Military Terminology Research Articles

Peculiarities of the English Language Training of Military Administration Masters

The article deals with the methods of teaching English for specific purposes to border guard officers. Ability to communicate English is one of the core competences of border guards in order to provide the State border protection. The aim of the article is to characterise peculiarities and aim of the English language training of “Military Administration” masters. Particular attention is paid to the structure of educational program of the second (master’s) level of higher education on specialty “Military Administration (by branches of Armed Forces)” and development of working curriculum “English for specific purposes”. Our hypothesis is that it is efficacious to use modern methods of learning during the lessons of the English language that was verified by the experiment which was conducted from July 2017 to July 2018 in the form of a survey of the first year officers (47 people) in the Faculty of Executive Staff Training who were studying according to the new educational program on the basis of the Bohdan Khmelnytskyi National Academy of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine. Analysis of the results of graduation examinations of border guard officers has shown that due to the use of the modern communicative methods of teaching in the educational process of the Academy, the quality of officers’ knowledge increased significantly. The result of the experiment confirmed that the officers generally acquired a good level of texts reading and translation skills, knowledge of professional lexical material, military terminology, and ability to make decision according the current legislation in the professional situation. It has proved the effectiveness of the implementation of working curriculum of English for specific purposes especially due to use of modern learning methods, forms of compatible collective activity, friendly atmosphere, attentive attitude toward partners on a communication and mutual help.

Ambigapathy Pandian, Thomas Chow Voon Foo, and Shaik Abdul Malik Mohamed Ismail, (Eds.) Curriculum Development, Materials Design and Methodologies: Trends and issues. Pulau Pinang: Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia, 2011. Pp. 1-342. ISBN 978-983-861-493-1 (Print). e-ISBN 978-967-461-089-0

Ambigapathy Pandian, Thomas Chow Voon Foo, and Shaik Abdul Malik Mohamed Ismail, (Eds.) Curriculum Development, Materials Design and Methodologies: Trends and issues. Pulau Pinang: Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia, 2011. Pp. 1-342. ISBN 978-983-861-493-1 (Print). e-ISBN 978-967-461-089-0

SEMANTIC FEATURES OF TRANSLATION OF GERMAN FRAZEOLOGISMSIN HISTORICAL TRAGEDY OF RUDOLF VON GOTTSHALL “MAZEPA” IN Y. FEDKOVICH’S INTERPRETATION

The article deals with the most famous of German-speaking Mazepa-works of the nineteenth century – the historical tragedy of R. Gottschal’s "Mazepa" and its Ukrainian translation by Yu. Fedkovich. An overview of the critical reception of the German-speaking Mazepa-works proves that the work has received the greatest resonance in Ukrainian literary criticism. In addition, the historical tragedy is the only German-language work on Hetman translated into Ukrainian by Yurij Fedkovich. Among the most important factors of Y. Fedkovych's appeal to work on the historical tragedy is the Ukrainian theme from the past of our people.
 The analysis of the Ukrainian language version is based on the following criteria for the adequacy of the translation: the translation of realities, in particular, military terminology and ranks of the Cossack army; idioms; reproduction of author syntax and style; observance of the equilibrium of the original work. The article is based on the identification of priorities in the use of expressive means. 
 As a result of comparison of realities, it was discovered that most of the time Y. Fedkovych made a contextual translation or found a situational collocation that was understandable to the people. Military ranks and attributes of the Cossack army were translated with the help of hyperonymic renaming, which testifies to the priority of the principle of historical authenticity in Y. Fedkovych's approach as a bearer of language.
 It was made possible to describe the features of the creative manner and the individual author’s style of Y. Fedkovych’s translation, embodied in his interpretation of German tragedy.
 The role of the historical tragedy of R. von Gottschal in promoting the German-speaking Mazepa-works is decisive. Y. Fedkovich's translation remains the only Ukrainian-language version among a number of numerous German-language works devoted to Ivan Mazepa.

GENERAL AND DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF TRANSLATING THE MILITARY TEXTS

This article is devoted to the study of general and specific features of military texts including stylistic, grammatical and lexical features. The quality of translation is directly related to interdisciplinary links and to the level of cadets’ knowledge of military terminology. The importance of teaching military vocabulary in English to cadets is highlighted in the article in connection with translation. It is essential that language teachers should pay a great attention not only to teaching military vocabulary but also to speaking, reading, writing and to translating texts on specialty.

