Mills Ltd Research Articles

MODIFICATIONS IN THE SUGAR INDUSTRY TO INCREASE THE ELECTRICITY GENERATION

Sugar Industry is one of the major agro based industry of India and sugar cane is one of the important cash crop. In sugar industry besides sugar crystal, ethanol and electricity are also produced. The sugar cane industry has enormous potential to produce energy by using its byproducts as bagasse (the fibrous residue of cane milling) and trashes (the cane tops and leaves). It has been seen that the electricity generation is generally very less in most of the sugar cane industries as compared to their respective capacity. In view of this it is essential to study about the electricity generation and the factors affecting it. In this regard the Kisan Sahkari Chini Mills Ltd Sultanpur (U.P) has been selected for investigation for the above purpose. This investigation also aims to propose the modification or improvement in the existing technology for more electricity generation. The technology presently used for electricity generation in this sugar industry is Condensing Extraction Steam Turbine (CEST) technique. From the past experience it is observed that CEST technology is not commercial viable. Because in CEST technique, two turbines are used mill turbine and power turbine. Mill turbine is used to transmit motion to the crusher and power turbine is used for the generation of electricity. The efficiency of mill turbine is very less (about 25-30%) as compared to power turbine (about 65-70%). It has been reported that to increase the power output of sugar industry, two modifications should be performed. First modification is the use of biomass integrated gasifier and the second one is the use of DC motor in place of mill turbine. Biomass integrated gasifier increases the electricity generation and use of DC motor reduces the steam consumption which finally increases the power output. By using above two modifications in the CEST technique, the emission of CO2, greenhouse gases and particulates would also be significantly reduced. The significant level of biomass available as byproducts of sugar cane processing, offers a potentially attractive application of gasifier in sugar industry. With the use of above two modification in the CEST technique in sugar factroies, selling additional power to the grid will be possible. This also offers an excellent opportunity for the sugar mills to generate additional revenue.

MBR technology for textile wastewater treatment: First experience in Bangladesh

For the first time in Bangladesh, a bench scale membrane bioreactor (MBR) unit was tested in treating a textile wastewater in the industry premises of EOS Textile Mills LTD, Dhaka for three months. The performance of the unit was compared with that of the conventional activated sludge treatment plant, which is in operation in the same premises. The COD and BOD removal efficiency of the MBR unit reached to around 90% and 80% respectively in 20 days whereas the removal efficiency of the conventional treatment plant was as low as 40-50% and 38-40% respectively. The outlet COD and the BOD level for the MBR unit remained stable in spite of the fluctuation in the feed value, while the conventional effluent treatment plant (ETP) failed to keep any stabilized level. The performance of the MBR unit was much superior to that of the functional ETP and the water treated by the MBR system can meet disposal standard.

Analysis and Acute Toxicity Determination of the Dyestuff in the Effluent of a Textile Manufacturing Company Located In The Eastern Part of Nigeria

In this study the effluent from General Cotton Mill Limited was analysed with respect to the dyestuff. The General Cotton Mill Ltd is an industry involved in textile manufacture which involves a lot of use of dyestuff and since some dyestuff can be environmental hazards, it became necessary to investigate the effluent to ascertain the safety of the effluent. The effluent was extracted with acetone, hexane and petroleum spirit (40 0 C- 60 0 C).Petroleum spirit was the best extracting solvent. The extract was chromatographically separated and subjected to UV visible, infrared and LD50 determination. There were two major dye components in the extract, blue and purple coloured dyes. The UV corresponding to the blue dye is 500nm while that of the purple dye is 520nm. The functional groups obtained from the IR are primary amide (RCONH2), sulphonic group (HSO3), vinyl group (-CH=CH2), alkyl chloride (C-Cl), aromatic amine group. These IR frequencies are in consonant with that found in most fiber reactive dyes. At an LD50 test of 500mg/kg, no death or sign from experimental animal (mice) was observed, which suggest that the extract dye is non toxic.

