Conditions Of Mineral Nutrition Research Articles

Features of mineral nutrition of mustard in the conditions of the steppe zone of Northern Kazakhstan

The article gives an assessment of one of the promising and valuable oilseeds – mustard, the cultivation of which is provided for by the program of diversification of grain production in Kazakhstan, in particular, crop production. It was revealed that the conditions of mineral nutrition of mustard in the steppe zone of Northern Kazakhstan have not been studied. Therefore, field experiments were conducted to study the optimization of mustard mineral nutrition conditions. A 14-variant scheme is presented for creating different levels of phosphorus and nitrogen in the soil in order to determine the quantitative relationship between the level of nutrients in the soil and the productivity of mustard varieties. During all the years of the study, mustard developed in conditions of phosphorus deficiency in the soil, average nitrogen supply and increased potassium only. The application of nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizers contributed to an increase in the nitrogen content of nitrates and mobile phosphorus in the soil by 2-3 times and was determined by the amount of fertilizers applied. The productivity of mustard on a naturally non-windy background was low, it depended on the dose of fertilizers, soil moisture, and the initial content of nutrients. This explains the ambiguous reaction of mustard to the application of the same types, doses and combinations of fertilizers.

Seeds treatment with salicylic acid increases gene expression and activity of antioxidant enzymes in wheat plants under zinc or copper deficiency

The effect of wheat seeds treatment with salicylic acid (SA) on the expression of the TaCu/ZnSOD, TaFeSOD and TaCAT2 genes and the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT)) in leaves at the optimal content of zinc (2 µM) and copper (0.3 µM) in root environment or there deficiencies has been studied. It was shown for the first time that seeds treatment with SA leads to an increase of the number of genes transcripts compared to untreated plants, both under optimal conditions of mineral nutrition and under zinc or copper deficiency. The activity of enzymes, especially catalase, also increases. Judging by the MDA content, this allows one to avoid increasing the intensity of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and, accordingly, the development of oxidative stress. It is concluded that the discovered positive effect of seed treatment with SA on the activity of the main enzymes of antioxidant system may underlie the stimulating effect of this phytohormone on physiological processes in plants under microelements deficiency.

Formation of yield of various soybean varieties in Kabul conditions

The research examined the adaptive abilities of different soybean varieties when grown at a permanent research site at Kabul University. The soil of this study site is a saline loam mixture with a pH of 8.01 and an EC of 0.17. Mineral nutrition conditions were created by introducing complex fertilizer diammonium potassium phosphate and urea. The plots were located randomly on the experimental plot. The studies determined plant height, number of pods in plants, number of grains in a pod, plant yield and some morphological traits. During the growing season, nitrogen concentration was determined by the chlorophyll content in leaves using an N-tester SPAD 502 Plus, manufactured in Japan. The highest yield was observed in soybean variety Mangpong5 (1742 kg/ha), and the lowest yield was obtained in soybean variety Stine 3400-2 (1521 kg/ha). The results of statistical analysis of the research results using ANOVA showed the most significant difference in the yield of Mangpong5 varieties and other soybean varieties.

Effect of mineral fertilizers on sorghum crop yields in the southern forest-steppe of Western Siberia

The results of studying the productivity of sorghum crops under different conditions of mineral nutrition on meadow-chernozem soil of the southern forest-steppe of Western Siberia are presented. The study was conducted in 2019–2022 in the Omsk region as part of a long-term stationary field experiment. The soil of the experimental plot is meadow-chernozem moderately deep heavy loamy soil. The arable horizon is characterized by neutral reaction of the soil solution (pH 7.0–7.2). The scheme of the experiment is two-factor, includes application of nitrogen (N0, 30, 60) and phosphorus (P0, 60) mineral fertilizers before sowing sorghum crops. The dynamics of moisture content in the meter soil profile is closely related to the hydrothermal conditions of vegetation periods. In the most wetted year of 2019, the soil profile had a more stable and uniform moisture content, especially in the second half meter. In subsequent years, the atmospheric moisture deficit was clearly manifested in the content of total moisture both along the soil profile and in time. Drying out of the meter profile even in the initial growing season was observed in 2022, which can be considered as a result of low residual moisture in the preceding, also dry, season. In the control, mineral nutrition was limited by the low content of mobile phosphorus. The studies have shown that in conditions of insufficient and unstable moisture, typical for the south of Western Siberia, it is advisable to cultivate sorghum crops with high responsiveness to the use of mineral fertilizers in field fodder production. In the average of two years, the maximum yield of green mass of sugar sorghum on intensive background was 21.07 t/ha, sorghum-sudangrass hybrid – 16.62 t/ha, which is higher than the control by 47.2 and 62.7%, respectively. The most effective was the complex application of mineral fertilizers, which provided an increase in dry matter content of sugar sorghum from 3.97 to 6.08 t/ha (53.0%), sorghum-sudangrasas hybrid – from 2.81 to 4.73 t/ha (68.3%).

