Min Extraction Time Research Articles

Microencapsulation of bixin pigment by spray drying: Evaluation of characteristics

The present work was conducted to microencapsulate the commercial (CE), and solvent (SE) extracted annatto using modified starch (MS) and gelatine (G) blend as wall material by spray drying. The conditions used were solid: liquid (S/L) ratio 1:10, extraction temperature 70 °C, and extraction time interval (10–35 min) for the SE annatto extract. Among the different treatments, 20 min extraction time was highly significant in the recovery of 93.19 ± 0.06 g/100 g of annatto seeds of total pigment and 94.78 ± 0.89% of bixin recovery. Both SE and CE annatto extracts have been used as a core material with wall materials (MS: G) in varied ratios of 100:0 to 60:40 to produce the microcapsules. The highest encapsulation efficiency of 86.18% and 86.37% were recorded for the SE and CE microcapsules prepared with the wall material (MS: G) ratio of 60:40. Encapsulated extract recorded higher stability against light, oxygen, and heat than the non-encapsulated annatto. In vitro release study of both microcapsules in three different pH conditions (1.2, 6.8, and 7.4) revealed an initial burst release of bixin pigment followed by a controlled release of bixin from microcapsules.

Comparison and optimization of conventional and ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction for synthetization of lemongrass (Cymbopogon)-infused cooking oil.

The lemongrass plant, which is widely cultivated in Asia, Australia, and Africa, has been reported to have many significant health benefits such as antimicrobial, insecticide, anticancer, fight fever, and disinfection. Therefore, it is an added benefit to have lemongrass compounds in cooking oil. This study was aimed to compare the conventional (CSE), and ultrasound‐assisted solvent extraction (UASE) for citral compounds from lemongrass (Cymbopogon) leaves and to optimize the best extraction method using the response surface methodology (RSM) and ANOVA. RSM design of experiments using three types of cooking oils; palm oil, sunflower oil, and corn oil. The effect of three independent variables, which are temperature (48.2–81.8°C), extraction time (4.8–55.2 min), and solvent to leaves ratio (5.3–18.7), was investigated. The characterization of lemongrass‐infused cooking oil was evaluated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), Gas Chromatography‐Mass Spectrometry (GC‐MS) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis for confirmation of the citral compound extraction. This extraction process is optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) for producing the lemongrass‐infused cooking oil. After optimization, the UASE process gives 1.009 × 106 maximum citral area for palm oil and 1.767 × 106 maximum citral area for sunflower oil. CSE process only can give 2.025 × 105 and 2.179 × 105 citral area in the GC‐MS spectrum for palm oil and sunflower oil respectively. For both the UASE and the CSE, the optimum operating conditions are 81.8°C of extraction temperature and 55.2 min of extraction time except for lemongrass‐infused palm oil in the CSE process with 45 min extraction time. The optimum solvent to leaves ratio varies from 5.3:1 to 12.9:1. This study found that corn oil cannot be used as a solvent to extract lemongrass‐infused cooking oil due to the insignificant changes and no citral peak. The lemongrass (Cymbopogon)‐infused palm oil and sunflower oil extracted using the UASE have a higher maximum citral area than the CSE process.

Optimization of ultrasound and microwave-assisted extraction of sweet cherry tree branches and chemical component analysis by UPLC–MS/MS

