails and their eggs according to their forms and dosage in poultry diet

The paper presents a fragment of a systemic study on the efficiency of replacing inorganic salts of microelements in guaranteed mineral premixes used in quail feed with a complex supplement of said elements in nanocitrate form produced by Nanomaterials and Nanotechnologies LLC (Kyiv). The study is, in particular, focused on the levels of microelements (Mn, Zn, Cu, Fe, Co, І) in quails and their egg yolks depending on the form and concentration of those microelements in the poultry diet. The tests have been conducted on 14-day old Pharaoh quails divided into three groups. Raising conditions – cages. Test duration – 2 months. Quails of all groups were fed complete feed with a balanced content of nutrients and biologically active compounds. Control group birds were given mineral premix containing inorganic salts of (g/t of feed): Mn – 50, Zn ‒ 50, Cu ‒ 2.5, Fe ‒10, Co ‒1 and І ‒ 0.7. Test group quails were fed a mineral complex of aqua citrates of the same elements with a concentration of (calculated for each element) 1/10 (D1) and 1/20 (D2) or 10 and 5 % of their content in a standard mineral premix (SP). It is established that the form and dosage of microelements introduced into the diet affect their levels in quails and their egg yolks. Nanocitrates of bioelements have a relatively high cumulative potential in poultry compared with the control group (an inorganic form of microelements). The best results are achieved with citrate elements being fed in a concentration of 10% of their regular content in a standard mineral premix. It is proven that the use of optimal concentration of aqua citrates of microelements in poultry diet promotes increased levels of manganese, iron, zinc, copper and cobalt (Р &lt; 0.05‒0.001) in the liver and hip muscles as well as iron and copper levels (Р &lt; 0.01‒0.001) in breast muscles of quails; increased body weight by 15.7 % during the testing period; an enhanced biological value of the eggs (increased calcium (Р &lt; 0.05), iodine (Р &lt; 0.05), zinc (Р &lt; 0.01) levels) compared to analogs in the control group.

Influence of a Feed Additive in the Carp Diet on its Exterior Parameters

During fish farming, significant attention should be paid not only to the quantity, but also to the quality of marketable carp, primarily its physiological condition and high adaptive plasticity. Recently, increasing importance is attached to fish farming by industrial methods using various types of feed. A characteristic feature is the almost complete absence of natural food organisms. Significant success has been achieved in the creation of various starter compound feeds that can replace live feed when the larvae switch to exogenous nutrition [1]. During the development of artificial rations, attention was paid to the balance of basic structural elements of nutrition and, to a lesser extent, to various biologically active substances. For the majority of farmed fish, the need for protein and essential amino acids, fat and certain fatty acids, carbon and minerals has been established, on the basis of which, starter and production feeds, as well as various vitamin and mineral premixes, were developed [2]. However, natural food contains a wider range of biologically active components that are the regulators of many metabolic processes of body. Therefore, live food in fish nutrition, even in small proportion, can supplement the energy components of artificial feed and thereby significantly increase the balance of the diet [3].&#x0D; Keywords: aquaculture, probiotic, exterior, aquatic organisms, bacteria, fatness ratio, diet

Determining the effects of manganese source and level on growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs.

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of Mn source and level on finishing pig growth performance and carcass characteristics. Dietary treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial with main effects of Mn source (MnSO4; Eurochem, Veracruz, Mexico, or Mn hydroxychloride (IBM); Micronutrients, Indianapolis, IN) and increasing added Mn (8, 16, and 32 mg/kg of complete diet). The trace mineral premix was formulated without added Mn. Copper was added to all diets at 10 and 150 mg/kg in Exp. 1 and 2, respectively. In both experiments, 1,994 pigs (PIC; 337 × 1050; initially 34.5 ± 0.50 and 40.0 ± 0.77 kg) were used with 27 pigs per pen and 12 replicates per treatment. Diets were corn-soybean meal-distillers dried grains with solubles-based and were fed in four phases. In Exp. 1, there was a marginal Mn source × level interaction (quadratic, Ρ = 0.057) for overall feed efficiency (G:F), with a decrease then increase in pigs fed IBM, but G:F increased with increasing Mn from MnSO4. There was no evidence for Mn source differences for average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), or body weight (BW), but pigs fed 16 mg/kg Mn, regardless of source, tended to have decreased (quadratic, Ρ < 0.05) ADG and final BW compared with other levels. For carcass yield, there was a tendency for Mn source × level interaction (quadratic, Ρ = 0.075), where carcass yield did not change by increasing MnSO4 but was greatest for 16 mg/kg Mn from IBM. Loin depth increased (source × level, Ρ = 0.041) for pigs fed increasing Mn from MnSO4 but decreased when Mn was increased from IBM. Pigs fed the intermediate level of Mn tended to have the lightest HCW (quadratic, Ρ = 0.071) and decreased loin depth (quadratic, Ρ = 0.044). Liver Mn concentration increased (linear, Ρ = 0.015) as added Mn increased and tended to be greater (P = 0.075) when supplied by MnSO4 compared with IBM. In Exp. 2, there was no (P > 0.10) Mn source × level interaction observed for ADG, ADFI, and G:F. Pigs fed IBM had increased (P < 0.05) final BW, ADG, and ADFI compared with pigs fed MnSO4. Pigs fed 16 mg/kg of Mn tended (P = 0.088) to have reduced ADFI when compared with pigs fed 8 and 32 mg/kg of Mn. In conclusion, there appears to be little benefit in growth performance by feeding more than 8 mg/kg of added Mn. When high levels of Cu were fed in Exp. 2, pigs fed IBM had improved growth performance when compared with those fed MnSO4. Further research is needed to understand the potential benefits of Mn hydroxychloride fed in conjunction with high levels of Cu on pig growth performance.

The use of premixes with an increased level of group B vitamins when rearing and fattening of young pigs

Vitamins take signifi cant place among the factors of complete feeding of pigs, their lack in the diet causes metabolic disorders, reduced productivity. The purpose of this work was to provide a practical justifi cation of diets for rearing and fattening young pigs based on concentrate mixtures enriched with mineral and vitamin premix with an increased content of group B vitamins. The selection of animals in groups has been carried out taking into account live weight, origin and health status, per 10 animals in each group. Animals in the control group have been fed a basic diet and premix P-554-89 in the amount of 1,0 % of the daily weight of the grain mixture, to piglets of the experimental group to the main diet with the mineral and vitamin premix of 1,0 % of the weight of the grain mixture have been added. The eff ect of the mineral-vitamin premix with increased level of group B vitamins on the digestibility of nutrients and energy metabolism has been studied. The eff ectiveness of rearing and fattening young pigs on diets with a high content of group B vitamins (B1 , B2 , B3 , B5 , B6 , B12) has been proven. Inclusion of a premix with increased content of group B vitamins compared to the recipe P-55-4-89 in the amount of 1,0 % of the weight of the grain mixture increases the productivity of young animals on fattening. At 8 months of age piglets reached a live weight of 109,1 kg, which was 8,8 kg or 8,77 % more than in control animals. The use of this premix in the amount of 1,0 % of the weight of the grain mixture reduces the prime-cost by 7,01 %, and the profi tability of rearing fattening young animals increases by 9,20 %.