Experimental Modeling of the Influence of Mineral Nutrition Conditions on Spring Two-Row Barley Plants under Light Culture Conditions

Experimental Modeling of the Influence of Mineral Nutrition Conditions on Spring Two-Row Barley Plants under Light Culture Conditions

Experimental modeling of the influence of mineral nutrition conditions on the plants of spring double

The purpose of the study: to identify the in uence of mineral nutrition conditions on morphogenesis and absorption of macronutrients by spring barley plants of two varieties in the period from germination to earing under controlled conditions of light culture. The objects of the study were plants of double-row barley of the Takmak variety and the Salome variety. The plants were grown by hydroponics on expanded clay under controlled environmental conditions. Four variants of nutrient solutions were prepared for watering plants: variant l (the control) - Knop solution of standard concentration; variant 2 - Knop solution was prepared with 50 % concentration from its standard concentration; variant 3 - solution was prepared on the basis of Knop solution, but with 50 % of N concentration from its standard concentration; variant 4 - solution was prepared on the basis of Knop solution, but with 25 % of P concentration from its standard concentration. As a result, variants 2 and 3 showed a decrease in total bushiness by more than 30 % compared to the control. The mass of plants in variants 2 and 3 turned out to be 50 % and 35 %, respectively, less than in the control. The decrease in plant mass was mainly due to a decrease in the mass of lateral shoots. The level of consumption of mineral elements, closely related to the composition of solutions, affected not so much the chemical composition of plant tissues as the amount of plant biomass, which manifested itself in high correlations between the consumption of mineral elements and the gross content of these elements in plants with rather weak links between consumption and the content of mineral elements in plants.

Productivity of Sugar Sorgo in a Mix with Forage Beans in Modeling Various Conditions of Mineral Nutrition

Productivity of Sugar Sorgo in a Mix with Forage Beans in Modeling Various Conditions of Mineral Nutrition

Adaptive potential of winter wheat varieties under contrasting conditions of mineral nutrition in the middle Don

The current study was carried out to research the adaptive potential of winter wheat varieties depending on the level of mineral nutrition in the soil and climatic conditions of the north of the Rostov region in 2012–2018. The objects of the study were 10 winter wheat varieties bred by FGBSI FRARC. Between 2012 and 2014 there were studied 6 wheat varieties (the first group), in 2015–2018 there were studied 4 ones (second group). The soil of the experimental plot was represented by southern medium-thick calcareous chernozem. The experimental scheme included 12 backgrounds of mineral nutrition. Crops were laid weedfree fallow, the seeding rate was 4 million germinating seeds per 1 ha for each agricultural variant. Agro-climatic conditions in the experimental years were contrasting. As a result of the study, there was found that in the first group of varieties, the factor ‘variety’ had the greatest influence on productivity formation (64.4 %), in the second group it was the factor ‘agrobackground’ (71.0 %). Productive possibilities (according to the coefficient of adaptability) of the varieties ‘Donskaya Lira’, ‘Donna’, ‘Zolushka’, ‘Boyarynya’ and ‘Donera’ were high, they amounted to 101–108 %. In contrasting conditions of mineral nutrition, the above listed varieties had an optimal ratio between the needs of the genotype and the level of the agricultural background. The varieties ‘Boyarynya’ and ‘Donna’ in their groups formed the maximum yield with 6.71 t/ha of for ‘Boyarynya’ and 6.42 t/ha for ‘Donna’. In the course of the current work, there was found that the varieties ‘Missiya’ and ‘Tarasovskaya 70’ had high adaptability to a limited amount of fertilizers. The optimal combination of parameters of ecological adaptability and stability were found for the varieties ‘Donskaya Lira’, ‘Boyarynya’, ‘Vestnitsa’, ‘Donstar’, ‘Donera’. They had a wide range of adaptive capabilities, therefore, under production conditions, they could produce a stable grain yield with various variations in the level of mineral nutrition.