The status of working capital and its relationship with sales

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyze the status of gross and net working capital and their association with sales of Andhra Pradesh Paper Mills Ltd, with reference to the Indian paper industry over a decade, from 1999 to 2008.Design/methodology/approachThe research is mainly based on secondary financial data obtained from the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE). It focused on the size, character, and annual growth rates of gross and net working capital of the company. In addition, it analyzed the growth trends of gross and net working capital of the company in relation to sales. With the help of the Karl Pearson's correlation model, the inter‐relationship between sales and working capital has been identified. Then the strength and significance of such a relationship has been tested with the use of other statistical tools such as coefficient of determination and Student's t‐test.FindingsThe major findings of the research showed that while there was an increase in sales positively, strongly, and significantly associated with an increase in gross working capital for both the company and the industry, its association with net working capital was negative, poorly related, weak, and insignificant for the company under study.Originality/valueThere is a dearth of studies in the world literature that discuss the relationship that exists between sales and working capital in India's paper industry, in general and Andhra Pradesh Paper Mills Ltd in particular, and therefore this research is expected to add significant value to exploring the said linkage.

The effects of sildenafil ciltrate on the medial geniculate body of adult Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus)- A histological study

The histological effect of oral administration of sildenafil citrate (Viagra), commonly used as an aphrodisiac and for the treatment of erectile dysfunction on the medial geniculate body of adult Wistar rat was carefully studied. The rats of both sexes (n=24), average weight of 202 g were randomly assigned into three treatment (n=18) and control (n=6) groups. The rats in the treatment groups ‘A’, ‘B’ and ‘C’ received respectively, 0.25, 0.70 and 1.43 mg/kg body weight of sildenafil citrate base dissolved in distilled water daily for 30 days, through orogastric feeding tube, while that of the control group D, received equal volume of distilled water daily during the period of the experiment. The rats were fed with growers’ mash obtained from Edo Feeds and Flour Mill Ltd, Ewu, Edo State, Nigeria and were given water liberally. The rats were sacrificed on day thirty-one of the experiment. The medial geniculate body was carefully dissected out and quickly fixed in 10% formal saline for histological studies. The histological findings after H&E method indicated that the treated section of the medial geniculate body showed some decreased cellular population, degenerative changes, cellular hypertrophy, with some vacuolations appearing in the stroma, with the group that received higher doses of sildenafil citrate (1.43 mg/kg) more severe. These findings indicate that sildenafil citrate consumption may have some deleterious effects on the medial geniculate body of adult Wistar rats at higher doses and by extension may affect the functions of the medial geniculate body andthis may probably have some adverse effects on auditory sensibilities by its deleterious effects on the cells of the medial geniculate body of adult Wistar rats. It is therefore recommended that further studies aimed at corroborating these observations be carried out. Key words: Sildenafil citrate, medial geniculate body, degenerative changes, Wistar rats.

Effects of oral administration of <i>Phyllanthus amarus leaf extract on the kidneys of adult wistar rats - a histological study

Histological studies of the effects of oral administration of aqueous extract of Phyllanthus amarus commonly used in ethno medical practice in Africa for the management of various ailments such as kidney stones, dysentery, jaundice, diarrhoea and urogenital diseases on the kidney of adult Wistar rats were carefully studied. Rats of both sexes (n=24), average weight of 260g were randomly assigned into three groups: A, B and C of (n=8) in each group. Group A and B served as treatment groups (n=16) while group C (n=8) served as the control. The rats in the treatment groups (A & B) received 500mg/kg and 1000mg/kg body weight respectively of aqueous extract of Phyllanthus amarus orally through orogastric tube for twenty-eight days, while the control rats received equal volume of distilled water without the extract of Phyllanthus amarus added for the same period. The rats were fed with growers' mash purchased from Edo feeds and Flour Mill Ltd, Ewu, Edo state and were given water liberally. The rats were sacrificed on day twenty-nine of the experiment. The kidneys were carefully dissected out and quickly fixed in 10% formal saline for routine histological study after H&E method. The histological findings indicated that the treated sections of the kidneys showed hypertrophy of blood vessels, mild-severe infiltrate of chronic inflammatory cells and varying degrees of tubular necrosis when compared to the control sections. The findings indicated that the administration of Phyllanthus amarus extract has some adverse effects on the kidneys of adult Wistar rats. It is recommended that further studies aimed at corroborating these observations be carried out.

Histological studies of the effects of monosodium glutamate of the fallopian tubes of adult female Wistar rats.

