Military Structures Research Articles

SOCIOLINGUISTIC APPROACH IN FORMATION OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE COMPETENCE OF FUTURE OFFICERS

English is the main working language of NATO. That is why all candidate countries for accession to the Alliance pay a lot of attention to language competence. English language proficiency is a prerequisite for a career in NATO military structures. Therefore, the military departments of most countries, including Ukraine, regulate the use of the language in the daily life of units and subunits due to the specifics of this communicative sphere. It needs, above all, clarity, unambiguity of concepts and terms, conciseness, unification and standardization.

О некоторых редких и малоизвестных военных терминах в монгольских летописях XVII в.

Goals. The study attempts etymological analyses of several rare military terms attested in 17th-century Mongol chronicles. The following terms are specifically touched upon in the article: aγuraγ ~ aγuruγ ‘base camp’, bayirildu- ‘to battle each other, fight a battle’, bulγaldu- ‘to fight each other or together’, čaγuraγul- ‘to send on a military campaign’, ide- ‘to capture and plunder (a city)’, nengde- ‘to attack unexpectedly’, niγtarqa- ‘to be in close order’, toyin ‘(military) camp’. All these terms are either totally unattested in the dictionaries of written Mongolian, or used with unique or rare meanings in sources, and reflect important features of military structure in the era of the Mongol Empire. Materials and methods. The paper analyzes three Mongol chronicles of the 17th century, namely: Quriyangγui Altan tobči ‘Brief Golden Summary’ (ca. 1604 to 1634, or mid-to-late 17th century), Erdeni tunumal neretü sudur ‘The Jewel Translucent Sūtra’ (ca. 1607), and Altan tobči ‘Golden Summary’ by Blo-bzaṅ bstan-’jin (ca. 1651 to 1655, or late 17th – early 18th century). The work employs a number of research methods inherent to comparative-historical linguistics and textology. Results. The article presumes the Mongol Empire’s military structure still remained more or less efficient — with some modifications — when the examined Mongol chronicles were being compiled, but completely lost its relevance in subsequent times. In view of this, only a small number of medieval military terms have survived in modern Mongolic languages, sometimes greatly changed in meaning (aγuraγ ~ aγuruγ), used only as obsolete forms (bulγa/bulγaldu-) or bound morphemes (ča’ur). Conclusions. The paper suggests some of the terms are of foreign origin and bear obvious traces of the intensive areal contacts between Mongolic and neighboring languages, notably Turkic (aγuraγ ~ aγuruγ, bulγa(-), toyi/n), Tungusic (nen(g)de-), and Khitan (ča’ur) ones. Some are attested as hapax legomena in individual chronicles (bayirildu-, čaγuraγul-, niγtarqa-), while others articulate highly specific meanings that have no parallels in our sources, and thus either correspond to the semantics of the donor forms (toyi/n) or possibly reflect the influence of local dialects of that time (ide-).

Особенности провинциальной политики императора Адриана

The provincial policy of the Roman emperor Hadrian (117-138 AD) is considered. It is noted that the distinctive feature of Hadrian's policy, in comparison with previous emperors, was his travels, which allowed him to carry out reforms directly on the ground. It is assumed that Hadrian solved various tasks in the provinces of the East and West of the Empire. So, if in the East Hadrian paid more attention to his Philhellenic policy, then in the West to the military structure and strengthening of the borders of the empire. In addition, the features of the Hellenization of parts of the Roman Empire and the reasons for the spread of the cult of Antinous in the East are considered, as well as the most important events of Hadrian in the provinces during his travels. To study the issue, the works of foreign researchers were involved.

ESCALATION OF STUDY AND RESEARCH OF YOUNG SOLDIERS ASSIGNED TO MILITARY UNITS

In the article, various problematic issues from the point of view of research and study of young soldiers assigned to units were considered on four important formats (immoral qualities, the existence of an incompleteness complex, Internet and other addictions, specific features of the military structure), a literary-artistic and scientific approach, including comparison background analysis is given. In our age, the development of military science against the background of a unified association with other fields of science, in parallel, forms the context of the meaning of necessity by organizing proportionality with the knowledge and skills of the officer (commander) staff. As a preventive measure, several solution options were considered in an escalatory (constant development and growth) format.