Influence of Presowing Treatment of Seeds with Salicylic Acid on Growth and Photosynthetic Apparatus of Barley with Different Zinc Contents in Substrate

Under the conditions of a growing experiment, the authors studied the effect of presowing treatment of seeds with salicylic acid (SA) on the growth parameters and photosynthetic apparatus (PSA) of barley plants (Hordeum vulgare L.), which are in optimal conditions of mineral nutrition or with a lack of zinc in the root environment. It has been shown that zinc deficiency does not adversely affect PSA but causes inhibition of plant growth. Presowing treatment of seeds with SA (10 M) had a stimulating effect on the intensity of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance, which ensured successful plant growth under conditions of zinc deficiency. At the same time, in plants grown from seeds treated with SA, the content of zinc in the roots and shoots was higher than in plants whose seeds were not treated. Based on the obtained results, a conclusion was made on the possibility and prospects of using presowing seed treatment with SA for growing barley plants under conditions of zinc deficiency in the root environment.

Role of <i>Pseudomonas</i> Bacteria and Their Metabolites in the Biocontrol of Phytopathogenic Microorganisms

The current knowledge on the prospects of using bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas as producers of effective microbiological preparations for the biocontrol of phytopathogenic organisms is summarized and analyzed. Rhizospheric pseudomonads are potential objects of agricultural biotechnology due to the presence of physiological and biochemical features necessary for biocontrol and phytostimulation. These features include tolerance to reactive oxygen species, chemotaxis in relation to root exudates, biosynthesis of siderophores and antibiotic metabolites of various nature. Members of the genus Pseudomonas are known for their great metabolic diversity, which allows them to colonize a wide range of ecological niches, including the rhizosphere. Pseudomonas species isolated from the rhizosphere have a broader catabolic activity than those isolated from the bulk soil, especially for certain sugars, polyols, and amino acids that can be found in root exudates. The wide metabolic diversity allows bacteria to become ubiquitous, forming protective biofilms and colonizing various ecological niches. At the same time, water-retaining capacity, fertility and porosity of the soil, as well as the conditions of mineral nutrition of plants are improved by increasing the availability of N, P, K and Fe. The paper describes in detail the main biologically active metabolites produced by Pseudomonas and their role in the suppression of phytopathogens and phytostimulation.

Productivity of sugar sorgo in a mix with forage beans in modeling various conditions of mineral nutrition

The studies were carried out in 2020-2021. in the conditions of a field experiment at the hospital of the FSBSI "Omsk ASC". The purpose of the research is to study the influence of various conditions of mineral nutrition on the productivity of sugar sorghum mixed with fodder beans in the conditions of the south of Western Siberia. The scheme of the experiment involved the study of the following options: soil supply with mobile phosphorus (factor A) - medium (50 ... 100 mg / kg according to F.V. Chirikov, background 0), increased (100 ... 120 mg / kg, background I and 140 ... mg/kg, background II), high (150...200 mg/kg, background III); phosphorus fertilizer (factor B) - P0, P60; nitrogen fertilizer (factor C) - N0, N30, N60. The soil of the experimental plot was characterized by a neutral pHwater of the arable layer with a humus content of 7.01 ... 7.24%, a low supply of nitrate nitrogen in a layer of 0 0.4 m, an average supply of mobile phosphorus and a high supply of exchangeable potassium in a layer of 0 0.2 m on control. Growing drought-resistant crops allows efficient use of atmospheric and soil moisture resources. The use of mineral fertilizers also contributes to its economical use per unit of crop, significantly reducing the value of the water consumption coefficient. The ratio of the legume and bluegrass components in the grass mixture to a certain extent depended on the conditions of mineral nutrition. With an increase in the level of phosphorus supply, there was a tendency to increase the share of legumes, the use of nitrogen mineral fertilizers increased the competitive ability of sugar sorghum. Optimization of the conditions of mineral nutrition provided up to 5.68 thousand feed units/ha and 28.29 t/ha of green mass at 3.10 thousand feed units/ha and 15.38 t/ha of green mass in the control variant. The collection of more than 0.5 ton of digestible protein and 60 GJ/ha of metabolic energy in the crop of a legume-sorghum mixture is a good contribution to the system of forage production in the forest-steppe of Western Siberia.

