Mineral Premix Research Articles

Utilization of feed resources in the production of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in Norway: An update for 2020

The utilization of feed resources in Norwegian salmon farming has previously been reported for 2010, 2012 and 2016. This paper presents an update for 2020, giving an overview of the feed ingredients used and retention of nutrients in fillet and whole salmon for the entire Norwegian salmon production.A total of 1,976,709 tonnes of feed ingredients were used to produce 1,467,655 tonnes of salmon. The feed was produced from 22.4 % marine ingredients, 73.1 % vegetable ingredients and 4.1 % micro ingredients such as vitamin and mineral premixes, astaxanthin and crystalline amino acids. In addition, 0.4 %, or 8126 tonnes, of single cell protein, insect meal, fermented products and microalgae were used in salmon feeds. Norwegian marine protein and marine oil constituted 8.3 % of the ingredients. The remaining 91.7 % of the ingredients were imported. The feed conversion factor was 1.35 if calculated from feed ingredients ‘as is’, or 1.25 if calculated form ingredients on dry matter basis. The retention of energy, dry matter, protein, fat, EPA + DHA and phosphorus from feed was 39 %, 33 %, 34 %, 57 %, 49 % and 25 %, respectively, in whole salmon. In fillet, the corresponding retention rates were 25 %, 21 %, 25 %, 35 %, 32 % and 12 %, respectively.The feed ingredients used and the utilization of feed in 2020 resembled that of 2016, except that there was an increase in the amount produced in 2020 and a slight increase in the economic feed conversion ratio (eFCR).

Antioxidant Bisphenol-5 in the feeding of broiler chickens

The further development of meat poultry farming is due not so much to the availability of resource-aving technologies and knowledge-intensive industries, as to the optimization of the base of feed. Sources of high-quality protein as well as enzyme complexes, specialized energy additives, feed stimulants of growth rate, as well as vitamin and mineral premixes come to the fore. The purpose of the research was to study the use of the antioxidant Bisphenol-5 in the feeding of broiler chickens. The control was the broilers that were given a complete compound feed according to the age and feeding standards of broiler chickens on the farm. Poultry of the 1st experimental group in addition to the main diet received the additive Bisphenol-5 at a dosage of 0,5 μmol per 1 kg of live weight or 0,0002 % of weight of compound feed; broiler chickens of the 2nd experimental group were additionally input with Bisphenol-5 at the dosage of 1,0 μmol per 1 kg of weight or 0,0004 % of weight of compound feed; broilers the 3rd experimental group was input 2,0 μmol/kg of live weight or 0,0008 % of weight of compound feed; the 4th group received 4,0 μmol/kg of live weight or 0,0015 % of weight of compound feed of the studied antioxidant Bisphenol-5. The optimal dose of feeding the new fat-soluble antioxidant Bisphenol-5 to broiler chickens was 2,0 μmol/kg of live weight or 0,0008 % of weight of compound feed has been proved and justifi ed. The conducted studies have convincingly proved that in order to improve the assimilation of nitrogen in the diet, increase its deposition, and, consequently, increase the growth rate of broilers it is necessary to add the antioxidant Bisphenol-5 in the dose of 2,0 μmol/kg of live weight or 0,0008 % to the weight of compound feed.

EFECTO ADITIVO DE ENSILADOS DE POLLINAZA, CERDAZA Y UREA MEZCLADOS CON MELAZA DE CAÑA Y SUBPRODUCTO DE PANADERÍA EN DIETAS PARA CORDEROS