Military vocabulary in the translation of J. Littell’s novel Les Bienveillantes (The Kindly Ones) into slovene: between tradition and innovation

Military vocabulary and the vocabulary of war are part of specialized as well as general lexicon. Such language was present in Slovene even before the creation of the Slovene army in 1991. In this context the systematic development of military terminology was left to enthusiastic individuals. Due to the lack of terminological reference works, the creation of military vocabulary was in the hands of people who experienced military service and war, as well as writers and translators. But can literature present a reliable source for terminological research? We also try to answer this question.Our research is focused on the lexis concerning war, the denomination of military functions and ideologies in the context of the Second World War as they appear in the French original and Slovene translation of Bienveillantes (The Kindly Ones) by J. Littell (2006, 2010). Its war lexis is compared to that of some Slovene original works and translations concerning the Second World War. In addition, the monolingual corpus Gigafida is taken into account and the question of the (in)stability of prescriptive norms of Slovene is discussed.

Терміни військової справи в романі Вальтера Скотта “Айвенго”: структурна організація

Terminological stylistics is one of the most relevant areas of linguistics in the 21st century. The subject of the study, according to A. Kryzhanovska, is “using multidisciplinary terminology in its definitive sense, the author’s creating the necessary and special words on models of the real terms, introducing redefined terminology in the arsenal of artistic means.” In modern Ukrainian linguistics, as you know, there are no comprehensive studies on using the terms in styles unusual for them, including the belles-lettres. Today, in Ukrainian terminology, there are only a small number of works that deal exclusively with some aspects of the functioning of special words in journalistic and belles-lettres styles that are specific to this type of vocabulary. The article continues the cycle of publications in the field of studying the specific functioning of military terminology in the writings of the writers from different countries of the world. The investigation is aimed at studying the peculiarities of the structural-component organisation of the military terms in the language of the work by W. Scott “Ivanhoe”, in particular, the word terms and phrase terms have been analysed. The authors of the study present the main problematic ideas existing at the present stage in the circle of narrow specialists, which are terminology. The relevance of the paper, first of all, is due to the lack of comprehensive studies on the peculiarities of using the military terms in the works by Walter Scott and the need for linguistic analysis of the texts, in particular the novel “Ivanhoe”, which is a pearl of world literature. The paper gives the main thoughts on defining the concepts “word term”, “phrase term”. The authors’ classification of the military terms which Walter Scott successfully introduced in his fiction work is represented on the basis of the generally accepted in modern Ukrainian linguistics. The military terms of the above mentioned work are analysed, and the specifics of their use is defined, their structural-component organisation in the prose work of the prominent writer Walter Scott is determined. The investigators in their article define the main characteristics of the military terms that function in the analysed fiction work, present these units determine their grammatical categories and structure. The word term and phrase terms, which include military terms, which are introduced into the language of the text by the author, are investigated. The function of this vocabulary taking into account the subject area, the ideological content, the purpose of the work, the creative idea of the author is determined. The quantitative characteristics of the military terminological units of Walter Scott’s novel “Ivanhoe” have confirmed the opinion of most linguists regarding the benefits of the multi-component terms over the word terms. This phenomenon is due to the fact that such units, which have a large number of components, allow describing in more detail, describing the concept of a particular industry, in particular military affairs. Introducing such multicomponent terms is absolutely justified in fiction texts, because the author must take into account the fact that the reader of his work may not only be a person who has special military training, but also be a representative of another profession, or the reader does not have any specialty, education, etc. This can complicate the reader’s understanding of the work, so the true artist takes on such multicomponent terms in his text to create the most vivid and understandable image.

Footballers as Soldiers. Rituals of Masculinity in Twentieth-Century Germany: Physical, Pedagogical, Political, Ethical and Social Aspects

Since the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth centuries, football squads have defined themselves as exclusively male domains with explicit military characteristics. The rules and tactics of football used to be interpreted in categories of battle orders. Furthermore, football language is full of concepts and ideas which derive directly from the terminology of the military. This issue extends to various aspects of German football culture. Early textbooks of football training, dietetics and hygiene understood the physical constitution of football players in terms of tough, soldierly masculinity. German squads used to practise tough, masculine rituals of initiation, comradeship and discipline. Some of the fundamental rituals in this context were derived from the everyday life of the barracks. The military-athletic masculinity of football and the crude ideals and rituals of German student fraternities reflected important social differences between these groups. Military connotations are an important reason for the long-lasting exclusion of women from football culture - not only in Germany. Like the military terminology of football, the moral representation of the players as national heroes who are prepared to accept subordination within a team of fighters can also be found nowadays. This paper will describe the roots of the soldierly, athletic paradigm that inspired football culture even after the Second World War.

