Military Terminology Research Articles

Types of Intratextual Glosses in the Charter of Military, Cannon and Other Matters Relating to Military Science

Purpose. The aim of the article is to describe intratextual glosses in the Charter of Military, Cannon and Other Matters Relating to Military Science, the reasons for and ways of introducing them into the text.Results. Three sources of gloss were identified: the author of Kriegsbuch L. Fronsperger, the translators (A. Radishevsky, M. Yuryev and I. Fomin) and the publishers of the text. The glosses in the German text were formed using the conjunctions oder (in the Russian translation it corresponds to the conjunctions syrech and ili), das ist (in the Russian syrech and to yest’) and mainly served to explain the borrowed vocabulary from the Latin, in isolated cases from the Italian and the Greek. The publishers' glosses are a few bracketed inclusions, inside which an explanation is given for some obsolete nominations or variants of words. Approximately 50 glosses entered by translators explain spatial measurements, chemicals and materials, names of persons by occupation or duties, military affairs. Syntactically, they are more often formed using the conjunctions syrech and to yest’, rarely the conjunction ili.Conclusion. Fronsperger’s rare glosses were oriented to the German reader of the second half of the 16th century, who was well acquainted with military and scientific terminology, numerous translators' glosses – to the Russian reader of the early 17th century, who was not familiar with European scientific texts of the New Age, publishers' glosses – to the reader of the second half of the 18th century, who no longer knew some Russian words of the 17th century.

Heterogenic nature of guerrilla gardening

ABSTRACT For some time now, researchers from various academic disciplines have been engaged in the study of green guerrilla gardening, a grassroots activity involving the planting of vegetation in public spaces. In essence, they view it as a social movement with the objective of reclaiming control of public space and modifying its functionality. However, Author identifies a greater diversity within this movement, which he categorises into four basic types of activity: gardening, activism, art and farming. Each of these categories can be further subdivided into distinct areas of focus, including the beautification of urban spaces, the promotion of social change, the provision of food sources, the advancement of education, and the fostering of community building. The diverse nature of guerrilla gardening allows it to fulfil a multitude of roles and objectives. It can therefore be concluded that the phenomenon is heterogeneous, and that the term used to describe it should be understood more broadly in order to encompass this range of activities. Empirical research is increasingly indicating a discrepancy between the practice of gardeners and the expectations of theorists. For example, the use of military terminology, while humorous, can be seen as an overly optimistic expectation of the actions of these often humble gardeners, while emphasising an activist (political) stance. Furthermore, the author notes that research on guerrilla gardening lacks in-depth aesthetic reflection.

Language of the SMO in its historical and cultural context

This article analyzes the language used in special military operations from a functional and semantic perspective. Nowadays, the language used by the military (the SVO as the special military operation in Ukraine) extends beyond the professional group and, thanks to media and social networks, has become understandable to most Russian speakers. The military jargon has a history dating back three hundred years, influenced by various military campaigns in which Russia and the USSR participated. The jargonisms from the early XX century, developed during the First World War, and the active development of military language in the twentieth century, are still present in modern military language. This is due to events such as the Great Patriotic War and the war in Afghanistan. Currently, there is a growing use of military terminology, alongside well-established slang terms that refer to aspects of military life, clothing, weapons, operations, orders, etc. New terms have emerged due to advancements in science and technology, as well as changes in the military-political situation. The lexemes and phrasemes used in the military sphere serve nominative, characterizing, emotional-evaluative, and gaming functions. These terms form thematic groups that make up the semantic field of military operations, based on the denotative meaning of slang words and their possible connotations. The language of the SVO reflects the historically formed and evolving military sociolect of the national language, primarily through Russian vocabulary and phraseological units, specialized terminology, and everyday slang. A small number of foreign terms, mainly related to weapons, have been adapted to fit the phonetic and grammatical rules of the Russian language. Overall, the language of the SMO used in military-political communication reflects the national and cultural characteristics of the military.