<p><strong>Background: </strong>The use of silages from non-conventional sources of nitrogen and soluble carbohydrates in feeding lambs is controversial in terms of nutrient supply; due to the minimum number of studies reported to date of <em>in vitro</em> evaluations that allow measuring its nutritional value in ruminants. <strong>Objective:</strong> To evaluate the additive effect and fermentation potential of silages plus concentrates in diets for lambs on the <em>in vitro</em> gas production kinetics. <strong>Methodology:</strong> Six diets (silage + concentrate) were evaluated in a factorial arrangement of 3 N sources (dried poultry litter, fresh swine manure, agricultural urea) × 2 carbohydrate sources (sugar cane molasses, bakery by-product). The diets contained: a) silage (400 g/kg DM) and b) concentrates (600 g/kg DM) based on soybean meal, ground corn, wheat bran, corn stover, fish meal, and vitamin and mineral premix. Average gas production data were analyzed with PROC MIXED and the gas production curves were fitted into the Exponential Logistic model with PROC NLMIXED. <strong>Results:</strong> The PO+MC (151.87 mL/gas MS) and CF+MC (153.12 mL/gas MS) treatments had higher average gas production during incubation. An additive effect was observed on the maximum asymptote of gas production in the CF+MC (+ 4.26%) and PO+MC (+ 3.75%) diets (<em>P</em><0.01). Diets based on PO or CF combined with MC and SPP had higher IVDMD, IVOMD, and IVNDFD than the control treatment (UR). <strong>I</strong><strong>mplications: </strong>The inclusion in diets for growing lambs of corn stover silage based on rapidly fermentable carbohydrate sources with non-protein nitrogen from pig and poultry excreta in diets for growing lambs has associative effects on nutrient degradability and its fermentation potential in small ruminant feed. <strong>Conclusions:</strong> The PO+MC treatment has a higher potential for gas production due to the associative effect of its components. </p>

Study of the Content of Essential Mineral Elements in the Feed of Dairy Cows Against the Background of increased Concentrations of Toxic Metals Cd and Pb in Plants

Uncontrolled entry of pollutants – heavy metals into the environment creates obstacles to the production of environmentally safe, biologically complete cow's milk. The accumulation of pollutants in the soil reduces the supply of essential mineral elements to plants, which are necessary to ensure the full feeding of animals. In such environmental situations, it is important to analyse feed rations for the content of essential and non-essential mineral elements. Samples of feed included in the main diet were taken on four experimental farms specialising in the production of cow's milk, the agroecosystems of which were located around the industrial centre and near environmentally unfavourable objects – roads, enterprises for the extraction (processing) of gas condensate, etc. The samples were analysed for the content of mineral elements by atomic adsorption spectrophotometry. Statistical data processing – STATISTICA software suite version 10.0. The feed was found to exceed the permissible level for cadmium by an average of 2.1-3.2 times, lead – 2.4-5.7 times, copper – 1.4-2.3 times, zinc – 1.2-2.4 times. In cereal and legume hay, the concentration of cadmium and lead exceeded permissible levels by 3.2 and 5.7 times, respectively. Against this background, there is a deficiency of calcium in various types of diets of cows from 1.4% to 47.5%, phosphorus – from 1.5% to 62.3%, magnesium – from 2.7% to 64.4%, potassium – from 0.8% to 37.9%, sulphur – from 2.3% to 48.8%, among trace elements, iron – from 2.3% to 48.8%, cobalt – from 5.0% to 80.0%, iodine – from 4.0% to 60.7%. The reason for the deficiency of vital mineral elements in plants (feed) is different, including changes in soil pH, but mainly antagonism between mobile forms of toxic elements and essential elements. For the production of high-quality milk, it is necessary to normalise toxic metals in the diets of cows with different types of feeding and eliminate the lack of minerals with the help of specially developed feed additives (mineral and vitamin premixes), which will prevent elementosis in cows, which is a pressing issue in many countries of the world. Future studies will be aimed at monitoring the concentration of mineral elements in animal feed kept in the forest-steppe and steppe zone and Donetska oblast of Ukraine

The Effects of Substituting Fishmeal Based-Diet With Plant Based-Diet on Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Fish Growth, Feed Efficiency and Production Cost-Effectiveness

