Military Development Research Articles

Aviation in the development and defense of the Arctic during the 1920s: military plans, science, propaganda, and fiction

This article examines the competition for the Arctic territories between the polar regions that unfolded in the 1920s, which required active development of these lands involving airplanes and airships. At that point, of primary import was the layout of trans-Arctic airways and deployment of flight support facilities in the Arctic territories, with the accompanying use of aviation for ice reconnaissance and rescue expeditions. Special attention is given to the study of the Soviet and international experience in elaboration and implementation of programs on the military and economic development of northern territories. The topic of consistent development of the Arctic involving aviation and aerostatics is reflected not only in scientific and economic programs, but also in state propaganda, publicistic writing and literary works. The novelty of this research consists in the comprehensive approach towards the problems of involving aviation in the Soviet Union during the 1920s for the development of the Arctic, and simultaneously, building the military capacity of the state, and collective perception of the ideas of the development of Arctic territories and aviation. The conclusion is made that the processes of development of polar aviation and division of Arctic territories were the so-called catalyst for each other, which by the early 1930s allowed the Soviet Union to consolidate its position of in the Arctic. The authors’ special contribution lies in examination of various genres of the press as a particular group of sources that had an ideological influence upon public consciousness.

CONSOLIDATION OF US NATIONAL INTERESTS IN ASIA THROUGH ECONOMIC AND MILITARY AID AND ITS IMPACTS: CASE STUDY OF PAKISTAN, 1947-71

After 1945, the United States of America (USA) was worried about any possible harm to its interests within the Continent of Asia due to the ongoing rapid expansion of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and Peoples Republic of China (PRC) after 1917 and 1949 respectively. Therefore, as a result of its Russo-Sino-phobia, the USA made alliances with the Asian countries based on their mutual national interests. In those relations, the USA was mostly an economic and military aid donor while its allies were recipients of that US-aid. In return, the USA was utilizing the geo-strategic positions of its allies in Asia to counter the USSR and PRC. Pakistan came into being on August 14, 1947 with poor economic and military conditions at home having a conventional rival (India) on its eastern border. The USA offered friendship to it. Pakistan accepted the US-offer and the US started to utilize Pakistan's geo-strategic position against the USSR and PRC. In return, Pakistan got huge US-aid to improve its economic and military infrastructure. The central theme of this research paper is, 'how the US-aid played its role in economic and military development of Pakistan during 1947-71 and what were its impacts? Key Words: National Interests, Economic and Military Aid, Pakistan-US relations, SEATO, CENTO

The legacy of Admiral von Tirpitz: a geopolitical understanding of China's naval buildup through sea-denial strategies

AbstractAs manifest challenger of the United States (US)-led international order, the People's Republic of China (PRC) has inaugurated a revisionist strategy that encompasses a multifaceted spectrum of initiatives, including an ambitious naval military build-up. History has shown that revisionist and challenging powers tend to defy the established order through arm races. US Admiral Mahan and German Admiral Tirpitz theorized two different approaches to naval strategy, the former focusing on global maritime hegemony and the latter on regional counterbalance based on risk theory. This article attempts at explaining the puzzle of China's naval buildup through the lenses of geopolitics, adding a geopolitical dimension to the current debate. It suggests that the PRC's naval military development does not follow a Mahanian global maritime strategy aimed at challenging the US primacy worldwide, but rather a Tirpitzian regional approach focused on counterbalancing the US presence within the scope of China's sea power projection, that is, the Pacific region. To substantiate this hypothesis, the study compares diachronically contemporary Chinese naval arm race with Wilhelmine Germany's High Seas Fleet. The findings underscore that, in maritime terms, China's revisionism vis-à-vis the US somewhat resembles that of Imperial Germany vis-à-vis Imperial Britain, both aiming at regional counterbalance and anti-access and area-denial (A2/AD) tactics rather than global maritime counterhegemony. Although Chinese sea power is still far from posing a serious threat to that of the US and its allies, an unrestrained continuation of Beijing's naval buildup could encourage arms races and direct confrontation due to regional security dilemmas.

Assessing the Impact of Military Cultural-Competence Training: Lessons for Creating an Inclusive Campus Environment

Campuses are increasingly offering military cultural-competency professional development training to staff and faculty to support military-connected students. Using four years of program data, we examine outcomes for a custom training, including retention of content knowledge, application of lessons on campus, and comparison of outcomes for in-person and online versions of the training. Results suggest that participants, both in-person and online, developed higher confidence and greater capacity to support student veterans. Evidence for examining training impact included correct response rates on a post-training quiz, scaled perceptions data, and open-ended feedback. Implications for research on the effectiveness of military cultural competency training are discussed, along with recommendations for creating an inclusive campus culture for military-connected students.