Adaptability of winter triticale varieties on different backgrounds of mineral nutrient in the Middle Don conditions

The research was carried out in order to study the adaptive features of winter triticale varieties depending on the level of mineral nutrition in the soil and climatic conditions of the north-western zone of the Rostov region. The work was carried out on medium-sized southern carbonate chernozem in 2012-2019. The material for the study was 10 varieties of winter triticale of their own selection. The scheme of the experiment included 12 backgrounds of mineral nutrition. The crops were placed on a black steam, the seeding rate was 4 million germinating seeds per 1 he for each agrophone. The agro-climatic conditions during the years of the experiment were contrasting. On average, over the years of research, the most favorable regime for realizing the potential productivity of winter triticale was formed when it was sown at high agrophones (144 ...208 kg of a.s./1 he). At the same time, the average port yield reached the level of 8.11...8.35 t/he of grain. The productive capabilities of all varieties (except Caprice) were high, they amounted to 98...111%. Under contrasting conditions of mineral nutrition, Ataman Platov and Donslav varieties had an optimal ratio between the needs of the genotype and the level of the agrophone. At the same time, they formed the maximum yield in the experiment (8.67 and 8.37 t/he, respectively). The Aztec variety had a wider range of adaptive capabilities than other varieties, so it has a high resistance to a limited amount of fertilizers. The Hector variety was characterized by minimal resistance to nutrient deficiency. According to the optimal combination of parameters of ecological plasticity and stability, the varieties Kapral, Skolot and Donslav were distinguished. In production conditions, they are of some value, since they are able to produce a stable grain yield with various fluctuations in the level of mineral nutrition.

OPTIMIZATION OF THE MINERAL NUTRITION CONDITIONS OF MUSTARD

The article gives an assessment of one of the promising and valuable oilseeds - mustard, the cultivation of which is provided by the program of diversification of grain production in Kazakhstan, in particular, crop production. It was revealed that the conditions of mineral nutrition of mustard in the steppe zone of Northern Kazakhstan were not studied. Therefore, experiments were laid to study the optimization of the conditions for the mineral nutrition of mustard. A 14-variant scheme was presented to create different levels of phosphorus and nitrogen in the soil in order to determine the quantitative connection between the level of nutrients in the soil and the productivity of mustard varieties. The purpose of the research (2019-2021) was to study the features of mineral nutrition and fertilizer of mustard in the conditions of the steppe zone of Northern Kazakhstan. Their main directions were: to study the requirements of this crop to the level of fertility and soil properties; study the properties of the soil and determine its ability to meet the needs of crops. The conclusions of the research suggest that in all year’s mustard has developed under conditions of phosphorus deficiency in the soil, an average supply of nitrogen, and an increased supply of potassium. The application of nitrogenphosphorus fertilizers contributed to an increase in the content of nitrogen, nitrates and mobile phosphorus in the soil by 2-3 times and was determined by the amount of fertilizers applied.

ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ ЛИСТОВЫХ ПОДКОРМОК В ТЕХНОЛОГИИ ВОЗДЕЛЫВАНИЯ КАРТОФЕЛЯ В ЗОНЕ НИЖНЕГО ПОВОЛЖЬЯ

Relevance. The data are considered on the basis of the studies obtained in the field of application of agrotechnical methods in the technology of potato cultivation, which affect the increase in yield, reduction in the timing of the harvest of various varieties of potatoes. The object of research was the potato varieties Utenok, Ivan da Marya, Aroza. Materials and methods. The studies were carried out on various varieties of potatoes, namely, Utenok, an early ripening species obtained at the Penza Research Institute of Agriculture, Ivan da Marya, the popular name for a variety of Dutch selection with mid-early ripening Picasso, Aroza variety - ultra early ripe, bred by German breeders. The subject of the study was foliar feeding Nagro, Cytovit and Siliplant. Field studies to determine the effectiveness of Cytovit, Nagro and Siliplant were carried out in 2019 - 2021. according to the method of B.A. Dospekhova (2011). Results and conclusions. The most significant method for increasing yields is to optimize the conditions of mineral nutrition, taking into account the provision of plants with macro- and microelements, thereby achieving the use of foliar top dressing of vegetative plants with fertilizers in the most digestible chelate form. When studying the nutritional regime of potatoes, the effectiveness of using foliar feeding of plants with chelated fertilizers was shown. The background application of mineral fertilizers in combinatorial use with solutions for foliar feeding showed a stimulating effect on the formation of the vegetative mass of potato plants. It was found that two-time foliar application of Nagro affects the formation of the largest mass of potato plant tops (97.5% more in relation to the mass of tops of plants grown without the use of Nagro). Foliar feeding Cytovit contributes to the maximum efficiency of the leaf apparatus, for every 1000 units of photosynthetic potential, 3.01 kg more tubers are formed than 1000 units of photosynthetic potential of plants grown without the use of top dressing. Optimization of the nutritional regime of potatoes affects the size of the yield. An effective yield increase is provided by the use of foliar preparations - Siliplant, Cytovit and Nagro (yield increase 16.5-18.3 t/ha). Growing potatoes in a wide-row way, with a row spacing of 0.9 m, and in a row between tubers from 0.32 to 0.35 m, ensures the production of products as early as possible according to the soil and climatic conditions of the Astrakhan region. The data are analyzed and conclusions about the dynamics of the formation of yields of different varieties of potatoes are formulated. Early varieties characterized by early crop productivity were identified: Utenok, Ivan da Marya, Aroza.

INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT CONDITIONS OF MINERAL NUTRITION ON YIELD OF SWEET SORGHUM SEEDS IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE SOUTHERN FOREST-STEPPE OF WESTERN SIBERIA

Sorghum occupies a significant place in world agriculture and is of particular value in intensive feed production. The selection of agricultural practices for increase of seed productivity is relevant and current, since the availability of own seeds is of decisive importance in reduction of feed production cost. The studies were carried out in Omsk region in 2013, 2015–2017 in a stationary field experiment in eight-field crop rotation. The aim of the work is to study the influence of mineral nutrition conditions on yield of sweet sorghum seeds, water and nutritional regimes of meadow-black soil in the conditions of the south of Western Siberia. The experiment included a three-factor scheme: the supply of soil with mobile phosphorus according to Chirikov (factor A) - average, 50-100 mg/kg (background 0); increased, 100-120 mg/kg (I) and 140-150 mg/kg (II); high, 150-200 mg/kg (III); phosphorus fertilizer (factor B) - P0, P60; nitrogen fertilizer (factor C) - N0, N30, N60. The field experiment was implemented by mutual method of pre-sowing application of mineral fertilizers and different levels of phosphorus in the soil. The soil is meadow-black soil, medium-thick, medium-humus, heavy loamy. The reaction of the soil environment in the arable layer is neutral, the depth of groundwater in spring is 2.86, in autumn - 3.09 m. The climate of the southern forest-steppe of Omsk region is suitable for sweet sorghum cultivation with insufficient moisture in some years and uneven distribution of precipitation during the growing season. The yield of sweet sorghum seeds ranged from 2.93 to 3.46 t/ha on average for 3 years, depending on the background, the largest yield increase was noted on 0 background (N60P60) with a natural level of mobile phosphorus and pre-sowing application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers. It is possible to obtain seeds of sweet sorghum in the southern forest-steppe of Omsk region. To achieve high yields on soils with an average content of mobile phosphorus, it is necessary to use nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers. It is also indispensable to select an early ripening variety capable of forming high quality seeds in the specific conditions of Siberia.