Sweet cherry tree branches have important food and medicinal value. The ultrasound and microwave-assisted extraction method is more efficient with higher yield than conventional extraction methods (heat-reflux, Soxhlet, etc.). Plant byproducts are known as sources of natural bioactive compounds. The objective of this study was to rationally use sweet cherry tree branches (SCTB) discarded during pruning. Ultrasonication and microwaves are considered green techniques, and an ultrasound and microwave-assisted extraction (UMAE) method was established to obtain extracts from SCTB by response surface methodology. A mathematical model was established using the Box–Behnken design, and the effects of various factors and their interactions were analyzed as well. Taking the yield (w/w) as the objective, the optimal process conditions for UMAE of SCTB were 56 mL·g−1 liquid–solid ratio, 34 min extraction time, and 40–50 mesh particle size. The yield of SCTB extracts was 5.02%, which was close to the theoretical prediction. The optimized extraction process can obtain a higher yield than that of conventional extraction methods. The chemical composition of the extracts was identified by HPLC–MS/MS, and 400 metabolites, including carboxylic acids and derivatives (29%), fatty acyls (19%), organooxygen compounds (15%), flavonoids (12%), benzene and substituted derivatives (12%), phenols (8%), and imidazopyrimidines (5%), were annotated and classified. L-arginine and mannitol were the main chemical components of the SCTB extracts, suggesting their potential uses in the food and medical industries.

Salt additive extraction of cinnamon oil using microwave radiation

Inorganic salts have the ability to disturb the plant cell structure which may improve the process for isolation of the essential oil. In the present work, potassium chloride (KCl) was utilized as an additive in extracting cinnamon oil from Cinnamomum zeylanicum using microwave irradiation. The parametric study was performed for the four parameters namely; concentration of KCl salt, extraction time, solid loading, and microwave power. The parameters were then optimized using the Taguchi method and significance of each parameter was determined by analysis of variance. The highest recovery of cinnamon oil was found to be 5.43 (%, w/w) at 10 g KCl salt concentration, 40 min extraction time and 800 W microwave power. This approach has reduced the extraction time, utility requirements and energy consumption thereby showing the greener and cleaner aspects. Moreover, this process would be easily adopted at an industrial scale due to minor changes in existing process.

Bioactive compounds in the leaves of Baccharis dracunculifolia: extraction process and characterization

Baccharis dracunculifolia has been used in popular medicine because of its bioactive properties, which include anti-inflammatory, antiulcerative and hepatoprotective potentials. A 2³ central composite rotational design was used to define the best conditions for extracting the bioactive compounds from the leaves of Baccharis dracunculifolia. The parameters studied included the solvent concentration, time and temperature of extraction and the influence of these on the total phenolics content and antioxidant activity. The best conditions were 95 % methanol (v/v), 20 min extraction time, and 70 °C temperature. Under the optimized conditions, high contents of total phenolic compounds (72.5 mg GAE g-1) and high DPPH (865.6 µmol TE g-1) and ABTS (331.11 μmol TE g-1) free radical scavenging capacity and a high ferric reducing antioxidant power (1558.00 μmol FeSO4.7H2O g-1), were obtained. The extract also showed promising anti-microbial activity, demonstrating fungistatic action against C. tropicalis and C. albicans (5 mg mL-1 and 7 mg mL-1, respectively) and bacteriostatic effect against Escherichia coli (60 e 70 mg mL-1), Salmonella enterica typhimurium (40; 60 and 70 mg mL-1) and Staphylococcus aureus (4 mg mL-1). HPLC-DAD analysis showed an extract rich in the phenolic compounds catechin (0.659 mg g-1), caffeic acid (1.135 mg g-1), p-coumaric acid (0.772 mg g-1), ferulic acid (6.24 mg g-1), pinocembrina (0.155 mg g-1) and rutin (0.037 mg g-1).

Optimisation of Swietenia macrophylla Seed Oil Extraction using Ultrasound-assisted Method