Does the method for Military Utility Assessment of Future Technologies provide utility?

The Military Utility Assessment of Future Technologies (MUAFT) method was developed as a cost-efficient alternative to methods such as NATO's Disruptive Technology Assessment Games, to be used as a part of the Swedish Armed Forces' long-term capability development process. The question addressed in this study is whether MUAFT can be considered to have validity in its context and thus if it has potential to be useful to other small to medium size states. The analysis was based on an operationalization of Clark's framework for science and technology intelligence analysis, combined with a military capability centric view of military utility. MUAFT reports from 2012 to 2018 were reviewed in terms of how they satisfy five key criteria. The study shows that MUAFT provides utility, if used by a suitably composed group of experts, who are aware of the method's limitations. The limitations mainly originate from a lack of explicit support for assessing the impact of forces for change, other than technological forces, on military capability development. The expert group serves as the synthesizing bridge between technology forecasts and military utility assessments. Therefore, comprehensive expertise is needed in various military technology specialisations, in the sponsor's military capabilities and in subjects necessary to master in order to assess other influential societal forces for change.

Industrial Modernism and the Hegelian Dialectic in Winslow Homer

This paper looks at the themes of nature, humanity, and military and industrial development in the nineteenth century American painter Winslow Homer through the lens of the Hegelian theory of art. Robert Pippin's After the Beautiful (2015) has recently put the Hegelian framework to very fruitful use in understanding pictorial modernism. This study of Homer follows a similar approach but argues that Homer's canvases represent a development in the modern spirt which, in many ways, goes beyond the canvases of Manet – a very tight modernist contemporary of Homer's. Homer communicates a presentment of the immense and, in certain profound respects, horrifying power of humanity's growing industrialization. I trace the development of this idea over the course of his career, from this early Civil War canvases to his final seascapes and argue that an understanding of Homer's work is important for understanding the modern spirit of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

Examining burnout in the US military with a focus on US Air Force: A review of literature

Through a systematic review of the literature, we draw attention to factors associated with burnout and the effects on the military with a special focus on the US Air Force. Our review consists of the military and human resource development (HRD) literature on burnout. We integrate insights from the review of both literature on burnout and develop a conceptual model based on four major themes. First, significant factors associated with burnout such as the occupational nature of work were identified. The second and third themes describe the effects of burnout on the individual (health and reduced professional efficacy) and organization (commitment, job performance, and increased turnover). Fourth, strategies for minimizing burnout suggest that leadership support is important for service members. Specifically, a climate of support through open communication, realistic resiliency training, and expanding opportunities for career growth are likely to mitigate burnout. We utilize military and HRD perspectives on burnout and present implications for theory and research, as well as recommendations, for improving practice in military settings.

Diagnosis of the problems in Korean military force development systems

The Republic of Korea (ROK) military has pursued development with a focus on the defense force development system since the Yulgok project, which began in the 1970s for the purpose of self-defense. Currently, the ROK defense force development system seems to be very methodical, and it determines requirements by using the joint combat development system, reflects the budget in the defense planning and management system, and manages the acquisition project in the defense acquisition system; however; it has many problems. These problems include fierce competition among the services, limited verification, ambiguous standards and references for requirements, complicated procedures and regulations, and failure to reflect the rapid changes in the security environment and science and technology in military force development. The most important issue is that the Joint Chiefs of Staff should lead the development of the forces based on the concept of joint operations; however, they are focused on only the current operation and neglect their main goals as the top military organization, such as mid- to long-term force development and military strategy. The Joint Chiefs of Staff should revise the organization, mission performance system, and regulations to properly perform the core functions of the defense organization that establishes long-term response strategies and builds response capabilities according to the changes in the security and strategic environment.

Building a Global Information Security System for the Future: New Angles

The year 2020 made it abundantly clear that the world is firmly and apparently immutably digitalized. All countries, regardless of their level of political, military, socioeconomic, and technological development, use information and communications technologies (ICTs) in various fields. But governments are certainly not the only users of ICTs. Companies, research and educational institutions, nongovernmental organizations, and civil society have swiftly adapted their work to the virtual format. It is convenient, accessible, and during the COVID-19 pandemic, often the only possible format. It would not be an exaggeration to say that the digital space has become a familiar habitat for most of the world's population. But due to the scale of their use, ICTs create global threats if they are abused. This makes information security a decisive factor in global social development and thus a key item on today's global agenda. Discussing international information security is not just a current trend but an urgent need in the new reality.

