Milk Marketing Board Research Articles

The European Economic Community and United Kingdom dairying, with special reference to Northern Ireland ‐ a personal view*

International Journal of Dairy TechnologyVolume 36, Issue 3 p. 72-75 The European Economic Community and United Kingdom dairying, with special reference to Northern Ireland - a personal view* D. L. ARMSTRONG, D. L. ARMSTRONG Milk Marketing Board, Brussels, BelgiumSearch for more papers by this author D. L. ARMSTRONG, D. L. ARMSTRONG Milk Marketing Board, Brussels, BelgiumSearch for more papers by this author First published: July 1983 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0307.1983.tb02546.xCitations: 1 † *Since this address was given the British Government has succeeded in reducing inflation to single figures. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume36, Issue3July 1983Pages 72-75 RelatedInformation

Book reviews

Book Reviewed in this Article:Nutritive Sweeteners. Ed. by G. G. Birch and K. J. Parker. London: Applied Science Publishers Ltd, 1982. PpDairy Facts and Figures 1981. Thames Ditton: Federation of United Kingdom Milk Marketing Boards, 1982. PpThe Problem of Dark‐cutting in Beef. Ed. by D. E. Hood and P. V. Tarrant. (Current Topics of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Vol. 10). The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1981. PpEffects of Low Temperatures on Biological Membranes. Ed. by G. J. Morris and A. Clarke. London: Academic Press, 1981. PpDevelopments in Food Proteins. 1. Ed. by B. J. F. Hudson. London: Applied Science Publishers Ltd, 1982. Pp

Use of instruments in assessing milk quality

International Journal of Dairy TechnologyVolume 35, Issue 2 p. 72-74 Use of instruments in assessing milk quality F. HARDING, F. HARDING Milk Marketing Board, Thames DittonSearch for more papers by this author F. HARDING, F. HARDING Milk Marketing Board, Thames DittonSearch for more papers by this author First published: April 1982 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0307.1982.tb02717.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Volume35, Issue2April 1982Pages 72-74 RelatedInformation

Milk quality schemes

The milk quality control schemes operated on contractual and voluntary bases by the United Kingdom Milk Marketing Boards are discussed. These include schemes for compositional quality, hygienic quality, antibiotics. sediment, extraneous water, cell count, and brucellosis testing. In addition to the schemes for individual ex‐farm supplies, reference is made to the provisional standards for bulk tanker supplies which will come into effect in England and Wales in the near future.

Added‐value products: alternatives to skimmed milk powder

The paper describes the work done by the Aberdeen and District Milk Marketing Board on the production of dried‐milk‐based products such as calf milk replacers, to give a higher return than dried skimmed milk. Proposals for alternatives to buttermaking are also given.

Legal Monopoly for the Milk Marketing Boards?

Legal Monopoly for the Milk Marketing Boards?

Milk Yield Recording

The Milk Marketing Board (MMB) specification for milk yield recording defines the acceptable limits of error for any recording equipment whether manual or automatic. This is that at any milking 95 per cent of the measurements must not deviate more than ± 5 per cent or 0.25 kg (whichever is the greater) from the true weight. Hence an error of ± 0.25 kg is allowable for yields below 5 kg and 5 per cent of yield for quantities greater than 5 kg.

The milk marketing board—Its origins and functions: Part II—Technical services and controls

In the second and final paper, information is given on the extremely wide range of services provided by this producers' organisation to enhance the dairy farmers' returns from the national markets for milk and dairy products. The profit-making and marketing roles of the Board's commercial enterprises—liquid milk dairies, manufacturing creameries and transport fleets—are examined in some detail. The Board's policies in controlling milk quality and in making the major contribution to national advertising and promotion of the various home markets are explained in depth. An account of the considerable range of MMB on-farm services provided for milk producers is included. The paper concludes with a brief reference to the producers' power to dismantle, if desired, this unique example of a producer controlled and producer financed milk marketing organisation serving commercial dairy interests and consumers to the ultimate benefit of the dairy farmers whose creation it is. The fact that such a major agricultural marketing organisation is currently under review by the European Economic Community adds to the topicality of the paper.

The English Milk Marketing Board—Its origins and functions: Part I

This is the first of two papers on the English Milk Marketing Board, a producers' body, with statutory powers, which has revolutionised milk marketing and has successfully introduced a wide range of technical services for milk producers and users since its inception in 1933. It is a successful example of vertical integration initiated, and to a considerable extent administered, by a mainly elected body of farmers.