In Judgment of Unit 731: A Comparative Study of Medical War Crimes Trials after World War ii

Abstract The prosecution of the crimes of the Imperial Japanese Army’s Unit 731 are often compared to the prosecution of the crimes of the Nazi doctors. These comparisons emphasize immunity for the Japanese, whereas the Nazis were prosecuted for their actions. However, this comparison is an inaccurate one. While both trials look similar on the surface, their composition, scope, and framework were different. Conscious of the fact they were establishing international criminal precedent, the United States’ case against the Nazi doctors relied on military chain of command to prove strong legal responsibility for human experimentation crimes. In contrast, the United States avoided prosecuting Unit 731 because they could not replicate the same clear legal framework used to successfully prosecute the Nazis. The Soviet Union recognized the strategic implications of the United States’ decision not to try Unit 731 and saw an opportunity to strike a moral blow, not only by convicting Japanese military members at the Khabarovsk Trial, but also by immediately publishing the court’s proceedings internationally. Rather than focusing on the morality of who was punished by whom, understanding the military structures as identified through these different court proceedings could enable prevention of crimes against humanity.

«ЗАКУЛИСЬЕ» ПРЕЗИДЕНТСКИХ ВЫБОРОВ В США 2016 Г. ПРОБЛЕМА ИНФОРМАЦИОННОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ

The article deals with accusations against Russia of unauthorized interference in the information system of the National Committee of the Democratic Party of the USA. The main attention in the article, for the first time in domestic and foreign historiography, is paid to the analysis of technical aspects of documents published by the prosecution. Thanks to the study of this problem, it is possible to reveal in more detail the tools and mechanisms of the information war that the United States is trying to wage against Russia, as well as to understand its logic and main directions. In this regard, the tools and mechanisms, technical capabilities and techniques used by various American political and military structures, which were willingly used by the media as part of the information war, are analyzed. The author comes to the conclusion that from the very beginning of the investigation, the American side has been focused on solving two main problems: firstly, internal political issues related to the company against D. Trump; and secondly, the geopolitical confrontation with Russia. Such an approach by the United States to solving the problem does not contribute to the development of the Russian-American dialogue in the field of cybersecurity issues, and also casts doubt on the prospects for cooperation within the framework of the UN Group of Governmental Experts on Achievements in the Field of Information and Telecommunications in the Context of International Security.

Role of the Nepali Army for Geo-Strategic Importance in the Past Four Centuries

The history of the Nepal army is brave and glorious in the context of the world military. They protect their own motherland and also making independence, integrity, sovereignty for the nation is its motto. The great campaign for the nation’s security, freedom and protection of the nation through movement is the main goal. It has made an incomparable contribution to the nation; war with the British-Nepal, Nepal-Tibet-China and World War also. It has been successfully achieved with skillful leadership of the military in the past four and half centuries. This paper is fully gathering important information of Nepal army for past to present now. It is getting to answer the question: What was the role of the army to protect the nation? What skill full tactics made to British war? Was Nepal’s army leading a symbolic role of national unity? Why is the Nepali army bravery in the world? All evidence is taken using analytical methods, briefly of the army’s history, role and geo-strategic importance, activities of historical expectation, skills used in different wars for national unity and integration. The army was organized in 1744 by the Gorkha state of Prithvi Narayan Shah and it was the first military structure in South Asian countries. The War of British-Nepal has been a proud history since 1814 and also written as golden words by the side of Britain to the Nepali army. It is very useful evidence for all Nepali people and from other countries of the world that the military will be bright in the future.