Příspěvek Alexandra Sticha a Vladimíra Šmilauera k výzkumu české vojenské terminologie

Alexandr Stich as well as Vladimír Šmilauer dealt with Czech military terminology, although this was not their main area of research. Both of them linguistically analyzed the work of others, namely Stich of Friedberg-Mírohorský and Šmilauer of Emil Smetánka. Stich was fascinated by Friedberg-Mírohorský’s effort because he also saw it as a political manifesto that would raise the Czech language to a higher level, and thus to the same level as the German language. For Šmilauer, who was a student of Smetánka, his work was of great importance because of its originality and systematic nature. Both Stich and Šmilauer made a thorough analysis of original sources, be it the illustrative atlas by Friedberg-Mírohorský or the set of small arms terminology, which was based on Smetánka’s work in the terminology commission after World War I.

HISTORICAL EVENTS INFLUENCE ON THE FORMATION OF MILITARY VOCABULARY IN THE UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE FIRST AND SECOND WORLD WARS)

The paper deals with the influence of various historical events on the emergence, evolution and adaptation of military terms in the Ukrainian language. The object of research is the military vocabulary of the Ukrainian language, and the subject is the processes of its formation under the influence of historical circumstances. The study focuses on the identification and analysis of specific military terms that arose in different historical periods, namely, during the First and Second World Wars. The article examines the reasons and circumstances of the appearance of certain lexemes or word combinations, their consolidation in the military terminology system, as well as how these terms are defined and described in modern dictionaries. The methodological basis of the research includes historical-comparative analysis, methods of semantic and etymological analysis, as well as a contextual approach to the study of terminology. Special attention is paid to how social and political circumstances influenced the transformation of military lexicon and its adaptation to the modern linguistic environment. The study also investigates the preservation and relevance of these terms in today’s usage, particularly in military literature, official documents, and mass media. A complex analysis model of the influence of historical events on the formation of the term system of military vocabulary in the Ukrainian language is proposed. As a result of the research, several possible options for changing the initial meaning of the military term will be demonstrated. The research conclusions are interesting not only from a linguistic point of view, but also contribute to a deeper understanding of the cultural and historical processes that influenced the development of the language. These results can be useful for linguistic studies, creation of dictionaries, for teaching Ukrainian as a foreign language, and development of educational materials for foreign students studying the Ukrainian language.

Устаревшая лексика в карачаево-балкарском нартском эпосе

This article considers the lexical layer of the language, the study of which contributes to a more in-depth understanding of the culture, life, traditions of the people. Outdated vocabulary, repre-sented by historicisms and archaisms, is one of the under-explored layers of vocabulary and is the most mobile level of language in which various changes constantly occur. The reasons for archa-ization can be different, i.e. they can be associated with social transformations in the life of socie-ty, and can also be because of linguistic laws. The article attempted to lexical semantic classifica-tion of outdated words found in the texts of the Karachay-Balkarian heroic epic “Narts.” The re-sults obtained showed that outdated words of the Karachay-Balkarian language can be combined into the following thematic groups depending on their belonging to certain spheres of life: mili-tary terminology, class position, human activity, objects and phenomena of nature, names of weight measure, distance, etc. It should be noted that in the texts of the Nart epic, in addition to outdated substantive vocabulary, there are adjectives and verbs. It should also be noted that, in ep-ic texts, lexical archaisms prevail over semantic ones.

A LOOK AT THE HISTORY OF CHINESE MILITARY TECHNICAL TERMS

The study of military technical terms is essential for understanding the evolution of military science and technology. Chinese military terminology has a long and complex history that reflects the development of Chinese military strategy, tactics, and technology. This article explores the historical evolution of Chinese military technical terms, tracing their origins, development, and impact on modern military lexicon. By examining ancient texts, historical records, and contemporary usage, this study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the linguistic and cultural significance of Chinese military technical terms.

TERMINOLOGY IN CHINESE MILITARY TECHNICAL TERMS: AN ANALYSIS

The study of military technical terms in Chinese is essential for understanding the linguistic and semantic frameworks that underpin military communication and documentation in China. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the terminology used in Chinese military technical contexts, exploring its historical development, linguistic characteristics, and the challenges associated with translation and interpretation. Through a detailed examination of specific terms and their applications, this study highlights the complexities and nuances of Chinese military terminology, offering insights for linguists, translators, and military professionals.