COPPER CONTENT IN ROOTS AND SHOOTS OF CEREALS UNDERDIFFERENT TYPES OF SALYCILIC ACID TREATMENT

Copper is involved in a number of metabolic reactions that ensure the vital activity of plants; therefore, its deficiency leads to disruption of physiological processes and a decrease of its productivity. In order to increase the contentof cupper in plants, a searching for ways to provide better absorption of copper by roots and enhance its transport to aboveground organs.The use of growth regulators for these purposes, including salicylic acid (SA), seems to be very promising.In this work, we studied the effect of two types of SA treatment (presowingseeds treatment and spraying of plants) on the copper content in the roots and shoots of barley and wheat under optimal conditions of mineral nutrition or under deficiency of this micronutrient in the substrate.The copper content in plants and substrate was determined by the ICP-MS method using a induced plasma mass spectrometer. To assess the intensity of copper influx into plants, the copper biological uptake coefficient was calculated; the intensity of metal ions transport into the shoots was judged on the translocation coefficient. It was found that spraying of plants with SA practically does not affect the amount of copper in the roots and shoots of cereals. In contrast, presowing seed SA treatment contributed to an increase in its content in plants, which was ensure by a more intensive uptake ions by roots, as well as a decrease in the activity of the root barrier and an increase in copper translocation into shoots. It is also important to note that these effects were more pronounced under copper deficiency in the substrate.

Modeling the spatial variation of urban park ecological properties using remote sensing data

Parks perform a wide range of ecosystem services in urban environments. The functional importance of parks depends on the composition and structure of the tree stand and the specific influence on soil and microclimatic conditions. The article reveals the dependence of soil and microclimatic properties on the structure of the crown space of a park stand. Spectral indices were also shown to be applicable for predicting the spatial variability of soil and climatic properties and indicators of crown space. Soil properties (temperature, moisture, and electrical conductivity in the 5–7 cm layer) and microclimatic parameters (light exposure, air temperature, and atmospheric humidity) were measured in the park plantation using a quasi-regular grid. The canopy structure and gap light transmission indices were extracted from the true-colour fisheye photographs. Thirty species of trees and shrubs were detected in the stand and understory. Robinia pseudoacacia L. was found most frequently (24.5% of all tree records). Acer negundo L. and A. platanoides L. were also frequent (12.4% and 15.5%, respectively). The first four principal components, whose eigenvalues exceeded unity, were extracted by the principal components analysis of the variability of ecological properties and vegetation indices. The principal component 1 explained 50.5% of the variation of the traits and positively correlated with the spectral vegetation indices. The principal component 1 reflected the variability of tree cover densities due to the edaphic trophicity. The principal component 2 described 13% of the variation in the feature space. This component correlated positively with the spectral indices. The principal component 2 was interpreted as a trend of vegetation cover variability induced by moisture variation. The principal component 3 described 8.6% of trait variation. It was most strongly correlated with the atmospheric humidity. An increase in atmospheric humidity was associated with an increase in the soil moisture and electrical conductivity and a decrease in the soil and atmospheric temperature. The principal component 4 described 7.5 % of the variation of traits. An increase in the values of principal component 4 was associated with an increase in the soil moisture and electrical conductivity and atmospheric moisture and was associated with a decrease in the soil and atmospheric temperature. The combinations of the trophotope and hygrotope create the optimal conditions for specific tree species, which is a condition for achieving the maximization of ecosystem services. The mineral nutrition conditions of plants and soil moisture exhibit spatial patterns that allow them to be considered in the design and management of park plantations. The ecological indices measured in the field were shown to be predicted using the vegetation indices. Multiple regression models were able to explain 11–61% of indicator variation. The regression relationships between markers of soil and microclimatic conditions and vegetation predictors are important for monitoring the condition of park plantations and evaluating the performance of park plantation management tools.