Translating Military Slang Terms from English into Formal Arabic

Translating military slang terminologies is a demanding and a challenging task for the translators who work in this field. In most cases translators find them hard to translate due to the implications of these. This paper endeavors to investigate the proper translation techniques and strategies used to translate military slang terms which have only partial or no equivalents in the target language into formal Arabic. Newmark's translation methods namely the Semantic, Communicative and his translation procedures model will be used as the theoretical framework of the study. The data of the study is taken from the glossary of US and UK Army Slang: Acronyms and Terms. The results show that military slang terms is specific a language therefore special techniques should be used in order to translate it properly. Translators should be culturally and linguistically competent in languages. A previous military experience with good knowledge of military terminology. The following Strategies were employed by the translators: borrowing, compensation, cultural equivalence and paraphrasing.

MEANS OF SOFTENING OF CATEGORICAL EXPRESSIONS AND MITIGATING STRATEGIES IN BUSINESS COMMUNICATION (based on Italian and Spanish business correspondence)

This article examines the conditions for the implementation of the mixing strategy in Spanish and Italian business writing communications. An attempt is being made to determine whether mitigation is a strategy or tactic in business communication. In this regard, these two concepts borrowed from many sciences, including linguistic, from military terminology are considered. In this paper, the mitigation is considered as a communicative strategy involving the use of a number of tactical techniques for the implementation of which language means are involved. Communicative category of mitigation considered as an element of communicative consciousness, which regulates the communicative behavior of communication participants. The linguistic pragmatics category of categorical utterance and linguistic means of its softening that realize communicative mitigation are investigated. The communicative category of mitigation (from the Latin verb 'mitigare' - to mitigate) is associated with a decrease in the illocutionary force of influence on the addressee in special communicative situations, namely, in potentially conflicting situations that often arise in business communication. Strategy mitigation, as well as tactical techniques of its implementation, is also the subject of research in the sciences related to management. They are of considerable interest to politicians, journalists, etc. On the one hand, the mixing strategies are considered in connection with the categories of cooperation, courtesy, trust, tolerance, non-domination and equality, on the other, conflict and rivalry, domination and inequality. The article states that, being associated with courtesy and mitigation of categoricality, tying however not their synonym is. Mitigation is a strategy, a means of expressing courtesy and softening categorical manner of statement - just some of the number of tools, techniques and moves tactically used in this communicative strategy. The linguistic characteristics and pragmatic tools of communicative language interaction in the process of updating their communicative intentions are studied. The linguistic behavior of participants in business correspondence is structured through the implementation of a communicative strategy, which is defined as a complex of pragmatically oriented speech actions aimed at achieving a communicative goal with the use of language tactics that contribute to the implementation of this strategy. In the course of the study, we draw conclusions about the role of pragmalinguistic tools for realizing the communicative strategy of mitigation in achieving success in business communication and the perlocutive effect.

Military Terminology in the Subtitles of Band of Brothers

Abstract The present article investigates issues of military terminology in the Hungarian and Romanian subtitles of the highly popular TV mini-series Band of Brothers. The introductory part offers a brief presentation of terms, possible definitions, and their relevance for translators/subtitlers, and then – based on a possible mind map of military terms, including army units, equipment, ranks, commands, tactics, rewards, and punishments – we analyse samples belonging to army equipment and ranks (commanders) in the Hungarian and Romanian subtitles, arguing for the importance of reliable sources and consistency, which directly contribute to the quality of translations or subtitles. A special field of investigation may be represented by the specific military abbreviations and acronyms, which may offer an objective insight into the level of expertise of the translators/subtitlers.

PARTICULARITIES OF COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE OF FUTURE OFFICERS

In the context of the modern education the foreign language training in military educational institutions should be aimed at activation the practical application of the obtained knowledge within the conditions that need the skills of foreign language communication. The purpose of the article is to identify the features of communicative competence in the training process of future officers. Scientific methods used: theoretical, in particular, analysis and study of pedagogical, methodical and special literature, information sources on the research problem; analysis of the practice of teaching a foreign language in the preparation of future officers. The results of the study of scientific sources revealed that there are different approaches to concept of “competency” and “competence”. The concept of foreign language communication competence is considered in the context of studying a foreign language by future officers. Foreign language communication competence is understood as integral characteristic of professional activity of expert which includes the following components: - activitive, namely skills and knowledge, which direct help in the realization of the expert activities; − communicative, which consist of skills and knowledge, that allow to carry out the professional communication. Military lexis has a certain linguistic peculiarity with a rethinking of existing expressions in the military way. A significant role here is given to the peculiarities of the English-speaking authentic speech of servicemen, which is used when communicating with NATO officials. The hardest was the listening comprehension of military terminology, so much attention was paid to this kind of activity and exercises that contribute to this. Therefore, the features of communicative competence of future officers include the following aspects: language; military terminology; linguo-crosscultural. For this purpose, we introduce intensive teaching methods in foreign language classes with cadets.