Teaching Military Terminology by Means of Translations

Abstract The present paper focuses on a pedagogical perspective and underscores the importance of idioms and phrasal verbs in teaching military English. Therefore, it embraces an approach that helps consolidate learners’ language acquisition, with special emphasis on developing military vocabulary by means of thematic translation exercises. It is fundamental to note the positive correlation between developing fluency related to the usage of idioms and phrasal verbs and the students’ language proficiency. As a result, enhancing the mastery of such lexical items may be a prerequisite of military language acquisition. The approach aims to highlight the importance of accommodating translation studies in the field of military English in order to facilitate appropriate language progress and advocates the introduction of relevant, authentic materials to the teaching of military terminology. The paper highlights translation as an approach and it further identifies the main objectives of selecting translation as a beneficial method for military students. The next part outlines the three-level process of teaching methodology of presentation, practice and production. Finally, it provides a brief overview of the main features of translation and their difficulties and offers suggestions regarding thematic organisation and follow-up activities. The repertoire of activities ranges from lead-in tasks to familiarise the students with the particular style of military language and with the requirements to master the vocabulary through controlled practice and finally enables students to reach the level of free practice in meaningful contexts. These findings would seem to suggest that the several aims of the translation method may significantly contribute to the military students’ language progress. Translations involve the knowledge of functional language, followed by inferring meaning from the context, accompanied by correct usage of grammar structures and the achievement of stylistic effect.

Shrewdness and Coup d’œil: The Cognitive Attributes of the Consummate General (Greek Antiquity, Byzantine Era, Modern Times)

Abstract This article tests Everett Wheeler’s hypothesis that the Greek concept of ankhínoia finds its equivalent in the 18th-century military writers’ notion of the coup d’oeil by comparing treatises on the art of war written in the two periods. After highlighting the different meanings of the coup d’oeil in 18th -century military terminology, Carl von Clausewitz’s approach is examined in his new conceptual way.

Development of the Czech Armed Forces Doctrinal Framework

The article deals with the system of joint doctrine development in the Czech Armed Forces (CAF) focused on the operational level of command and control, including the implementation of the NATO doctrines into national conditions. Among others, it was found that the structure and content of the Czech doctrines are not systematically set. Allied doctrines are introduced either by rewriting them into the Czech version or by introducing them in the full English version. In both cases, it might cause inconsistency in military terminology. The Coordinating Committee as the only supervisory body does not have the authority to streamline the process of producing military publications. The most important paper recommendations include alignment of the Czech doctrinal framework with the NATO architecture, adoption of Allied doctrines in the English version including the national specifics, or redistribution of competencies within the processing group. Notwithstanding, the above-mentioned proposals, which indicated high impact, require crucial steps to be taken to implement them.

Features of the translation of military terminology from English into Russian

Features of the translation of military terminology from English into Russian

Development of military terminology in Hungary

Development of military terminology in Hungary

SPECIFIC FEATURES OF MILITARY TECHNICAL TERMS IN THE CHINESE LANGUAGE

This scientific article explores the distinctive characteristics and specific features of military technical terms in the Chinese language. The Chinese language, with its rich history and unique linguistic structure, presents a fascinating domain for the study of military terminology. This paper delves into the historical development, linguistic characteristics, and modern trends in the usage of military technical terms in Chinese, shedding light on the importance of language in military communication and the cultural significance embedded in these terms.