Swietenia macrophylla is a large deciduous tree that mainly grows in open rain forests. Its seeds reportedly have many medical efficacies, such as antidiabetic properties and antioxidative effects. This study used ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and Central Composite Design (CCD) Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to optimise the oil yield extracted from S. macrophylla seed. The properties of the extracted S. macrophylla seed oil, namely antioxidant activity and bioactive compounds, were also examined. For the CCD RSM, the seed oil yield was set as the response while the parameters for optimization were solid-to-solvent (SS) ratio (1:3, 1:4, and 1:5), amplitude (70 %, 80 %, and 90 %), and extraction time (5 min, 10 min, and 15 min). The optimum oil yield extracted via UAE was then subjected to several analyses. First, the oil's DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity was analysed to determine antioxidant activity. Then, Gas chromatography–Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was used to evaluate the oil's bioactive compounds (methyl ester fatty acids). The UAE method extracted the optimum yield (27.68 ± 0.3 wt%) of S. macrophylla seed oil under the following conditions: 1:4.5 S/S ratio, 90 % amplitude, and 14.4 min extraction time. The analysis of antioxidant activity revealed a DPPH radical scavenging activity of 87.96 ± 0.04 %. The GC-MS analysis revealed several fatty acids in the oil, including arachidonic acids, stearic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid. This study shows that UAE is a promising method for extracting S. macrophylla seed oil and that S. macrophylla is a potential oral hypoglycaemic agent that could be used for pharmaceutical applications.

Extraction Bioactive Compound of Pegagan (Centella Asiatica L.) using Solvent-Free Microwave-Assisted Extraction

Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica L.), known as pegagan is a plant with many benefits, including used to repair burns, hypertrophic wound healing, and as an inflammatory agent. C. asiatica grows in tropical Asia and grows in various countries such as Indonesia, Philippines, China, India, Sri Lanka, and Madagascar. C. asiatica has four bioactive components, namely asiatic acid, asiaticoside, madecassic acid, and madecassoside. Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) is one of the methods for extracting bioactive compounds of pegagan leaf. In this study, the extraction of pegagan bioactive compounds carried out using the Solvent-Free Microwave-Assisted Extraction (SFME) method. This research used a box-behnken design model for the optimization process. The variables used are mass of material (20, 40, 60 g), power (150, 300, 450 W), and time of extraction (30, 60, 90 min). The highest yield is 4,5474% at 450 watt microwave power, 20 g mass pegagan leaves, and 60 min extraction time. Mass of material is the factor that has significant effect on yield. Modelling from this research is appropriate which has lack-of-fit > 0,1, and R2 89,67%. The content of bioactive compounds carried out by analyzing the total phenolic content of the product. The most substantial phenol content is 2398,649 μgAGE/ml.

Simultaneous separation and quantification of acidic and basic dye specimens via a dual gel electro-membrane extraction from real environmental samples

In this work, an environmentally friendly and easy-in-performance dual gel electro-membrane extraction approach (dual G-EME) was combined with high performance liquid chromatography. Method was arranged for parallel isolation, enrichment and determination of brilliant green (BG) and reactive red (RR), serving as model basic and acidic dyes, respectively. A DIY (do-it-yourself) agarose-based gel membrane was fabricated, and served as green and highly selective filtering item. The extractions were hazards-free (i.e., there was no need for organic solvents or toxic regents) and membrane assembly is highly degradable as being of fully natural character. Thereby, setup has met the requirements of being a green analytical chemistry technique. By using an electric potential of 50 V during 20 min extraction time, the positively charged BG and negatively charged RR migrated selectively from a 7.0 mL aqueous sample (pH 7.0) to the 500 μL cathodic (pH 4.0) and 500 μL anodic (pH 9.0) aqueous acceptor phases, respectively. Under the optimal conditions, limits of detection were 0.020 and 0.025 ng mL−1, and extraction recoveries were of 75–78% and 67–71% for BG and RR, respectively. The linearity was in the range of 0.06–1.0 μg mL−1 with correlation coefficient higher than 0.996, obtained for both model analytes. Finally, the methodology was successfully applied for parallel quantification of BG and RR in complex environmental samples.