The influence of sports orientation and tourism on the recreational component of employees of military structures

In the development of sports orientation and tourism, two trends are clearly visible: the first is the development of mass forms of activities that are purely health-oriented. The second is to improve the training system and increase the skills of highly qualified athletes. The professional skills of these sports are necessary both in wartime and in peacetime. For teachers, military personnel, biologists, geographers, physicists and many other specialists, it can become an applied sport, as it allows you to successfully solve a number of issues. They help to act both individually and in a team. The article discusses the issue of recreational activities, in order to restore the working capacity of employees of the security forces by means of sports orientation and tourism. Which, in their content, solve issues related to the reproduction of physical, intellectual and emotional abilities of employees. Sports orientation and tourism, by their specificity, can solve the issue of the military-applied (character) type of sport. Sports orientation during recreational activities can be carried out by means of any game or entertainment aimed at developing attention, spatial memory using a map and compass, overcoming a certain route on unfamiliar terrain through control points fixed on the map and terrain, the ability to think productively and make decisions against the background of developing fatigue and the development of physical and willpower qualities. Tourism should take place in the bosom of nature and have several directions of work, that is: ordinary hiking or by means of complex routes, running on a flat surface and in the forest, jumping, sports walking, etc. Due to their accessibility in application, these types of recreation are widespread and relevant among the population and can be used by employees of law enforcement agencies. Recreation using sports orientation and tourism differs in that the patient (wounded) directly participates in his recovery using physical exercises. Gradually, according to the instructor's recommendations, physical therapy increases the intensity and load, adapting the patient to a normal life. These funds will be directed to the reorganization of the body of the employees of the power structures, which will ensure the possibility of their active activity under various conditions of the nature and changes of the environment, which is aimed at the reproduction and preservation of professional abilities, will allow to better tolerate climatic adversities and will provide prevention against diseases (injuries), etc.

Radar Evasion Control of Military Structures Using Graphene Oxide Coating RGO/NiFe2O4 and Polynomial Profile Monitoring

Radar Evasion Control of Military Structures Using Graphene Oxide Coating RGO/NiFe2O4 and Polynomial Profile Monitoring

Development of an Engineered Slurry-Infiltrated Fibrous Concrete: Experimental and Modelling Approaches

Concrete is the central pile for the infrastructure that maintains civilisation and human life. The concrete industry faces many challenges, including improving mechanical properties, eco-friendliness, and durability. In this context, the present study focuses on evaluating and modelling themechanical properties of engineered concrete, namely slurry-infiltrated fibrous concrete (SIFCON). The main experiments will be devoted to measuring and modelling the failures of slabs made from SIFCON under two loading systems, namely static and impact loading systems. The model was developed using a non-linear finite element analysis. The experiments considered the influence of the geometry of the reinforcement steel fibres (hook-end fibres, microfibres, and combined hook-end and microfibres), sizes of fibres, and slab dimensions. The outcomes of this investigation showed that increasing the slab’s thickness enhances the load-bearing capacity of the SIFCON slab, and the microfibres and combined hook-end and microfibres improved the load-bearing capacity of the slab compared to the hook-end fibre. Generally, it was noticed that the outcomes of the experiments agreed with the modelling outcomes. Nevertheless, it was noticed that experimentally measured axial deformation was more significant than the predicted axial deformation. In summary, the difference between experimental and modelling outcomes was 1.1–10.2%, with a standard deviation of 0.0264. Based on the excellent ability of SIFCON to resist impacts and dynamic loads, it is recommended to be used in pavements, military structures, nuclear reactor walls, and in areas subjected to high bending moments, such as corner connections subjected to opening bending moments.