Background:The effect of monosodium glutamate used as food additive on the fallopian tubes of adult Wistar rat was investigated.Material and Methods:Adult female Wistar rats (n=24) of average weight of 230g were randomly assigned into three groups A, B and C in each group (n=8). The treatment groups (A & B) were given 0.04mg/kg and 0.08mg/kg of monosodium glutamate thoroughly mixed with the growers’ mash, respectively on a daily basis. The control group (C) received equal amount of feeds (Growers’ mash) without monosodium glutamate added for fourteen days. The growers’ mash was obtained from Edo Feeds and Flour Mill Ltd, Ewu, Edo State and the rats were given water liberally. The rats were sacrificed on day fifteen of the experiment. The fallopian tubes were carefully dissected out and quickly fixed in 10% buffered formaldehyde for routine histological procedures.Result:The histological findings in the treated groups showed evidence of cellular hypertrophy, degenerative and atrophic changes, and lysed red blood cells in lumen with the group that received 0.08mg/kg of monosodium glutamate more severe.Conclusion:MSG may have some deleterious effects on the fallopian tubes of adult female Wistar rats at higher doses and by extension may contribute to the causes of female infertility. It is recommended that further studies aimed at corroborating these findings be carried out.

Histological Studies Of The Effects Of Oral Administration Of Artesunate On The Lateral Geniculate Body Of Adult Wistar Rats

The histological effect of oral administration of artesunate commonly used for the treatment of Malaria on one of the visual relay centres namely the lateral geniculate body (LGB) of adult Wistar rat was carefully studied. The rats of both sexes (n=24), average weight of 210g were randomly assigned into three treatment (n=18) and control (n=6) groups. The rats in the treatment group ‘A’ received 4mg/kg body weight of artesunatebase dissolved in distilled water daily for 3 days, through orogastric tube. The animals in groups ‘B’ and ‘C’ received 4mg/kg body weight of artesunate base dissolved in distilled water for the first day and thereafter received 2mg/kg body weight daily for six and thirteen days through the same route respectively, while that of the control group D, received equal volume of distilled water daily during the period of the experiment. Therats were fed with growers’ mash obtained from Edo Feeds and Flour Mill Ltd, Ewu, Edo State, Nigeria and were given water liberally. The rats were sacrificed on day four, eight and fifteen of the experiment. The lateral geniculate body (LGB) was carefully dissected out and quickly fixed in 10% formal saline for histological studies. The histological findings after H&E method indicated that the treated section of the lateral geniculate body (LGB) showed some varying degree of reduced cellular population based on its sparse distribution, degenerative changes, cellular hypertrophy,and intercellular vacuolations appearing in the stroma. Varying dosage and long administration of artesunate may have some deleterious effectson the neurons of the intracranial visual relay centre and this may probably have some adverse effects on visual sensibilities by its deleterious effects on the cells of the lateral geniculate body (LGB) of adult Wistar rats. It is therefore recommended that further studies aimed at corroborating these observations be carried out.Key words: Artesunate, lateral geniculate body (LGB), decreased cellular population,cellular hypertrophy, vacuolations and Wistar rats.

Histological Studies Of The Effects Of Monosodium Glutamate On The Stomach Of Adult Wistar Rats

The effect of monosodium glutamate (MSG) used as food additive on the stomach of adult wistar rat was investigated. Both adult male and female Wistar rats (n=30) of average weight of 186g were randomly assigned into two treatments (n=22) and control (n=8) groups. The rats in the treatment groups received 3g and 6g of MSG thoroughly mixed with grower's mash daily for fourteen days. The control rats received equal amounts of grower's mash without MSG added daily. The grower's mash was obtained from Edo Feeds and Flour Mill Ltd, Ewu, Edo State and the rats were given water ad libitum. The rats were sacrificed on day fifteen of the experiment. The stomach was carefully dissected out and quickly fixed in 10% formal saline for routine histological procedures. The histological findings in the treated groups showed evidence of increased basophilia and cellular hypertrophy in animals given 3g of MSG, while degenerative and atrophic changes in the group with 6g of MSG was more pronounced. These findings indicate that MSG may have some deleterious effects on the microanatomy of the stomach of adult Wistar rats at higher doses. It is recommended that further studies aimed at corroborating these findings be carried out. Keywords: Monosodium glutamate, Histological effect, vacuolations, stomach and wistar rats.Annals of Biomedical Sciences Vol. 6 (1) 2007: pp. 45-52