ЗАПРОВАДЖЕННЯ СТАНДАРТІВ НАТО ДО ПРОФЕСІЙНОЇ ІНШОМОВНОЇ ПІДГОТОВКИ МАЙБУТНІХ ОФІЦЕРІВ -ПРИКОРДОННИКІВ

Background. Foreign language professional training of future border officers is given considerable attention today, because knowledge of the English language should not only ensure communication between representatives of the law enforcement agencies of different countries, but also ensure their effective and clear interaction, and as a result, ensure the appropriate level of national security. The purpose of the article is to determine the aim, tasks and characteristics of the structure of foreign language professional training of border guard cadets taking into account the integrated professional course of the tactical level of the SBGSU L-1B developed in accordance with NATO standards. Methods. To achieve the aforementioned purpose, the following scientific methods were used: analysis, comparison, substantiation, generalization, systematization of theoretical and practical material. Results. The tactical level of the SBGSU L-1B in accordance with the Model of the "Education throughout the military career" principle implementation provides for the study of the academic discipline "Foreign language for professional direction", which is integrated into the educational-professional program "State Border Security". The study of this academic discipline during the higher education students' training with the integrated tactical level of the SBGSU L-1B is based on the cadets' studying military topics, which involves the mastery of military terminology, connected with the everyday activities of military personnel, their duties, tasks, professional environment, etc. This course involves studying the following topics: Personal data, Basic combat training of the US Army, Profession of a serviceman, Military structure, Sports training, Military base, Military equipment, NATO School. Conclusions. Since the approval of the Concept of Transformation of the Military Education System in accordance with NATO standards, mastering the English language is one of the educational foundations for the professional development of the future officers. Mastering the English language for professional purposes provides the basis for the effective professional level improvement by studying foreign academic sources on modern trends in the field of the state's security and defence, as well as establishes productive cooperation with colleagues from border guard agencies of European and North American countries. Prospects for further research are the development and implementation of the academic discipline "Foreign language for professional purposes (English)" as an educational element of the command course of the tactical level of the SBGSU L-1C, as the next stage of a border guard officer's professional development.

Systematization and interpretation of the meaning of military terminology

Systematization and interpretation of the meaning of military terminology

PECULIARITIES OF THE MILITARY TERMINOLOGY RENDERING INTO UKRAINIAN

Objective. The objective of the article is a study of the peculiarities of reproducing military terminology into Ukrainian. Methods. Solving the tasks is carried out by means of such methods as: methods of theoretical research – analytical review, generalisation and specification; methods of empirical research – observation, comparison, analogy and comparative analysis; methods of linguistic research – comparative; methods of structural analysis; comparative linguistic method. Results. One of the defining features of military translation is its requirement for accuracy and precision. In military affairs, even the slightest misinterpretation or mistranslation can have dire consequences. Whether it is a tactical order on the battlefield, a diplomatic agreement, or intelligence reports, the integrity of the translated content is paramount. A translation error in a military context can jeopardize personnel safety, mission success, or even national security. Special terminology is another feature of military translation. Features of the reproduction of military terminology cover a wide range of tasks, each of which determines the uniqueness of this field. The first and main challenge lies in the diversity and complexity of the terminology itself. Military language is full of technical terms, abbreviations, slang, and jargon that can be confusing to those unfamiliar with these intricacies. In this regard, one of the key features of the reproduction of military terminology is the need for a deep understanding of the subject by linguists and specialists. Their language skills must be complemented by a deep understanding of military tactics, equipment, procedures and culture. Cultural sensitivity is another challenge that distinguishes military terminology from other fields of linguistics. The same military term can have radically different connotations in different cultures and languages. Understanding these subtleties is essential to preventing diplomatic blunders and ensuring respectful and effective communication in a multinational context. This is an extraordinary challenge that goes beyond simple linguistic expertise, requiring deep knowledge of global cultures and their complex intersection with military operations. The translational aspect of military terminology adds another layer of complexity to its reproduction, because it is not fully researched. That is why, when applying the universal model to specific military texts, translators should focus on maintaining the appropriate style and adequately conveying the vocabulary of the analysed terminology.

ТHE STRUCTURAL AND SEMANTIC FEATURES OF NATO OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS TERMINOLOGY FROM THE TRANSLATION PERSPECTIVE

The article focuses on the study of the English terminology used in the official documentation of NATO and seeks to investigate the specific nature of its translation into the Ukrainian language. It is determined that the NATO Standardization Agency administrates the dissemination of statutes, standards, and doctrines to facilitate effective interaction and cooperation among allies. A notable characteristic of official documents resides in their connection to international law, thereby necessitating imperative precision in translation, standardized recording, and legal implementation. The NATO terminology system comprises terms and abbreviations, along with data (comments, examples, cross-references), and metadata (acceptability rating, source, approval date). It is established that the successful use of such documentation in Ukraine is contingent upon the adaptation of military terminology to align with the linguistic and cultural nuances of the Ukrainian context. The structural-semantic analysis provided in the research reveals the main translation models for terms as well as the parts of speech forming the structural models. The conducted research demonstrates that multi-component military terms from NATO official documents tend to be translated with equivalent prepositional attributive phrases by rearranging components and employing functional substitution, namely through loan translation. The investigation uncovers that the translation of military terminology predominantly employs descriptive methods, word-for-word translation, transliteration, transcription, and semantic translation, aimed at conveying the content of English-language terms. It is worth noting that military-related texts comprise abbreviations and acronyms necessitating precise explication and even decryption, given their informational significance, which cannot be replicated verbatim in the translated language. The results confirm that the translation of military terminology in NATO official documents necessitates the utilization of specialized military terms and calls for advancements in the standardization and unification of the termbase for adequate translation.