Aquaculture started in The Gambia in 1979 but is still at a rudimentary stage. Many government and private interventions conducted on fish farming failed due to the high cost of feed. Fishmeal based diets are expensive thus using them makes many fish farming in the developing countries unprofitable businesses. There is a need to use locally available plant ingredients to develop fish feeds. This study was conducted to compare the growth, feed efficiency and production cost-effectiveness of the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fish fed on fishmeal-based diet (control diet) to that of the same fish fed on plant-based diet (test diet). The two isonitrogenous (30 % CP) experimental diets were tested on 0.81g Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fry for a period of six (6) weeks. The control diet composed of fishmeal, soybean meal, cassava flour, and a blend of palm oil and fish oil premixed with mineral and vitamin supplements. The plant-based diet consisted of groundnut cake, wheat flour, brewery waste and rice bran supplemented with mineral and vitamin premixes. Regarding growth performance parameters, there were significant differences between the final mean weight, mean weight gain, percentage mean weight gain and the specific growth rate of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fish fed on the control diet and the plant-based diet. For feed efficiency parameters, there was significant difference between feed conversion ratio for fish fed the control diet and the plant-based diet. However, there was no difference between the fish fed the two diets with regards to the protein efficiency ratio or survival rate. The plant-based diet was inferior to the fishmeal-based diet in terms of growth and feed efficiency parameters of 0.81g Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fry. When compared to the fish-meal based diet, the plant based-diet was more cost-effective in producing a kilogram of feed but less cost-effective in producing of a kilogram of fish. Therefore, a plant based-diet cannot replace a fishmeal based-diet without compromising Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fish growth performance and production cost-effectiveness.

PSVI-1 Effect of Dietary Sodium and Pharmacological Zinc Levels on Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs

Abstract A total of 360 pigs (initially 5.7±0.2 kg) were used to determine the effect of pharmacological levels of Zn and dietary Na concentration on nursey pig growth performance. The experiment compared NRC (2012) and European CVB (2020) Na estimates for this weight range (0.35% and 0.24%, respectively), with or without added Zn from ZnO. At weaning, pigs were randomly allotted to pens (6 pigs/pen) and fed a common diet for 7 d. On d-7 after weaning (d-0 of trial), pigs were assigned to 6 dietary treatments with 10 replications/treatment. Dietary treatments were arranged in a 2×3 factorial with main effects of Zn (0 or 2,000 ppm from ZnO) and Na (0.13, 0.24, or 0.35% from salt). All diets contained 110 ppm of Zn from the trace mineral premix. Following a 14-d experimental period, pigs were fed a common phase 3 diet for 21-d. There were no Zn×Na interactions for ADG or ADFI (P >0.05). From d 0-14, adding dietary ZnO or increasing Na increased (linear, P < 0.05) ADG and ADFI. An interaction for G:F (linear, P = 0.019) was observed where increasing Na up to 0.35% improved G:F when pharmacological levels of Zn were fed, but pigs fed diets without ZnO had a quadratic response (P =0.024) with maximum G:F at 0.24% dietary Na. From d 14-35 and overall, an interaction was observed (linear, P < 0.05) for G:F. Within the interaction, pigs previously fed diets without ZnO observed a linear decrease in G:F as Na level increased (linear, P =0.001), but pigs previously fed diets with ZnO observed no difference in G:F with increasing Na. In summary, increasing dietary Na and the addition of 2,000 ppm Zn from ZnO independently improved daily gain and feed intake in nursery pigs, but an improvement in G:F from increasing Na up to 0.35% was only observed when pharmacological ZnO was present.

99 Effect of Trace Mineral Inclusion Level on Growing-Finishing Pig Performance, Trace Mineral Manure Concentration, and Carcass Characteristics

Abstract Growing pigs require trace minerals for various biochemical functions. Contrary to research observations, common industry practices include feeding trace minerals above the defined NRC (2012) requirements. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of rate of dietary trace minerals supplementation from a commercial trace mineral premix on growing-finishing pig performance. A total of 442 growing pigs in 2 groups were followed through phases 6 to 9 of a 9-phase feeding program at the SDSU On-site wean-to-finish research facility. Each group utilized 1 room with 20 pens and 4 pits: group 1 (n = 195; 34.8±0.9 kg initial BW) with a stocking density of 9 or 10 pigs/pen and group 2 (n=247; 391±2.6 initial BW) with a stocking density of 12 or 13 pigs/pen. Shallow manure pit location of each room dictated dietary treatment allocation as either: 1) corn-soybean meal diet with full trace mineral supplementation or 2) corn-soybean meal with 50% trace mineral supplementation. Full and reduced trace mineral supplementation from commercial trace mineral premix both exceeded NRC (2012) recommendations. Overall, there were no differences (P > 0.05) observed in ADG, ADFI, or FCR between pigs fed full or 50% trace mineral supplementation (Table 1). This supports previous observations that reducing or eliminating dietary trace mineral supplementation did not impact pig performance. In contrast, the accumulated concentration of Fe (230 vs. 136 ppm) and Mn (63 vs. 32 ppm) in the pit manure samples were reduced (P < 0.01). Additionally, there were no differences (P > 0.05) in carcass characteristics between pigs supplemented with the different rates of dietary trace mineral (Table 2). These results suggest increasing trace mineral supplementation contributes to excess trace mineral excretion in the manure; however, does not contribute to improved productivity.