Histological Studies Of The Effects Of Oral Administration Of Artesunate On The Superior Colliculus Of Adult Wistar Rats

The histological effect of oral administration of artesunate commonly used for the treatment of Malaria on one of the visual relay centres namely the superior colliculus (SC) of adult Wistar rat was carefully studied. The rats of both sexes (n=24), average weight of 210g were randomly assigned into three treatment (n=18) and control (n=6) groups. The rats in the treatment group 'A' received 4mg/kg body weight of artesunate base dissolved in distilled water daily for 3 days, through orogastric tube. The animals in groups 'B' and 'C' received 4mg/kg body weight of artesunate base dissolved in distilled water for the first day and thereafter received 2mg/kg body weight daily for six and thirteen days through the same route respectively, while that of the control group D, received equal volume of distilled water daily during the period of the experiment. The rats were fed with grower's mash obtained from Edo Feeds and Flour Mill Ltd, Ewu, Edo State, Nigeria and were given water liberally. The rats were sacrificed on day four, eight and fifteen of the experiment. The Superior colliculus was carefully dissected out and quickly fixed in 10% formal saline for histological studies. The histological findings after H&E method indicated that the treated section of the Superior colliculus showed some varying degree of cell clustering, cellular hypertrophy, and intercellular vacuolations appearing in the stroma of the superior colliculus. Varying dosage and long administration of artesunate may have some deleterious effects on the neurons of the intracranial visual relay centre and this may probably have some adverse effects on visual sensibilities by its deleterious effects on the cells of the superior colliculus of adult Wistar rats. It is therefore recommended that further studies aimed at corroborating these observations be carried out.

The Effects Of Monosodium Glutamate On The Open Field Locomotor Activities In Adult Wistar Rats

The effects of Monosodium glutamate (MSG) commonly used as food additive, on the open field locomotors activities of adult Wistar rats were carefully studied. The rats of both sexes (n=24), average weight of 185g were randomly assigned into two treatments (n=16) and control (n=8) groups. The rats in the treatment groups received 0.04mg/kg and 0.08mg/kg of MSG thoroughly mixed with their feeds for fourteen days, while the control rats received equal amounts of feeds without MSG added. The rats were fed with growers' mash purchased from Edo Feeds and Flour Mill Ltd, Ewu, Edo State and were given water liberally. The rats were taken from their home cages and placed randomly into one of the four corners of the open field, facing the centre and allowed to explore the apparatus for 5minutes as the various behavioral scores were measured. The findings indicates that there was a significant difference (P<0.05) in the frequencies of line crossing, walling, grooming and hinding between the two treatments and control groups.

Histological Studies Of The Effects Of Monosodium Glutamate On The Liver Of Adult Wistar Rats

Histological effects of Monosodium glutamate (MSG) commonly used as food additive on the liver of adult Wistar rats were carefully studied. The rats of both sexes (n=24), average weight of 185g were randomly assigned into two treatments (n=16) and control (n=8) groups. The rats in the treatment groups received 3g and 6g of MSG thoroughly mixed with their feeds for fourteen days, while the control rats received equal amounts of feeds without MSG added. The rats were fed with growers' mash purchased from Edo Feeds and Flour Mill Ltd, Ewu, Edo State and were given water liberally. The rats were sacrificed on day fifteen of the experiment. The liver was carefully dissected out and quickly fixed in 10% formal saline for routine histological study after H&E method. The histological findings after H&E methods indicated that the treated sections of the liver showed evidence of dilatations of the central veins, which contained lysed red blood cells and cyto-architectural distortions of the hepatocytes, centrilobular hemorrhagic necrosis, atrophic and degenerative changes with the group that received 6g of MSG more severe. These findings indicate that MSG consumption may have some deleterious effects on the liver of adult Wistar rats at higher doses and by extension may affect the functions of the liver. It is recommended that further studies aimed at corroborating these findings be carried out.