THE CONDITIONS OF SOYBEAN MINERAL NUTRITION IN CROP ROTATIONS IN CASE OF DIFFERENT METHODS AND SYSTEMS OF PRIMARY SOIL TILLAGE IN THE FOREST-STEPPE OF THE CENTRE OF RUSSIA

In order to increase soybean yield, methods and systems of primary tillage are of vital importance, their usage doesn’t only allow to improve many soil properties and phytosanitary state of crops, but it also improves mineral nutrition conditions. The influence of various methods and systems of autumn tillage on the content in the layers of 0-20 and 20-40 cm of available forms of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the forest-steppe conditions of the Central Federal District of Russia was studied on soybean crops in a stationary field experiment in the years of the first rotation (2015-2018) of crop rotation (soybean, winter wheat, spring rapeseed and barley). The soil type of the experimental plot is leached heavy loamy black soil. The name of the studied four systems of the main tillage was contingent: plowing, deep subsurface loosening, shallow and surface tillage were carried out directly for soybeans. On average, over the years of the first rotation, the studied methods and systems of the main tillage had an unequal effect on the conditions of the mineral nutrition of soybeans in the phase of 2-3 trifoliate leaves. It was revealed that in case of plowing and the moldboard-surface tillage, the supply of mineral nitrogen, mobile phosphorus and exchangeable potassium in the analyzed layers did not differ significantly. In case of usage of non-moldboard methods in soybean cultivation and the systems of autumn tillage, the content of available forms of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium increased in the upper soil layer of 0-20 cm, and decreased in the layer of 20-40 cm.

Impact of repeated and unchangeable sowing of spring wheat in the forest steppe of Western Siberia

An important negative impact on the decrease in the yield and quality of grain of grain crops, is a violation in the use of the structure of arable land, the selection of predecessors, including fallow, the expansion of repeated sowing of these crops, especially spring wheat. This trend in the soil and climatic zones of the Omsk region. The research was carried out in the Omsk region according to the generally accepted current methods. Without the use of chemicals, there is a steady pattern of grain yield decrease when the crop is removed from the steam predecessor on average from 2.02 to 1.07 t / ha, or by 47%. With the complex use of chemicals, a significant increase in yield (up to 3.33 t / ha) was observed by 2.16 times. It was found that on repeated sowing of spring wheat, the productivity of the crop relative to the fallow predecessor decreases on average from 3.02 to 1.88 t / ha, or by 61%. Against the background without chemicalization, grain yield was only 1.08 t / ha. With the combined use of intensification means, improvement of the conditions of mineral nutrition, more favorable phytosanitary conditions in the agrophytocenosis, an increase in the productivity of spring wheat to 2.64 t / ha is noted, however, it is more than 1.5 times inferior to the steam predecessor with the advantage of the moldboard and combined tillage system in crop rotation.

RESPONSE REACTION OF WHEAT PLANTS WITH DIFFERENT ALLEL STATES OF GPC-B1 GENE TO ZINC DEFICIENCY IN SUBSTRATE

Microelements deficiency in the soils, in particular zinc, is a serious problem for many countries of the world, as it leads to yield losses of the most important crops, as well as to a deterioration in the quality of the obtained products. In this work, we studied the effect of zinc deficiency on the response of wheat plants with different allelic states of the GPC-B1 gene, which encodes the NAC transcription factor involved in the regulation of the expression of genes involved in the remobilization of proteins and a number of microelements, including zinc, from leaves to grain. Line 15-7-1 had a functional allele of this gene, and 15-7-2 its non-functional allele. It was shown that the deficiency of this microelement does not have a negative effect on the plants growth processes of both wheat lines: the shoot height and the area of the 4 st leaf in the experimental and control variants did not differ. It was found that at plants of 15-7-1 line, which contains a functional allele of the GPC-B1 gene the parameters characterizing the state of the photosynthetic apparatus – the content of chlorophylls a and b , the maximum quantum yield of photosystem II ( Fv/Fm ), the photosynthesis intensity and stomatal conductance – under optimal conditions of mineral nutrition and with zinc deficiency do not differ. In contrast, at plants with a non-functional allele of the GPC-B1 gene at zinc deficiency, a decrease in the content of photosynthetic pigments (by 23% relative to the control), the photosynthesis rate (by 17%) and stomatal conductance (by 22%) were found, while maintaining of the Fv/Fm value. It has been suggested that the presence of a functional allele of the GPC-B1 gene can contribute to the maintenance of photosynthetic processes in wheat leaves under conditions of zinc deficiency in the substrate.