Sonali chicken farming in southern part of Bangladesh

The study was conducted to identify the socio-economic status and problems faced by the Sonali farmers at Wazirpur Upazila in Barishal District. A total of 90 respondents from 9 unions were selected randomly for primary data collection. The farmers and their farming were evaluated through the analysis of data collected in a pre-structured questionnaire. This study revealed that a maximum portion of the farmers were middle-aged (52.2%), male (92.2%), and had a secondary level of education (54.4%). Most farmers had medium-sized farm (38.9%) and invested their own capital in farming (54.9%). Although major farmers had low experience in Sonali chicken farming, they had high management skills (63.9%). In terms of occupation, the highest percentage of farmers (38.9%) had a conjugated occupation of poultry and crop. Most of the farmers had their own tube-well (74.7%) and use sanitary latrine (71.1%). Nevertheless, only 17% of the farmers had good health condition. About 49% of the farmers had only one chicken house, and 87.8% followed the floor system for rearing Sonali chicken. Surprisingly, all the farms followed an all-in-all-out marketing system for Sonali chicken. Most of the farmers (96.7%) vaccinated their poultry birds and added coccidiostat (73.3%) and vitamin mineral premix (94.4%) to the feed. A major portion of the farmers identified the irregular fluctuation in the market price of feeds (95.6%) and day-old chicks (93.3%) as severe problem, followed by high price of feed but low price of meat (87.8%). A disorganized marketing channel was the next major problem faced by the poultry farmers (83.3%). Taken together, the Sonali farmers of Barishal were middle-aged; poorly educated, and invested their own capital for farming, and they faced a variety of challenges during farming and marketing their chickens. To enhance Sonali farmers’ socio-economic conditions and alleviate their problems, the government should take appropriate steps to provide finance and farm-based training, including modern animal husbandry practices. Bangladesh Journal of Animal Science. 2022. 51 (1): 1-11

Performance, Carcass and Bone Characteristics and Histological Structure of Some Organs of Broilers fed Inorganic or Organic Trace Mineral Premix

Performance, Carcass and Bone Characteristics and Histological Structure of Some Organs of Broilers fed Inorganic or Organic Trace Mineral Premix

Features of innovative development for sustainable systems of food production in terms of creating trophological components in poultry farming

Animal feed must contain the most important trace elements, such as iron, manganese, zinc, copper, cobalt, iodine and selenium. They are added in the form of inorganic compounds, namely, sulphates, carbonates and oxides. However, these substances are very poorly absorbed by animal bodies, from 5 to 20%. At the same time, adverse reactions occur in animal feed causing the loss of trace elements themselves and a decrease in vitamin activity. A promising alternative is organic compounds of trace elements, especially with amino acids. They easily penetrate through cell walls and are highly absorbed by the body. The use of these premixes enables to reduce the amount of trace elements fed by 10-12 times from the recommended norms for inorganic compounds of trace elements. At the same time, as the latest studies of domestic and foreign scientists demonstrate, animal health and performance are constantly improving. As a result of our studies, it may be argued that when the organic mineral premix OMEK-7M is fed instead of the inorganic form of trace elements in the diets of Ross cross broiler chickens under the conditions of a production site, it increases the performance of broiler chickens and allows the production of biologically safe products.