A theory of beef production

Summary A theory of beef production is presented as a logical basis for discussion. It offers data to support its validity through successful application to commercial beef breeding herds. The five time-related factors which have the greatest effect on herd performance and profitability are considered to be a) the number of heifers in oestrus on the first day of mating which is related to nutrition, body weight, management and previous herd performance; b) the length of the interval from calving to first heat and conception which is related to the time of calving and mating, nutrition and management; c) the gestation length, e.g. Angus 273–279(6) Carier, A. H., Muller, J. P. and Baker, D. L. 1975. “Exotic Breeds for Beef Herds. Preliminary Results”. In Proceedings Ruakura Farmers Conference [Google Scholar] and Charolais 284–96(1) Edwards, J., Joss, T. D., Hodges, J., Leyburn, J., O'Connor, K. L., MacDonald, D., Smith, G. F. and Wood, P. 1966. The Charolais Report, England: (Milk Marketing Board). Breeding and Production Organisation. [Google Scholar] (2) Hanly, G. J. and Mossman, D. H. 1976. A study of commercial breed production on typical hill country. N.Z. vet. J., 25: 3–7. [Taylor & Francis Online] , [Google Scholar] (7) Laster, D. B., Climp, A. H. and Gregory, K. E. 1972. Age and weight at puberty and conception in different breeds and breed crosses of beef heifers. J. Anim. Sci., 34: 1031–1034. [Crossref], [PubMed] , [Google Scholar]; d) the percentage calving in the first 21 days and e) the repeatability of herd performance within limited mating systems over a 3–5 year period. This theory involves the reduction in losses, direct increases in production and the more effective utilization of available assets. Effective production systems ensure all three factors occur at the same time.

Summaries of Papers in this Issue

Modern Milk Production in the EEC‐in Scotland. M. Joughin (Chairman, North of Scotland Milk Marketing Board) Journal of the Society of Dairy Technology 1976,29,64.Modern Milk Production Methods in the EEC ‐ France. Charles Viannay (President, Association Regionale des Services de l'Elevage, Trelaze, France) Journal of the Society of Dairy Technology 1976, 29,66.Developments in Mechanized Cheesemaking in the United Kingdom, 1972–1975. R. J. M. Crawford (Head, Department of Dairy Technology, The West of Scotland Agricultural College, Auchincruive, Ayr KA6 5HW) Journal of the Society of Dairy Technology 1976, 29, 71.The Physical Properties of Milk Fats of Different Chemical Compositions. W. Banks, J. L. Clapperton and Morag E. Ferrie (The Hannah Research Institute, Ayr KA6 5HL) Journal of the Society of Dairy Technology 1976, 29, 86.

New Zealand national mastitis survey: 1965-6. 1. Preliminary studies.

Abstract Extract A survey of 1000 dairy herds in England and Wales, by the U.K. Milk Marketing Board during 1955–7 showed that 1% of the cows were affected with clinical mastitis at any one sampling. In 1957–8 the Animal Health Division of the U.K. Ministry of Agriculture undertook a national survey of wastage and disease in dairy cows (Leech et al., 1960). Their estimate for a seasonal prevalence of 10% of cows affected with clinical mastitis was corroborated by a second national survey in 1964 (Leech et al., 1964).

A large scale mastitis control programme in Somerset.

The results of a mastitis control programme operated in south west England for three years are given. Farmers participating in the full mastitis control group agreed to treat each cow at drying off with 500 mg benzathine cloxacillin in each quarter, to have their milking machines tested and to correct any faults, and to practise teat dipping. Data covering cell counts, milk production, milk quality and clinical mastitis, were assessed from herds taking part in the programme. Cell counts were analysed from all 507 herds taking part in the programme. Milk production records for the full mastitis control group (188 herds) over a three year period are discussed, and these results compared with milk production figures from Milk Marketing Board records from herds in the south west of England which were carrying out no specific mastitis control programme. The milk quality data compare the findings in 159 herds in the full mastitis control programme with those in 247 herds in the partial and no mastitis control groups. Cases of clinical mastitis during the three year period were recorded in 73 herds in the full mastitis control group. The problems of applying the control routines are presented with observations on clinical mastitis, bulk milk cell count, milk production and milk quality. After three years, herds in the programme had on average increased milk production by 75 gallons a cow, achieved a 14.6 per cent reduction in the incidence of clinical mastitis, and improved the milk total solids percentage by one milk quality payment class.

THE EFFECT OF EEC REGULATIONS ON THE MARKETING OF MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS IN THE UK

The effect on the dairy industry of membership of the EEC and the distinction between its regulations and directives as set out in the Treaty of Rome are described. Over 3,000 regulations were issued in 1974, 250 of which dealt with milk and dairy products and a list of the main regulations is given in an appendix. The advantages of price reviews more than once a year and possible seasonal milk pricing are discussed. The marketing field is described and the need for products with the greatest earning potential stressed. Developments in liquid milk markets are shown and their importance in the United Kingdom emphasized. Possible standardization in the liquid milk market, and the difficulties involved in the operation of milk marketing boards is considered. {Editor's summary).