Integrating enzymatic hydrolysis into subcritical water pretreatment optimization for bioethanol production from wheat straw

The conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to bioethanol is a potential approach to alleviate the energy crisis and environmental deterioration. To improve the conversion efficiency of bioethanol from wheat straw (WS), the optimization of subcritical water pretreatment and high solid hydrolysis were investigated in this study. Response surface methodology (RSM) accompanied with glucose concentration after enzymatic hydrolysis as a more reasonable response value was applied for the pretreatment optimization, and the optimum conditions were obtained as 220.51 °C of extraction temperature, 22.01 min of extraction time and 2.50% (w/v) of substrate loading. After pretreatment, the hemicellulose decreased by 18.37%, and the cellulose and lignin increased by 25.92% and 8.81%, respectively, which were consistent with the destroyed microstructure and raised crystallinity. The high efficiency of separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) was verified by five commercial cellulases, and yields of hydrolysis and fermentation were 77.85–89.59% and 93.34–96.18%, respectively. Based on the high solid (15%) hydrolysis and fermentation, the ethanol concentration was significantly improved to 37.00 g/L. Interestingly, 64.47% of lignin was accumulated in the solid residue after enzymatic hydrolysis and it did not affect the efficiency of SHF, which further suggested that subcritical water mainly affected the structure of WS rather than the removal of lignin. Therefore, subcritical water pretreatment combined with high solid hydrolysis is a more effective solution for bioethanol conversion, which is also a promising strategy to utilize all components of lignocellulosic biomass.

Microwave-assisted Extraction for Maximizing the Yield of Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Capacity from Cacao Pod Husk (Theobroma cacao L.)

Background: Extraction is an important step to obtain phytochemical compounds from natural materials. Among different extraction techniques, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) is an advanced method with high extraction efficiency and low energy consumption. Objective: This study aimed to optimize the MAE parameters for obtaining the highest levels of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity from cacao pod husk (CPH). Methods: The dried CPH was prepared using a microwave drying method. The CPH extract was prepared using a microwave-assisted extraction method. The powdered CPH extract was prepared using vacuum evaporation and freeze-drying methods. Phytochemical compounds and antioxidant capacity of CPH extracts were analyzed using spectrophotometric methods. Results: The optimal MAE parameters were 600 W microwave power, 5 s/min irradiation time, 30 min extraction time, and 50 mL/g solvent to sample ratio. Under these MAE parameters, total phenolic content (TPC), phenolic extraction efficiency (PEE), saponin content (SC), and DPPH radical scavenging capacity (DRSC) were achieved from the CPH to be 10.97 mg GAE/g dried sample, 76.82%, 70.10 mg EE/g dried sample, and 141.18 mg DPPH/g dried sample, respectively, which were not significantly different from the predicted values (10.38 mg GAE/g dried sample, 72.68%, 70.09 mg EE/g dried sample, and 121.49 mg DPPH/g dried sample, respectively). The residual moisture, water activity, density, water-soluble index and pH of powdered CPH extract were 9.72%, 0.38, 0.17 g/ml, 84.93% and 7.68, respectively. TPC, total flavonoid content (TFC) and SC of powdered CPH extract were 15.75 mg GAE/g dried sample, 27.03 mg CE/g dried sample and 133.67 mg EE/g dried sample, respectively. DRSC and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) of powdered CPH extract were 227.79 mg DPPH/g dried sample and 14.12 mg Fe(II)/g dried sample, respectively. Conclusion: The findings from this study reveal that the powdered extract obtained from the CPH at the optimal MAE parameters is a rich source of phytochemicals possessing great antioxidant activity. Therefore, it is a potential candidate to apply in functional foods.

Optimization of phenolic antioxidants extraction from Fucus vesiculosus by pressurized liquid extraction

This study aimed to optimize pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) of phenolic compounds from the brown seaweed Fucus vesiculosus to obtain extract with high yield, rich in phenolic compounds, with good radical scavenging, and with metal chelating ability. The extraction was optimized with a Box–Behnken design experiment and response surface tool. Optimal condition was found at 137.18 °C, 58.65% v/v ethanol in water and 4.68 min extraction time which resulted in yield of 31.16% dry basis, total phenolic content (TPC) of 3.69 g gallic acid equivalent (100 g dry seaweed)−1, effective concentration for 50% inhibition (EC50) of DPPH radical (92.6 μg mL−1), ABTS radical (2.35 mg mL−1), and metal chelating (1.10 mg mL−1). The TPC value and radical scavenging activity of the PLE extract were insignificantly different from the one obtained from conventional solvent extraction, which proved PLE advantages in terms of shorter time and less solvent requirement. Gallic, protocatechuic, and gentisic acids were identified in the PLE extracts.