Effect of the complex of microelements in the form of L-asparaginates on zootechnical parameters and morphometry of bone and muscle tissue of broiler chickens

In the experiments, five groups of broiler chickens were formed at the Federal Scientific Center “All-Russian Research and Technological Institute of Poultry” of RAS. As a result of studies it was found that the use of microelement complex in the form of L-asparaginates makes it possible to reduce the addition of iron, manganese, copper and zinc to the mixed fodder by 10% -20% (of the guaranteed norms). At the same time zootechnical parameters of raising broilers remain at a high level Histological studies of bone and muscle tissue samples of broiler chickens from experimental groups showed that good bone tissue formation and muscle tissue quality were observed when mineral premixes were included in the diets. Morphometric studies have shown that in the absence of mineral premixes in the feed, the processes of osteohistogenesis are slowed down, which affects the timeliness of bone formation and its quality. Histological tests confirmed that when chelated compounds of microelements in the form of L-asparaginate are added in the mineral premix in the amount of 10%, 12.5% and 20% of the guaranteed norms of microelements input, the processes of bone tissue formation and quality of muscle tissue were not inferior to the control.

Complex application of vitamin and mineral premixes in the diet of cows during the prenatal and postpartum periods

Complex application of vitamin and mineral premixes in the diet of cows during the prenatal and postpartum periods

Foreword, Swine Day 2022

This file includes the 2022 Swine Day Research Report introduction, standard abbreviations, K-State Vitamin and Trace Mineral Premixes statement, biological variability and chances of error explanation, and acknowledgments of our supporters. We hope that the information in the 2022 Swine Day Research Report will be of benefit as we attempt to meet the needs of the Kansas swine industry.

Effects of Folic Acid and Zinc Oxide on Nursery Pig Growth Performance

A total of 360 barrows (DNA 600 × 241; initially 12.1 ± 0.07 lb) were used in a 38-d growth study to evaluate the effects of including folic acid (Rovimix Folic Acid, DSM, Parsippany, NJ) with or without pharmacological levels of Zn provided by zinc oxide (ZnO) on growth performance and fecal characteristics in nursery pigs. Pigs were weaned at approximately 19 d of age and randomly allotted to 1 of 6 dietary treatments. A total of 72 pens were used with 5 pigs per pen and 12 replications per treatment. Dietary treatments were arranged in a 3 × 2 factorial with main effects of folic acid (0, 20, or 40 ppm) and ZnO (3,000 ppm of Zn in phase 1, 2,000 ppm in phase 2, or no Zn other than 110 ppm from the trace mineral premix). Diets were corn-soybean meal-based and fed in 2 phases. A common phase 3 diet was fed to all pigs. For the experimental period (d 0 to 24), pigs fed diets with pharmacological levels of Zn had improved (P £ 0.030) d 24 BW, ADG, and ADFI. There was a quadratic (P < 0.05) response for d 24 BW, ADG, and ADFI when pigs were fed folic acid with pigs fed 0 or 40 ppm having improved performance compared with pigs fed 20 ppm. For the common period (d 24 to 38), pigs previously fed pharmacological levels of Zn had poorer (P = 0.028) feed efficiency compared to pigs previously fed diets without pharmacological Zn. Additionally, a quadratic (P = 0.008) response was observed in ADG and ADFI when pigs were previously fed folic acid with pigs fed 0 or 40 ppm having improved performance compared with pigs fed 20 ppm. Overall (d 0 to 38), there was a quadratic (P < 0.05) response in final BW, ADG, and ADFI when pigs were fed folic acid, with pigs fed 0 or 40 ppm having improved performance compared to pigs fed 20 ppm. However, no overall differences (P > 0.10) were observed when pigs were fed diets with or without pharmacological levels of Zn in phase 1 and 2 diets. Additionally, no statistical differences (P > 0.10) in mortality were observed when pigs were fed diets with or without pharmacological levels of Zn although pigs fed no folic acid had numerically the lowest mortality. In conclusion, the addition of folic acid did not improve nursery pig performance with a negative response observed at 20 ppm, regardless of Zn inclusion in the diet.