Primena veštačke inteligencije u savremenom ratovanju

Artificial intelligence is making rapid strides, and trying to predict its limits is an uncertain endeavor. While it opens up significant opportunities, it also presents challenges. AI has the potential to greatly enhance military capabilities, acting as a force multiplier. Military applications of AI can confer a competitive edge by expediting decision-making, revolutionizing the decision-making process, and improving command, control, and oversight capabilities. Similar to any groundbreaking technology, AI is poised to spark competition among powerful nations, potentially giving rise to security dilemmas, disrupting conflict predictability, and increasing the risk of escalation. At its core, the pivotal question centers on the interaction between human operators and AI systems. In the realm of strategy, official state documents underscore the strategic significance of AI development and deployment in military endeavors. AI systems are likely to bolster military strategy, especially in forecasting and planning. Nevertheless, the human element in shaping strategy remains paramount, as it relies on instincts, creativity, and values. Nonetheless, there remains a concern that military personnel might excessively rely on AI for decision-making. In terms of military doctrine, the role of AI will likely be limited to assessment and aiding in doctrine revision. Considering that doctrine outlines a state's armed forces' purpose, values, and organizational culture, it is apparent that doctrine will play a pivotal role in defining how a state's military perceives and interacts with AI systems. Artificial intelligence will play a substantial role in military planning, primarily due to its capacity to rapidly and accurately process complex and vast datasets. Even if AI systems are not granted decision-making authority, military planners and commanders may heavily depend on AI analyses and recommendations due to time constraints and the intricacies of wartime scenarios. Consequently, the line between AI that supports decision-making and AI that makes decisions itself could become less distinct. Concerning Rules of Engagement, they serve as a suitable framework for distinguishing the utilization of AI in specific conflicts and missions. In the realm of military orders, AI systems are expected to offer significant support in command and control functions, though they may not be entrusted with issuing orders independently. Nevertheless, practical challenges may arise in distinguishing between orders issued by algorithms and those given by commanders, potentially resulting in de facto AI-driven decision-making, akin to the planning stage. Military structures, standards, and processes are likely to adapt in tandem with technological advancements. It is, therefore, imperative to proactively establish fundamental principles, values, and standards governing AI use, rather than reacting to technological developments, to avert unforeseen or undesirable consequences. Future discussions and research on AI's role in military operations, as well as its integration into strategy, doctrine, operational plans, Rules of Engagement, and orders, should concentrate on the interaction between humans and machines, as this remains the crux of the matter. Striking an appropriate balance between AI's role in military preparation and execution and the effective management of military artificial intelligence is of paramount importance.

British-American cooperation in the North Atlantic

This study is devoted to the study of cooperation between the United Kingdom and the United States in the North Atlantic region. This work is relevant due to the escalation of existing contradictions in Europe and the countries adjacent to the basin of the Atlantic Ocean North, as well as the current conflict in Ukraine. The article talks about the increasing importance of control over the above-mentioned water area for London and Washington in the light of global trends and the difficulties associated with this. The problems affecting the control of the waters of the Atlantic Ocean North can be divided into internal and external. Domestic policy issues of the United States and the United Kingdom related to this issue include the economic and industrial crisis, issues of the decision-making system, the need to reform the political and military structure. External complications include the existing contradictions in several closed seas, incomplete local conflicts and the growing power of the powers called the challenge.

Energy management: DSTU ISO 50001:2020 and conditions of martial law

The authors of the article emphasize the relevance of the issue of energy management system functioning and its role for the country's economy and business entities. As the authors point out, this problem becomes particularly acute in the conditions of martial law in Ukraine. The article highlights that effective management of energy resources can contribute to the stabilization and development of the national economy, reduce dependence on imported energy, and diversify energy sources. The authors also emphasize the importance of investing in renewable energy sources and developing innovative technologies to improve energy efficiency, which contributes to environmental preservation. The article also stresses the need to adapt energy management practices to the challenging conditions of war based on the provisions and principles of DSTU ISO 50001:2020. It is emphasized that modern energy management faces a multitude of specific and critically important tasks, especially in wartime. These tasks include ensuring a stable energy supply, the rapid restoration of damaged infrastructure, promoting energy conservation, protecting energy infrastructure, and effective management of energy resources. Collaboration with government organizations and military structures is crucial, and communication with the public is also significant. All of this requires quick decision-making and flexibility, which are key to successful energy management in times of war. Particular attention should be paid to the consideration of strategies and decisions that can help overcome these challenges, including the wider adoption of renewable energy, energy conservation, and energy efficiency in the activities of businesses. In conclusion, the authors emphasize the need for a comprehensive approach and rapid adaptation to changing wartime conditions for effective energy management. They point out that such an approach will not only help Ukraine overcome current challenges but also ensure a sustainable energy future. This, in turn, will contribute to economic growth, environmental improvement, and national security.