Optimization of oil extraction from Lallemantia iberica seeds using ultrasound-assisted extraction

The present study aims at optimising the oil extraction from Dragon’s head (Lallemantia iberica) seeds using response surface methodology. For this purpose, the working conditions (solid/liquid ratio, ultrasound intensity and extraction time) were varied in a series of experiments to determine the optimum extraction conditions, which were further verified through an independent extraction experiment. The experiments were conducted using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) technique. The maximum yield obtained for UAE extraction efficiency under optimal conditions was 97.02%, taking the Soxhlet technique as a reference (corresponding to an oil content of 39.73 g/100 g dry seeds). The operation conditions for maximum extraction efficiency were: 1/16 (g/mL) solid/liquid ratio, 13.77 (W/cm2) ultrasound intensity and 12.5 min extraction time.

Process Optimization for Ultrasound-Assisted Starch Production from Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Using Response Surface Methodology

Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) has been optimized to improve the current cassava starch production by conventional maceration for the extraction method. Evaluation of several extraction parameters disclosed significant effects (p < 0.05) by three studied factors (ultrasound power, x1; pulse duty-cycle, x2; and solvent to sample ratio, x3). Subsequently, a Box-Behnken design (BBD) in conjunction with response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimise the three factors at three levels: x1 (30, 60, 90%), x2 (0.3, 0.6, 0.9 s−1), and x3 (10:1, 20:1, 30:1). The model built for the RSM was validated through the coefficient of determination (R2 > 0.95), prediction error (2.12%), and lack-of-fit (0.71) values. The model validation suggested that the RSM was adequate for the observed data at the 95.0% confidence level. The optimum yield of cassava starch extraction was achieved by applying 90% for ultrasound power, pulse duty-cycle of 1.0 s−1, and solvent to sample ratio of 30:1 with 10 min extraction time. Finally, the UAE produced starch with a purity of 88.36% and a lower viscosity than the commercial sample due to the granules’ size alteration. Hence, apart from speeding up the extraction process, UAE was worthwhile for the starch modification that could maintain the viscosity at a lower value (1920 cP) than the commercial starch (1996 cP) at the highest studied temperature treatment of 70 °C.

Direct analysis of naphthenic acids in produced water and crude oil by NH2-surface-modified wooden-tip electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.

This work describes the surface coating of wooden toothpicks with amino groups (NH2) for electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of naphthenic acids (NAs) in produced water samples and crude oil fractions. NH2 was introduced into the cellulosic material through a silanization reaction using aminopropyltriethoxysilane. An NH2-modified toothpick was inserted into the analyte extraction sample and was subsequently used as an electrospray emitter for MS analysis. The extraction conditions were optimized by analyzing NAs (benzoic acid, 1-naphthoic acid, decanoic acid, 3,5-dimethyladamantane-1-carboxylic acid, and 3,5-dimethyladamantane-1-acetic acid) in pure water, and the best condition was using 5 min of extraction time with the samples under agitation. Modified and unmodified wooden toothpicks were compared, and the intensities of all NAs were higher when using the modified substrates than when using the unmodified ones. Limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), linearity, precision, and recovery were determined by analyzing decanoic acid in seawater samples. The LOD and LOQ were 2 and 5 μg mL-1, respectively, and a linear correlation (R2 = 0.9927) was obtained with concentrations ranging from 5 to 250 μg mL-1. Precision values ranged from 6 to 13% and recoveries from 89 to 106%. The technique was also employed to analyze three produced water samples, in which decanoic acid was semi-quantified, and the concentrations ranged from 10 to 13 μg mL-1. High abundances of acidic compounds of class O2 with DBEs (double bond equivalents) ranging from 1 to 3 and carbon numbers going from 8 to 12 were detected in the produced water samples. The results suggest that the modification of wooden toothpicks with NH2 might offer a significant advancement in the knowledge of cheap substrates that can improve the sensitivity of analysis of NAs in water samples.