A comparative study on the physicochemical, cooking and textural properties of fortified rice kernels prepared from raw and parboiled rice

SummaryFortified rice kernels (FRK) are extruded rice‐shaped kernels manufactured by blending broken rice flour and vitamin–mineral premix. In this study, four parboiled and three raw rice with intermediate amylose content (20–24%) were processed to manufacture FRK. The system parameters (torque and die pressure), physicochemical properties (length, lightness, water absorption index and water solubility index), cooking properties (cooking time, solid loss, elongation) and textural properties of FRK were analysed and correlated using the Pearson correlation coefficient. The torque and die pressure were 16.76–22.76 Nm and 92.56–136.41 bar, respectively. Compared to raw rice, the parboiled rice showed the highest torque, die pressure and axial expansion in uncooked FRK while longer cooking times, higher elongation ratio and hardness; lesser water absorption ratio and solid loss in cooked FRK. The raw rice FRK showed higher lightness. There was a significant difference between all FRK for water absorption index (1.74–2.52) and water solubility index (2.06–3.53%).

Dietary supplementation with biosynthesised nano-selenium affects growth, carcass characteristics, meat quality and blood parameters of broiler chickens

Context Selenium is an essential micronutrient that plays an important role in livestock nutrition. Aims The present experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of green synthesised nano-selenium (GNS) on growth, carcass characteristics, meat quality and blood indices of broiler chickens when compared with sodium selenite (SS) as inorganic selenium. Methods A total of 360 1-day-old Ross 308 broiler chickens were randomly divided into four experimental treatments, with six replicates of 15 birds per each. The treatments were as follows: (1) basal diet supplemented with 0.15 mg/kg of SS (control group), and (2–4) basal diet supplemented with 0.075, 0.15 and 0.3 mg/kg of GNS, respectively. Key results The results showed that there was no influence of GNS supplementation on the growth of broiler chickens (P &gt; 0.05). The relative weights of the carcass, breast, leg, pancreas, gizzard, and abdominal fat at 21 and 42 days were not affected by treatment. However, at 42 days, the lowest relative weight of the liver was for birds fed diets containing 0.3 mg/kg GNS. Compared with SS, the meat of birds fed GNS dietary supplements at 0.3 mg/kg had greater water-holding capacity, redness, yellowness and chroma values, and lower meat thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and drip loss values (P &lt; 0.05). Compared with SS, broiler chickens fed diets supplemented with GNS at 0.3 mg/kg had greater amounts of total protein in serum. In this study, no major differences were observed in serum glucose, cholesterol, lipoprotein, thyroid hormone, and liver function levels and biomarkers of kidney function. Conclusions Taken together, the findings from this study indicate that GNS improved the quality of meat relative to SS, but had no effect on growth efficiency, carcass characteristics or broiler blood indices. Implications These results provide a basis for the application of eco-friendly GNS as an alternative of inorganic selenium in a mineral premix in chicken broiler diets.

Formulation and sensory characterization of low-cost, high-energy, nutritious cookies for undernourished adolescents: An approach using linear programming and fuzzy logic

The present study focuses on the development and sensory characterization of low-cost, high-energy, nutritious cookies that satisfy the 30% Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) requirement of undernourished adolescents as per the National Institute of Nutrition (NIN), India. The underutilized ingredients finger millet, jackfruit seed powder, moringa powder, soy protein isolate, icing sugar, and oil were optimized using linear programming (LP). The sensory attributes of the developed cookies were compared with imported BP-100 (RUTF biscuit) and two high-energy biscuits available in the market using Fuzzy logic analysis. Cookies with a total energy of 506.81 kcal/100 g, protein 13.46 g/100 g, and fat 25.97 g/100 g were developed at an ingredient cost of US$ 1.52/kg, with the dose of vitamin and mineral premix set at 2.2 g/100 g of cookies. The developed cookies with higher similarity values showed higher consumer acceptability compared to other samples. The texture and taste have the most effect on sensory acceptability and customer approval, following color, overall acceptability, and flavor. Industrial relevanceIn terms of utilizing the locally available ingredients to combat adolescent malnutrition, linear programming, and fuzzy logic are easy methods that can be employed in any World Food Program initiative to formulate low-cost, high-energy food products.