The impact of administrative disciplinary proceedings on military police officers in São Paulo

Abstract Studies on police institutions have argued that the internal treatment given to agents contributes to define how these agents will treat the communities to which they provide services. Brazil’s main police force has a military structure and formal ties with the Armed Forces. These military characteristics include career structure, regulations, manuals, and disciplinary regiments either copied or adapted from the Army. In this work, we analyse data from a survey applied to 298 military police officers stationed in the city of São Paulo. Using Structural Equation Modelling, we analysed whether, among the police officers who answered a Disciplinary Administrative Proceeding, their evaluation of having been granted the right to speak, treated with respect during the process, and a fair outcome at the end impact their perceptions about their relationship with peers, superiors, and their views on organizational justice. Our findings reveal that respectful treatment during the proceeding was more important than a favourable outcome, and the perception of having been treated with respect during the Disciplinary Administrative Proceeding positively impacts their views about their superiors and organizational justice. These findings help us to reflect on the impacts of the militarization of Public Security on internal relationships as well as the importance of procedural justice within this context.

РЕКРЕАЦІЙНА СКЛАДОВА ЕКСКУРСІЙНОГО ТУРИЗМУ УКРАЇНИ В УМОВАХ ВОЄННОГО СТАНУ: АНАЛІЗ ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ

The article examines the main characteristics of the recreational component of excursion tourism in Ukraine, including its tourist sites and their unique features. It analyzes the problems that arise in the recreational component of excursion tourism in conditions of a state of war. These include the destruction of cultural heritage sites, environmental disasters, and threats to tourist safety, all of which pose significant obstacles to tourism development in such circumstances. Furthermore, the article investigates the role of the conditions of a state of war and their impact on the recreational component of excursion tourism in Ukraine. It highlights the restrictions on access to tourist sites and the threats to the safety of both tourists and local residents. The article delves into the analysis of facts regarding the destruction of cultural heritage sites and tourist infrastructure, as well as the irreversible damage inflicted upon natural resources, such as national parks, reserves, and environmentally sensitive areas. It establishes that pollution of the environment and loss of biodiversity often occur in times of war. The article places special emphasis on the opportunities and prospects for the development of the recreational component of excursion tourism in Ukraine during a state of war. It explores various strategies and innovative approaches that can contribute to the growth of tourism in conflict situations. The importance of strengthening mechanisms for tourist safety, developing alternative routes, and leveraging modern technologies to attract tourists is underscored. Collaboration with military structures and the promotion of environmentally sustainable tourism are also highlighted as essential factors. Ultimately, the article provides an analysis of perspectives and offers recommendations for the development of the recreational component of excursion tourism in conditions of a state of war in Ukraine. Its findings serve as a valuable source of information for scholars, practitioners, and stakeholders interested in the advancement of tourism in conflict situations.

Activities of the Polish Armed Forces in Cyberspace and Their Constitutional Status

The Polish Armed Forces occupy an important position in the state’s defence system, and their status is determined by the legislator itself. In connection with recognising cyberspace as an operational domain, the military dimension of cybersecurity has gained significance and it has become necessary to establish a military formation with competencies in this field. Responding to the need to counter cyber-attacks threatening the military security of Poland, the legislator established a specialised component in the Polish Armed Forces, referred to as the Cyberspace Defence Forces. The establishment of this military structure has triggered the need to build capabilities in the domain of cybersecurity so that the Cyberspace Defence Forces can effectively perform their tasks in countering cyber threats that adversely impact (or may impact) the state’s defence sphere.

Nacija i nacionalizam - poreklo termina i istorijat ideje

In order to know the nature of an ideal, it is necessary to know its origin and historical development-intellectual and social. Nationality is a cultural phenomenon. It is not tied to ideologies but to the cultural systems within which it arose and against which it arose. And these are, first of all, Roman Catholic universalism and dynastic kingdom. The initial meaning of the term nation is not as we understand it in our time. Today's meaning of this term is associated with the French Revolution: A people under one government that knows itself in its own state. The greatest change brought about by the Napoleonic Wars in the domain of warfare was not military but political. A subject of the old regime became a citizen. He would have the obligation to serve his military service and fight if the nation asked for it. It was a change of the first order not only of military structures, it was about the birth of a nation and a national state. A nation is a people that knows itself in its state, and the state does not bow down. And that is why it could be said that a nation is a people who is ready to die and kill for the idea of their homeland. And a nation-state is a state that entrusts its destiny to the hands of a conscripted army, fearing neither rebellion nor desertion.