ОБРАЗНАЯ ЛЕКСИКА В ТЕКСТАХ АМЕРИКАНСКИХ ИНТЕРНЕТ-ИЗДАНИЙ О БОКСЕ

Basing on the texts of the American editions devoted to boxing, the article examines the examples of figurative and evaluative vocabulary. Its origin and possible reasons for its use in the text are analyzed. The authors note that the meaning of the lexical unit is transferred using military terminology. Figurative and evaluative characteristics are expressed in both explicit and implicit ways, while the English sports vocabulary in comparison with the Russian one has a greater degree of evaluation. Specific purpose of such vocabulary allows referring it to sports professionalisms.

Nationality in Vietnamese Limitary Terminology

The cognitive semantics of each nation always restructure the semantic categories in general and the choice of each semantic meaning in identifying things. For Vietnamese people, a nation undergoing thousands of years fighting against foreign invaders to protect and build the country, nationality is closely linked with the name of things, especially in military terms. In this article, we focus on the aspects of nationality expressed in Vietnamese military terminology. Beside introduction and conclusion, this article consists of 3 parts: Part 1: Ability in Vietnamizing borrowed elements. This part states that borrowing language is indispensable, but the borrowed words always follow the comprehensions of Vietnamese people. Part 2: Methods of restructuring the conceptual implication of each appellation. In this part, we center on the description of terms used in military field featuring nationality to express the method of semantic structure based on native culture. Part 3: The use of unique materials of Vietnam. We, in this part, investigate the use of the familiar words or things in military terms.

ТЕРМІНИ ВІЙСЬКОВОЇ СПРАВИ ЯК ЕЛЕМЕНТИ ХУДОЖНІХ ЗАСОБІВ ІСТОРИЧНОГО РОМАНУ У ВІРШАХ ЛІНИ КОСТЕНКО «МАРУСЯ ЧУРАЙ»

The paper presents the material of functioning the terms in the work by the outstanding modern Ukrainian writer L. Kostenko “MarusiaChuray”. Functional terminology is one of the most relevant direction. A special interest of scientists is the language of modern Ukrainian fi ction, both poetry and prose.A separate place in studying the texts of the belles-lettres style is the terminological aspect.Ukrainian linguistics of the 21st century is marked by a huge number of scientifi c works, in which various aspects of terminology are analyzed, including the peculiarities of using the terms of separate fi elds of knowledge in differentstyles unusual for such units. The study is devoted to the identifi cation of the specifi cs of using special vocabulary, in particular military terminology, in the belleslettres style uncharacteristic for such units.The peculiarities of functioning the military terms in the language of modern Ukrainian literature are elucidated on the basis of the work by L. Kostenko “MarusiaChuray”.The results of the analysis makes it possible to determine the mostfrequently used stylistic fi gures and tropes, in which the author introduces the terms of military affairs in the named historical novel in verse. It is also revealed that some expressive means (in which there is special vocabulary of military affairs) are not represented at all in the text of the work under study. The material of the article is of great practical importance, it can be used in the process of educational activity of higher educational institutions while studying such subjects as:“Introduction to Literary Studies”,“Stylistics”,“Linguistic Text Analysis”,“Fundamentals of Terminology” and others.

Were we terrorists? History, terrorism, and the French Resistance

AbstractThis article argues that scholars of historical terrorism should abandon the practice of defining the phenomenon in favour of prioritising past understandings of terrorist violence. Research into the history of terrorism often uses a definition informed by contemporary concerns to reveal previous incidents and outbreaks of terrorism. This approach speaks more to the concerns of the present than those of the past. We must refocus our attention on how people in history understood terrorism and to whom and to what they applied the term. This approach can open avenues of investigation into neglected or sensitive subjects, with the example of the violence of the French Resistance explored here. Historians have rejected the use of the term “terrorism” to describe resistance action, preferring instead to use military or paramilitary terminology. However, resistance violence was understood in several ways, and the resisters' own rejection of the terrorist label was not total.