Effect of feeding pineapple waste on growth performance, texture quality and flesh colour of nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings

The study aims to evaluate the effects of pineapples waste on the growth, texture quality and flesh colour of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings. Fingerlings were fed with four different levels of pineapple waste diets throughout 56 days, which contain a control group (Diet 1) and experimental diets that formulated with 10% (Diet 2), 20% (Diet 3) and 30% (Diet 4) of pineapple waste. The experimental diet was formulated with rice bran, fish meal, soybean meal, vitamin and mineral premix, vegetable oil and binder to attain 32% dietary protein. The results revealed that the formulated fish diet with pineapple waste given the optimum weight gain, weight gain percentage, specific growth rate than the control group, where Diet 4 has shown the highest value (p < 0.05). There were no effects of the pineapple waste diet on the texture quality of the fillet, while only red chromaticity (a*) showed a significant difference (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the addition of pineapple waste can improve the growth rate of Nile tilapia, and the supplementation level of the pineapple waste in the diet was 30% of the total feed formulation.

Use of Ash and Slag Waste from Thermal Power Plants as an Active Component of Building Materials

This paper presents the use of ash and slag waste generated from the combustion of coal at thermal power plants as a secondary raw material in various areas of industry. The process of separation of ash and slag is considered into the following components: coal, magnetic concentrate, and aluminum silicate concentrates. The possibility of using aluminum silicate concentrate in the building industry for the production of mineral binders and premixes is investigated. Mineral binding compositions based on gypsum were studied by thermogravimetric methods (differential scanning calorimeter DSC Q2000, thermogravimetric analyzer TG 209 F1). The influence of aluminosilicate microspheres on the quality of the building material was evaluated. The introduction of aluminosilicate concentrate into the building composition reduces the moisture content by 1 %, but the weight loss profile does not change. This indicates the redistribution of microspheres in the volume of the mineral binder composition and the formation of a new physical phase. When using a superplasticizer (Melflux 1641F1), the mechanism of water loss (additional peak) changes. There is a change in the formation of phase contact in the condensed system.

PSX-B-1 Effect of exposure time and dose of effective microorganisms (EM®) on feed in vitro rumen fermentation and digestibility

Abstract The objective was to evaluate the effect of feed inoculation with effective microorganisms (EM®) (mainly containing Lactobacillus spp.,Rhodopseudomona palustrisand Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on rumen fermentation using in vitrogas production technique. We hypothesized that increasing doses and allowing exposure of EM® for up to 48 hours, would improve digestibility and rumen fermentation. The experimental design was a 4×4 completely randomized block design including 4 EM® levels [(0(EM0), 0.5(EM0.5), 1.0 (EM1) and 1.5 (EM1.5) mL EM® / kg DM] and 4 preincubation times [0 (T0), 12(T12), 24(T24), 48 (T48) h], with four repetitions per treatment. Treatments were evaluated using 100ml glass bottles with 0.5g of the diet (20% corn stover, 20% oat hay, 48.8% ground corn, 7% molasses, 1.2% urea, 1% soybean meal, 0.9% mineral premix,1.1% salt, dry matter basis) incubated with sheep ruminal fluid in 3 different occasions. Data were analyzed with PROC MIXED of SAS and orthogonal contrasts to determine the linear and quadratic effects of EM dose and exposure time. Interaction (P &amp;lt; 0.05) of EM x T was observed for in vitrodry matter digestibility (IVDMD), maximum gas volume (Vmax), total volatile fatty acids (VFA), acetate (ACE), propionate (PROP), butyrate (BUT) and ammonia-nitrogen (NH3), IVDMD was higher (P &amp;lt; 0.01, 4.8 and 3.72%) for T48EM1.5 than T12EM0 and T0EM0, PROP was higher (P &amp;lt; 0.05) for T48EM0, T48EM1 and 1.5 than T12EM0. The ACE:PROP ratio was higher (P &amp;lt; 0.05, 17.2%) for T12EM0 than T48EM1.5. IVDMD, PROP and NH3 linearly increased (P &amp;lt; 0.01) with increasing exposure time. EM levels have a quadratic effect (P &amp;lt; 0.01) with maximum response at EM0.5. It was concluded that the addition of 0.5 to 1.5 mL/kg DM of EM® to a sheep diet and increasing preincubation time, up to 48h, improve feed fermentation and digestibility.Project was supported by UNAM, DGAPA, PAPIIT (IT202120).