The Ukraine conflict in the context of Russia-US relationship

Prerequisites for a Russia-Ukraine crisis have been maturing since the end of the Cold War. The conflict derives from a clash of Russian and U.S. interests which were on a collision course since NATO summit decision of 2008 to open doors for Ukraine future membership. The United States neglected Russian warnings that NATO’s intention to incorporate Ukraine into the Western military structure is absolutely unacceptable for Moscow since these plans pose a grave threat to Russia’s national security. NATO eastwards expansion with a perspective of Ukraine membership in the alliance, as well as the U.S. steps aimed at turning this large post-Soviet country into a sword against Russia made the conflict inevitable. The military campaign on the Ukrainian territory ruined the relations between Russia and the West, though they have been deteriorating for many years. The crisis affected actually all key international players, redefining geopolitical fault lines in the world.

ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ 120-Й СТРЕЛКОВОЙ ДИВИЗИИ В КОНТЕКСТЕ СОЗДАНИЯ КРАСНОЙ АРМИИ

The purpose of the article is to consider the process of creating the Red Army on the example of the 120th Rifle Division. This process has been actively going on since the beginning of the Civil War and foreign military intervention until the beginning of the Great Patriotic War. During this time, several approaches to the formation of the army have changed. Finally, they settled on the idea of creating a mass regular army, formed on new principles of compulsory military service, by conscription and mobiliza-tion. The systematic construction of the regular army start-ed in 1918, when, along with the new type of units, the Red Guard detachments continued to function, which became a school for training command and political personnel for the Red Army. The author analyzes the process of forming the command army staff of a new type by attracting the old military intelligentsia, as well as through educated command courses and military educational institutions of various levels. The quantitative growth of the Red Army at different stages of its creation is traced. The process of creating the army took place within the framework of the military districts being formed, starting in the spring of 1918. The author analyzes the creation of new management bodies of the armed forces of the country, the formation of a unified command structure of the troops. At the end of the 30s, the construction of the Red Army was carried out on the basis of a Plan for the development and reorganization of the Red Army ground forces by creating personnel divisions of triple deployment. The basis of the Red Army was rifling divisions. As a result, the author concludes that the 120th Rifle Division was a typical example of a military structure being created as part of the armed forces of the Soviet State.

ОКРЕМІ АСПЕКТИ ПРАВОВОГО РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ ПРОЦЕСУ ВІДШКОДУВАННЯ ОСОБАМИ ОФІЦЕРСЬКОГО СКЛАДУ ВИТРАТ, ПОВʼЯЗАНИХ З ЇХ УТРИМАННЯМ У ЗАКЛАДАХ ВИЩОЇ ОСВІТИ, В КОНТЕКСТІ ВЕДЕННЯ ПРЕТЕНЗІЙНО-ПОЗОВНОЇ РОБОТИ

Issues related to the organization of the activities of military structures have always been and will be one of the relevant areas of scientific research in various fields. The procedure for completing military service can be an element of the subject of the study of science in the field of administrative law, as a tool for the analysis of social relations in the sphere of public administration, on the one hand, and the system of legal norms studying their regulation, on the other. Legal regulation of order with persuasion and coercion is part of the legal functional methods of state management of the essence, which has a legal impact on the socio-legal sphere and its individual elements in the process of social relations, the main participant of which is the state government. An important part of the organizational activity of the structural components of the security and defense sector of the state, as part of the state management mechanism, is to ensure the effectiveness of personnel training and optimization of state budget expenditures in this area. In cases of early termination of the contract for military service in officer positions by individual graduates of higher military educational institutions, the implementation of compensatory mechanisms implemented by the state is ensured against such persons incurring expenses related to their maintenance in higher education institutions, including by conducting claims lawsuit work. The article examines separate issues of legal regulation of the process of reimbursement of expenses related to maintenance in institutions of higher education during studies by officers who have not served the five-year term of military service in the relevant positions established by law. On the basis of the analysis of the legislation and taking into account the results of practical activities in the specified area, recommendations were made aimed at optimizing the conduct of claims and lawsuits in this category of cases. Separate algorithms of actions are proposed, the task of which is to improve the effectiveness of the implementation of compensatory mechanisms for compensation by officers, dismissed from military service on the grounds specified by law, of costs associated with their retention in institutions of higher education, including by conducting claims and lawsuits work.