Extraction of Parabens from Cosmetic and Environmental Water Samples Coupled With UV-Visible Spectroscopy

An effective and fast vortex-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid extraction method was developed for the extraction of paraben in cosmetic samples and water samples. The paraben was determined and quantified using ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrometry. A response surface methodology (RSM) based on the central composite design was used for the optimization of factors (composition of the extractant, volume of extractant, extraction time, centrifugation time, and centrifugation velocity) affecting the extraction efficiency of the procedure. The optimum parameters for vortexassisted dispersive liquid–liquid extraction (VA-DLLE) are: chloroform used as the extractant solvent, 5 ml volume of extractant, 3 min extraction time, 5 min centrifugation time, and 2400 rpm centrifugation velocity. The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) for paraben are 0.0476 and 0.1442 μg/mL, respectively. Spiked cosmetic samples have the extraction recoveries in the range of 81.2–96.8%, whereas spiked water sample extraction recoveries were in the range of 88.8–100.63%. Each sample was repeated (n = 2), with a relative standard deviation of <5.74% for cosmetic samples and <9.03% for water samples. In conclusion, this extraction method is fast and inexpensive for the extraction of paraben.

Physicochemical, functional properties and antioxidant activity of protein extract from spent coffee grounds using ultrasonic-assisted extraction

&lt;abstract&gt; &lt;p&gt;Spent coffee grounds, the residue from coffee brewing, are still underutilized even though they contain several useful organic compounds including proteins. To valorize the spent coffee grounds, the spent coffee ground protein was investigated using ultrasonic-assisted extraction as a pretreatment to conventional extraction. The pretreatments involved different ultrasound amplitudes (40%, 60% and 80%) and extraction times (10, 20 and 30 min) and their effects on the physicochemical and functional properties including antioxidant activity of protein extract. It was found that the protein content extracted was increased approximately 2 times, compared to the initial spent coffee grounds. Furthermore, the ultrasonic-assisted extraction affected the physicochemical properties, functional properties and antioxidant activity of the protein extract. The 80% amplitude for 10 min extraction time improved the foaming capacity, foaming stability, emulsifying activity index and the emulsifying stability index of protein extract. The pretreatment at 20 min extraction time provided the highest antioxidant activity (933.92-976.03 mM Trolox eq/g protein extract) and the highest total phenolic content (267.66-304.81 mg GAE/g protein extract). Nonetheless, protein extract using ultrasonic-assisted extraction resulted in higher total phenolic content and antioxidant activity without changes in the protein structure as confirmed by changes in FT-IR spectra and SDS-PAGE profiles. Thus, the spent coffee ground protein can be an interesting and alternative plant protein with functional properties for food application. Moreover, this work showed the feasibility to reduce waste and the food waste valorization.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/abstract&gt;

Protein Extraction from &lt;i&gt;Spirulina platensis &lt;/i&gt;by Using Ultrasound Assisted Extraction: Effect of Solvent Types and Extraction Time

Protein is a substantial nutrition that essentially required by human. Spirulina platensis (Spp), well known as protein source could be a significant source to be used for many industrial applications. This study was investigated the effectiveness of ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) method for protein extraction from Spp at various composition of solvent mixture and extraction time. Ethanol and mixture of methanol-ethanol were used as solvent. Extraction was conducted by varying ratios of solvent to biomass at 10:1, 12.5:1, and 15:1 (v/w), and extraction time (20, 35, and 50 min). Optimum protein recovery from dry Spp was 42.55 ± 0.43% obtained by using 20 ml of the mixture of methanol and ethanol at 50 min of extraction time. This study also conducted that mixture of methanol and ethanol was a better solvent on improving the ultrasound assisted extraction, as indicated by high protein recovery with less amount of solvent volume used.