ОСНОВНІ ТЕНДЕНЦІЇ ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ РОЗВИТКУ МІЛІТАРНОЇ ЛЕКСИКИ В СУЧАСНИХ УКРАЇНОМОВНИХ ЗМІ

The article deals with identifying and characterizing of the main trends and pros-pects for the development of military vocabulary in modern mass media.A review of the Ukrainian scientists’ works on the study of the professional vocabu-lary of military personnel, military terminology, etc. was carried out. Attention is focused on the fact that linguists use the concepts of «military discourse» and «war discourse».In the modern realities of the language space of Ukrainians, linguists distinguish two types of military discourse – formal and informal.The concept of war discourse is more comprehensive in terms of verbal and non-verbal means of expression. The work emphasizes that the communicative situation of war discourse is specifi c and may be limited in time, since with the end of hostilities, part of the vocabulary may fall out of use due to the lack of need to nominate events, phenomena and objects related to the war.With the beginning of the war in Ukraine in 2022, the dictionary of military lexicon was replenished with both new lexemes and those that have already existed before, but now have acquired diff erent meanings.With the beginning of the large-scale Russian invasion, the tendency to write proper names, associated with the aggressor country, with a lowercase letter spread: Russia/russia, Moscow/moscow, RF/rf, Putin/putin:The lexeme «occupiers» acquired a new sound – these are those who participate in the occupation; the invaders.Previously, the lexeme «occupiers» was used to denote the German invaders dur-ing the Second World War. The lexeme «racism», which has a bright negative con-notation, also appeared, consonant with the word «fascism».The lexeme «orcs» («russian invaders», «russian military») has entered the mili-tary vocabulary, which is modifi ed by a new semantic load, as we fi x it on the pages of J.R. Tolkien’s works, who named the army of evil mythical creatures as such.The reality of the war is refl ected in the expansion of the meanings of words that appear in news releases, live communication of Ukrainians: cotton, hail, stretching, etc.A separate group of lexical innovations in the military discourse are the names of weapons: «Bayraktar», «Javelin», «NLAW», PFM-1 (anti-personnel high-explosive mine) «Petal», which are characterized by a high frequency of use.Another group consists of verbs formed from proper names: anthroponyms, topo-nyms, and the like: bayraktaryty, enloity, javelinity, stingerity, haimarsyty, kadyryty, macronyty, ukraiinyty, chornobaiity.Military slang is spreading in everyday use: digit, pixel (color of military cloth-ing), pokemon, fl ies, oars (types of weapons), etc.In the media space, we observe gender symmetry in relation to men and women who serve in the Armed Forces. Gender-marked vocabulary is characterized by a pos-itive connotation for both sexes. At the same time, we observe gender balance in the language of mass media and in relation to representatives of enemy forces but these are with the negative connotation.The vocabulary of the military is replenished both with new words, especially regarding the names of weapons, and by the acquisition of new meanings by lexemes. The second way concerns the words used to designate the participants in the confl ict. It is also productive to replenish the lexical system due to word formation, especially the nominative, which proves not so much the signifi cance of processes and actions, but rather the direct nomination of phenomena. We consider it promising to study the changes in the structure of the concept of «War» both during the last century and, in fact, from 2014 until now

Префиксация как способ образования военных терминов (на материале финского языка)

This study focuses on prefixation as a method of enriching military terminology in the Finnish language, with specific attention paid to the prefixes involved in the formation of military terms. The aim of the study is to obtain reliable data on the word-formation capabilities of Finnish prefixes in creating military terms. The study is novel in its first-time investigation and description of the prefixal method in forming military terms based on Finnish language data. The findings reveal that there are 20 most productive prefixes in the Finnish military terminological system contributing to the formation of military terms. During the study, it was observed that prefixation, as a method of word formation in the Finnish military terminological system, is less productive in enriching military terminology compared to suffixation or compounding. This fact does not diminish the significance of the conducted study but rather complements previous research on the comprehensive examination of Finnish military terminology.