IS THE DAIRY INDUSTRY FULFILLING ITS SOCIAL OBLIGATIONS?

The problems of industry and the importance of its obligations to society are considered, with particular reference to the role as played by the dairy industry. The significance of the nutritional and bacteriological studies in the early part of the century and the subsequent technological advances are discussed. The function of the Milk Marketing Boards and their responsibility to the dairy industry is described. Management training and the integration of directors and staff with the need to preserve the involvement and identification with the company is emphasized.

Evaluation of nutrition education in everyday teaching environment

Summary More than 7,800 elementary teachers on Ontario, Canada, have participated in nutrition education workshops offered by the Ontario Milk Marketing Board. The teachers participated voluntarily, although in some areas school boards endorsed the program. The goal was to train teachers so they could teach their students how to select a balanced meal. The selection is bascd on a four food group system. Results of the program include: more than 70% of the teachers who took the workshops taught some nutrition education to their classes; students in classes taught by workshop-trained teachers showed improvement in nutrition knowledge; and there was improvement in claimed eating behavior by children in those classes.

Discussion: Collective Bargaining for Agriculture, Marketing Boards, Marketing Orders, and Other Controls

As one engaged in management of a milk marketing board, my contribution to this discussion will focus on the marketing board approach to collective bargaining. I will challenge two of Professor Wood's basic positions on this subject, and conclude by listing a number of objectives that our board has set for itself, which are not covered in Wood's analysis. But before proceeding, I want to make one reference to the Johnson paper. I am in agreement with Johnson's conclusion that collective bargaining can raise prices and incomes of important sectors of agriculture by substantial amounts, providing farmers have enough power and know how to use it. What I find difficult to accept is the preoccupation with the voluntary cooperative route to achieve these ends in the United States. The conditions of cooperative unity and strength which Johnson defines as requirements for substantial gains in the collective bargaining process can be much more quickly and assuredly obtained under producer marketing

QUALITY CONTROL OF EX‐FARM MILK IN NORTHERN IRELAND

International Journal of Dairy TechnologyVolume 20, Issue 2 p. 73-82 QUALITY CONTROL OF EX-FARM MILK IN NORTHERN IRELAND G. CHAMBERS, G. CHAMBERS Milk Marketing Board for Northern IrelandSearch for more papers by this authorJ. McDOWELL, J. McDOWELL Milk Marketing Board for Northern IrelandSearch for more papers by this author G. CHAMBERS, G. CHAMBERS Milk Marketing Board for Northern IrelandSearch for more papers by this authorJ. McDOWELL, J. McDOWELL Milk Marketing Board for Northern IrelandSearch for more papers by this author First published: April 1967 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0307.1967.tb01997.xCitations: 3AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume20, Issue2April 1967Pages 73-82 RelatedInformation

Haematological Values for the Clinically Normal Bull

SUMMARY The blood picture of 152 bulls standing at artificial insemination centres is described. The data obtained were analysed by breed and by age, and significant between-breed and age differences were found. The advantage of using absolute values for the differential white blood cell count is emphasized. A number of workers have studied individual aspects of the blood picture of the bull (e.g. Fraser, 1930; Scarborough, 1931; McCay, 1931), but no detailed study has been made. Holman (1955) has criticized comparisons made between cows and bulls because of differences in their environmental conditions. In 1962 approximately 1,000 bulls were being kept in insemination centres (Federation of U.K. Milk Marketing Boards, 1963). This paper describes the blood picture of such bulls.

NORTHERN IRELAND

International Journal of Dairy TechnologyVolume 18, Issue 3 p. 130-133 NORTHERN IRELAND G. CHAMBERS, G. CHAMBERS Milk Marketing Board for Northern IrelandSearch for more papers by this authorJ. G. MURRAY, J. G. MURRAY Ministry of Agriculture for Northern Ireland and the Queen's University, BelfastSearch for more papers by this author G. CHAMBERS, G. CHAMBERS Milk Marketing Board for Northern IrelandSearch for more papers by this authorJ. G. MURRAY, J. G. MURRAY Ministry of Agriculture for Northern Ireland and the Queen's University, BelfastSearch for more papers by this author First published: July 1965 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0307.1965.tb00190.xCitations: 4AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume18, Issue3July 1965Pages 130-133 RelatedInformation