ТАРАС ШЕВЧЕНКО В ІМІДЖЕВИХ СТРАТЕГІЯХ СУЧАСНОЇ УКРАЇНИ: ЛІНГВІСТИЧНА АРГУМЕНТАЦІЯ

The article concentrates on important issues of linguistic imageology – a new direction in the humanities which investigates linguistic peculiarities of image creation. Current research is focused on studying linguistic aspects of image formation in modern mass media which can be done within the framework of an innovative humanitarian discipline – medialinguistic imageology. This newly discovered linguistic branch analyses both linguistic and extralinguistic characteristics of image shaping. Exploring the conceptual apparatus of medialinguistic imageology, the author reveals that a great deal of its notions is of integral nature, i.e. they were borrowed in science from military and political terminology systems. Simultaneously, new concepts in this field are constantly being developed. One of such brand new notions in medialinguistic imageology are concepts “image strategy” and “image strategy of a state”. The author aims to give a comprehensive analysis of these notions in media linguistics. The main objective of the paper is to explore linguistic factors of formation of Ukraine’s national and international image in contemporary mass media. Content analysis of recent publications about Ukraine conducted by the researcher clearly indicates that precedent names of culture play a critical role in the process of creating the image of the state in media. Such prominent figures as Yaroslav the Wise, Bohdan Khmelnytsky, Grigory Skovoroda, Taras Shevchenko etc. are regarded as cultural markers of the country. They are perceived by recipients as certain symbols that form the idea of the Ukrainian culture. The data obtained clearly show that precedent proper name Taras Schevchenko is an essential part of Ukraine’s image campaign, within which the author emphasizes a number of image strategies (i.e. the strategy of universal image, target image strategy, “positioning” strategy, “mythologization” strategy, “emotionalization” strategy, “visualization” strategy, “creative explosion” strategy etc.). The results of the author’s research convince that the appeal to Kobzar as Ukraine’s “business card” can be quite effective in the framework of the Ukrainian image campaign. The findings are of direct practical relevance.

Translation Strategies of the Ukrainian Military Terminology on the Basis of English Media Discourse

Translation Strategies of the Ukrainian Military Terminology on the Basis of English Media Discourse

Трансформационный потенциал терминологических единиц в ненаучной дискурсивной реализации: лингвокогнитивный анализ детерминологизации элементов терминосистемы базовых и критических военных технологий

The article analyzes the process of determination of special lexical units of terminology of basic and critical military technologies as one of the most priority directions of the scientific and technical complex. The relevance and importance of the study is determined by the need to perform complex linguistic-cognitive analysis of terminological systems related to the areas of scientific, technical and military-industrial complex, as well as the initial theoretical lacunarity of linguistic-cognitive and pragmatic conditionality of terminological processes in the designated areas. The authors set the following goal: to determine the priority areas (mental constructs) represented by determinologized units of military terminology, which stands out as a basis for further reconstruction of the terminology network. Special attention is paid to the correlation of the indicated units with the dynamics of mental constructs, as well as to the representation of the elements of special knowledge in the framework of non-special discourse realization. A complex research method is used, which consists of the methods of descriptive, definitional, component and discourse analysis, as well as the method of quantitative data processing. The necessity of the study of the functional range of determinologized units is shown as a discursive actualization of the author’s intentions aimed at implementing the principles of attractiveness, intellectualization and promotion of special knowledge. In conclusion, the authors emphasize the significant prospects of further linguocognitive research of the process of determinologization as an element of author’s intentions, as well as the features of the representation of the elements of scientific / special knowledge in their various discursive implementation on the basis of building terminological semantic networks.

Teaching English military terminology in military classes

The article highlights the issue of teaching English military terminology in uniformed classes. It draws the conclusions on conducting authorial military terminology syllabus in one of the schools carrying out the pedagogical innovation, which has assumed patronage of Polish Air Force Academy (PAFA). Military classes gained a huge popularity, having met the youth’s interest in armed for ces they became a key element in national defense education.

Brand Names in Military English: The Link between Two Worlds

Abstract – Following a terminological introduction on the much-debated issue of brand names, this article provides a qualitative overview of the use of both non-genericized and genericized brand names in military English. The scope of this study spans from brand names of military hardware – limited to small arms operated in World War I and World War II (North, Hogg 1977; Bishop 2014a, 2014b) – to everyday brand names employed in specialized military coding systems, included in the NATO-approved glossary of brevity words, namely the Joint Brevity Words Publication ( JBWP ). By means of selected examples, the aim of this article is twofold: on the one hand, it is an attempt to establish a link between the world of war, mostly the armed forces, and the linguistically complex world of brand names; on the other hand, it tries to identify common trends in the use of brand names in military terminology and detect the word formation processes, both lexico-semantic and morpho-syntactic, that lead to their coinage.