Histological Studies Of The Effects Of Monosodium Glutamate On The Ovaries Of Adult Wistar Rats

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a commonly used food additive and there is growing concern that this may play a critical role in the aethiopathogenesis of anovulatory infertility.The effect of monosodium glutamate (MSG) used as food additive on the ovaries of adult Wistar rat was investigated.Adult female Wistar rats (n=24) weighing between 182 to 186grams were randomly assigned into three groups A, B and C of (n=8) in each group. The treatment groups (A and B) were given 0.04mg/kg body weight and 0.08mg/kg of monosodium glutamate thoroughly mixed with the grower's marsh, respectively on a daily basis. The control group (C); received equal amount of feeds (Growers' mash) without monosodium glutamate added for fourteen days. The grower's mash was obtained from Edo Feeds and Flour Mill Ltd, Ewu, Edo State and the rats were given water liberally. The rats were sacrificed on day fifteen of the experiment. The ovaries were carefully dissected out and quickly fixed in 10% formal saline for routine histological procedures.The histological findings in the treated groups showed evidence of cellular hypertrophy, degenerative and atrophic changes with more severe changes in the group that received 0.08mg/kg of MSG.These findings indicate that MSG may have some deleterious effects on the oocytes of the ovaries of adult Wistar rats at higher doses and by extension may contribute to the causes of female infertility. It is recommended that further studies aimed at corroborating these findings be carried out.

Histological Studies of the Effects of Monosodium Glutamate on the Superior Colliculus of Adult Wistar Rats

Histological effects of Monosodium glutamate (MSG) commonly used as food additive on the inferior colliculus (IC) of adult Wistar rats were carefully studied. The rats of both sexes (n=24), average weight of 185g were randomly assigned into two treatments (n=16) and control (n=8) groups. The rats in the treatment groups received 3g and 6g of MSG thoroughly mixed with their feeds for fourteen days, while the control rats received equal amounts of feeds without MSG added. The rats were fed with growers' mash purchased from Edo Feeds and Flour Mill Ltd, Ewu, Edo State and were given water liberally. The rats were sacrificed on day fifteen of the experiment. The inferior colliculus was carefully dissected out and quickly fixed in 10% formal saline for routine histological study after H&E method. The histological findings after H&E methods indicated that the treated sections of the inferior colliculus showed some cellular degenerative changes, cellular hypertrophy, and autophagic vacuoles with some intercellular vacuolations appearing in the stroma, and some degree of neuronal hypertrophy when compared to the control sections.

Histological studies of the effects of monosodium glutamate on the kidney of adult Wistar rats

The effect of monosodium glutamate, used as food additive on the Kidneys of adult wistar rat was investigated. Both adult male and female Wistar rats (n=24) average weight of 185g were randomly assigned into two treatments (n=12) and control (n=6) groups. The rats in the treatment groups received 3g and 6g of Monosodium glutamate thoroughly mixed with the grower's mash daily for fourteen days. The control rats received equal amount of the grower's mash without Monosodium glutamate added daily. The grower's mash was obtained from Edo Feeds and Flour Mill Ltd, Ewu, Edo State and the rats were given water liberally. The rats were sacrificed on day fifteen of the experiment. The Kidneys were carefully dissected out and quickly fixed in 10% formal saline for histological procedures. Histological changes observed in the treated kidney sections included the distortion of the renal cortical structures and some degree of cellular necrosis. Our results suggested that the functions of the kidney could have been adversely affected due to the distortion of the cyto-architecture of the renal cortical structures and cellular necrosis associated with the kidney. It is recommended that further studies aimed at corroborating these observations be carried out.

Globalization and an African city: Lagos

The author, Chairman of Omokhodion Associates Ltd and Omokhodion Group, has received his academic degrees in architecture and city planning from the University of Science and Technology Kumasi, Ghana; the Athens Center of Ekistics, Athens, Greece; Yale University, New Haven, CO, USA ; the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; and the University of Lagos, Nigeria. In his long career, he has held key posts as Technical Officer in Training and as architect in the Federal Ministry of Works &amp; Housing; as Physical Planning Assistant to Vice-Chancellor, University of Lagos, and has been director and chief designer of major architectural, landscape, urban design and urban planning projects in Nigeria at a broad range of scales. He has been a member of the Landuse and Allocation Committee, Bendel State; the Presidential Committee on the Accelerated Development of Abuja; the UNESCO Commission for Nigeria; Director of the Western Textile Mills Ltd; and is currently a member on the Panel on the Reorganization of NNPC. Dr Omokhodion is also a Fellow of the Nigerian Institute of Architects and the Nigerian Institute of Town Planners, and a member of the Royal Institute of British Architects and the World Society for Ekistics. The text that follows is a slightly edited version of a paper presented at the international symposion on "Globalization and Local Identity, " organized jointly by the World Society for Ekistics and the University of Shiga Prefecture in Hikone, Japan, 19-24 September, 2005.