In vivo and in vitro Volatile Constituents of the Flowers of Xylopia aromatica by HS‑SPME/GC-MS

Xylopia aromatica (Lam.) Mart. (Annonaceae) is a typical species from the Brazilian cerrado that presents medicinal properties. The plant is distinguished by its large white flowers which produce a pleasant fragrance. X. aromatica is characterized by a wide range of medicinal application. These characteristics have motivated us to investigate the flowers volatile organic compounds (VOCs) via in vivo and in vitro protocols by a headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS‑SPME) technique combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC‑MS). Four different fibers, extraction times and temperatures were the parameters changed to lead to the maximum profiling of the volatile constituents. Data were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA). A total of 77 VOCs were extracted from the floral scent, with 52 and 68 extracted from in vivo and in vitro sampling, respectively, of which 48 were reported for the first time in the literature as volatile constituents from X. aromatica flowers. The extraction and identification of VOCs were successfully performed through HS-SPME/GC-MS. The PCA data allowed the identification of parameters that led to the maximum number of VOCs, which were polyacrylate (PA) and carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (CAR/PDMS) fibers, 60 min extraction time and temperature of 29.0 °C. Among the volatile constituents identified, sesquiterpenes predominated, comprising about 61.04%.

Extraction of Flavonoids from Sword Flower and Methodology of Its Preparations

Qixing Jianhua (<i>Hylocerei Undati Flos</i>) is not only a specialty plant of Zhaoqing, but also has a lot of attention because it contains a variety of active ingredients. In order to explore the role of flavonoids in the seven-star sword-flower, by designing single factor test and L9 (Fourth power of 3) orthogonal test, the effects of different extraction time, ethanol concentration and particle size on the total flavonoids yield and process optimization were studied. After ultrasonic and 95% alcohol extraction, followed by ethyl acetate extraction, thin plate chromatography and other identification. Antioxidant ability analysis of the extract was carried out by salicylic acid method and antimicrobial test. And then the moisturizing anti-oxidation cream was prepared by using sword-flower alcohol extract. The results showed that the extraction rate was highest at 95% ethanol concentration, 1:60 of material to liquid ratio, 60 min extraction time, and 70 degrees Celsius extraction temperature, reaching 13.41 mg/g. The antibacterial effect of the extract is obvious, and it has obvious scavenging effect of hydroxyl radicals. Therefore, this paper has important theoretical and practical significance for the further study and application of flavonoids in the future. It can be predicted that the flavonoids extracted from Qixing sword flower, a kind of traditional Chinese medicine in Zhaoqing, will be widely used in the fields of food, medicine and health in the future.

Evaluation of Ultrasonication and Agitation Extraction Methods at Different Conditions on the Phenolic Composition and Antioxidant Activities of Mammillaria prolifera

The study focuses on the comparative evaluation of extraction methods (ultrasonication and agitation) based on phenolic composition and antioxidative activities of Mammillaria prolifera and it is the first report on this subject. The effects of extraction conditions of temperature (25° and 60°), time (15, 30 and 60 min) and solvent type (water and 70 % and 100 % methanol) on total phenolic compounds, 2,2'-azinobis( 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl anti-radical activities and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power values were determined. Moreover, the phenolic acid compositions of the extracts were investigated by high performance liquid chromatography. The extracts prepared with the ultrasonic method showed stronger antioxidant activity than those prepared with agitation methods. In both methods total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity values were the lowest in the aqueous extracts. The results showed a positive correlation observed between total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities of the studied extracts. The optimal conditions for the extraction of phenolic compounds from Mammillaria prolifera were found as 60 min extraction time, 60° extraction temperature and 70 % methanol concentration by using the ultrasonication method. Notably, protocatechualdehyde, gallic acid, para hydroxy benzoic acid and ferulic acid were identified in Mammillaria prolifera by using the high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector system and 14 phenolic standards. Consequently, Mammillaria prolifera cladodes can be used in food or pharmaceutical practices, as a potential natural source of antioxidants.