Globalization and an African city: Lagos

The author, Chairman of Omokhodion Associates Ltd and Omokhodion Group, has received his academic degrees in architecture and city planning from the University of Science and Technology Kumasi, Ghana; the Athens Center of Ekistics, Athens, Greece; Yale University, New Haven, CO, USA ; the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; and the University of Lagos, Nigeria. In his long career, he has held key posts as Technical Officer in Training and as architect in the Federal Ministry of Works & Housing; as Physical Planning Assistant to Vice-Chancellor, University of Lagos, and has been director and chief designer of major architectural, landscape, urban design and urban planning projects in Nigeria at a broad range of scales. He has been a member of the Landuse and Allocation Committee, Bendel State; the Presidential Committee on the Accelerated Development of Abuja; the UNESCO Commission for Nigeria; Director of the Western Textile Mills Ltd; and is currently a member on the Panel on the Reorganization of NNPC. Dr Omokhodion is also a Fellow of the Nigerian Institute of Architects and the Nigerian Institute of Town Planners, and a member of the Royal Institute of British Architects and the World Society for Ekistics. The text that follows is a slightly edited version of a paper presented at the international symposion on Globalization and Local Identity, organized jointly by the World Society for Ekistics and the University of Shiga Prefecture in Hikone, Japan, 19-24 September, 2005.

Validation of Taguchi design using a quality parameter of cosmetic soap manufactured in a local industry

The objective of this study is to investigate the applicability of Taguchi method to the production process of a local industry. Harishchandra Mills (Pvt.) Ltd, Matara, which is engaged in soap manufacturing process has been selected as the local industry. This process is entangled with different kinds of variables. Four critical variables - two types of oil, coconut oil (a1) and palm oil (a0), on the basis of high and low saponification values, two levels of caustic soda (b0, b1), and two different saponification temperatures, 70‰(c0) and 80‰(c1), with and without stirring process for saponification (d1, d0) were adopted. The results obtained for Total Fatty Matter (TFM) was used to calculate optimum value (Yopt) for each treatment with and without replicates. The results for Yopt for TFM with and without replicates were 75.98%, and 76.66%, respectively. The best treatment combination under this method was a1b1c1d1 for the same sequence of quality parameters given above. The same best treatment combinations were also obtained for the validation test, four-factor experiment design and block design with and without replicates.

Newsprint Mills in Australia: a story of shifting optimum location

The focus in this paper is on the shifting optimum location for a newsprint mill in Australia, factors influencing this shift, and the implications for a particular manufacturing site that is becoming increasingly outdated and out-of-place. Shipping times and schedules for high-volume, high-density tonnages of commodities such as newsprint have altered insufficiently over the last 60 years to affect competitive relations among various newsprint manufacturers around the world. With sea transport held roughly constant, changes in other aspects of the international newsprint industry can be investigated as part of unpacking the concept of globalisation. Globalisation for the former Australian Newsprint Mills Ltd meant becoming more open to new and closer competition, as well as becoming more exposed to acquisition by increasingly transnational enterprises. In the global newsprint industry at least, the world is less a smaller place than a more open one, with tonnes of newsprint moving at similar speeds to 60 years ago but among different and changing locations in terms of geography, ownership and market preference.

Newsprint Mills in Australia: A story of shifting optimum location

The focus in this paper is on the shifting optimum location for a newsprint mill in Australia, factors influencing this shift, and the implications for a particular manufacturing site that is becoming increasingly outdated and out-of-place. Shipping times and schedules for high-volume, high-density tonnages of commodities such as newsprint have altered insufficiently over the last 60 years to affect competitive relations among various newsprint manufacturers around the world. With sea transport held roughly constant, changes in other aspects of the international newsprint industry can be investigated as part of unpacking the concept of globalisation. Globalisation for the former Australian Newsprint Mills Ltd meant becoming more open to new and closer competition, as well as becoming more exposed to acquisition by increasingly transnational enterprises. In the global newsprint industry at least, the world is less a smaller place than a more open one, with tonnes of newsprint moving at similar speeds to 60 years ago but among different and changing locations in terms of geography, ownership and market preference.