한국사적 군사기술의 발전 패턴 분석

This study aims to analyze the pattern of military technology development in Korean history by establishing and quantifying models for measuring military technology development. This study developed the Military Technology Development Index, a type of innovation index based on Ian Morris’ social development index model. Military technology factors were derived for the Army (Personal Weapons and Common Weapons) and the Navy (Warships), historical data of Korea were collected from ancient to modern times to explore the performance of weapons, and the relative performance of each weapon was calculated. As a result, graphs and integrated graphs for each military technology factor were derived.

Legal regulation of the development and application of artificial intelligence in military sector of the Russian Federation in the context of the government strategy and ensuring the protection of intellectual property rights

The subject of this research is the examination of legal perspective on the approaches towards regulation of artificial intelligence and robotic technologies in military sector of the Russian Federation, including in ensuring the protection of the results of intellectual activity of researchers and developers, as well as the analysis of law enforcement practice on the protection of intellectual property in the interests of the state. In this format, the author determines the key conditions for recognition of the results of intellectual activity of military, special, and dual purpose as protectable object in accordance with the effective civil legislation. Attention is given to the practical results of domestic military equipment development using the artificial intelligence systems. The scientific novelty consists in articulation of the problem and approaches towards its research. The conclusion is made wide use of artificial intelligence technologies in the sphere of ensuring national security, as well as regulation based on the technical approach, rather than legal, not only create advantages in the military context, but can also cause issues that must be resolved. Taking into account real achievements in legal regulation of the results of intellectual activity, including the theoretical component, the author ascertains the need for improvement of the legislative framework on both, federal level and bylaws, including for the purpose of achieving a uniform use of the conceptual-categorical apparatus.

Failing forward in the EU's common security and defense policy: the integration of EU crisis management

ABSTRACT Recent years have witnessed renewed efforts to advance integration in the EU's Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP), including in the domain of military and civilian capability development. The adoption of a Civilian CSDP Compact (CCC) and the creation of a European Peace Facility (EPF) are prominent examples of recent steps taken towards further integration. Still, despite recent progress, CSDP reforms have often been slow to materialise, lag behind the reform ambitions of key EU foreign policy actors, and fail to address important shortcomings experienced by CSDP. This article addresses why this might be by exploring the evolution of CSDP crisis management through a failing forward approach, which charts the course of integration dynamics, identified by neofunctionalism and liberal intergovernmentalism, through time, revealing its cyclical nature. Our case studies of the EPF and the CCC demonstrate how the long-term integrative dynamics in EU military and civilian crisis management are marked by a cycle of crisis followed by incomplete institutional reforms, policy feedback, experiential learning and subsequent, yet again incomplete, efforts to remedy institutional shortcomings and policy failure.

Impact of Technological Innovation, Research and Development on the Defense Economy - Iran Country

The Purpose. This research is to investigate the relationship between the variables of technological innovation, research and development costs, economic growth, sales and export of weapons and military costs in Iran for the years 2000 to 2017. Design/Methodology/Approach. In this study, we examine using Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) method to explore the estimating the impacts of technological innovation, research and development costs, economic growth, sales and export on military costs. Findings/Implications. The results of this study showed that the impact of technological innovation and research and development costs on military costs is negative in short-term and long-term. Although the effect that these two variables have on military spending in the short-term is very close, in long-term the effect that research and development costs have on military spending is far greater and more significant. Also, the impact of economic growth on Iran’s defense economy is much less than the variables of technological innovation and research and development costs. So that this effect will be less in long-term. But, the amount of arms sales and exports in the short-term has a positive effect on defense spending, but in long-term it becomes negative and increase in arms sales and exports can help Iran’s defense economy. Originality. The countries defense economy can always have positive effects on military and civilian research and development, scientific innovation and technological progress, in this condition that the country’s macroeconomics can spend military spending on research and development and support innovation and inventions. Eventually adopt arrangements that use the innovations of the defense industry in the civilian sector, which will lead to economic growth. This is the experience of many developed countries that have been able to use the technological advances and innovations of the military sector in the civilian sectors as well, and to cause the economic progress and development of their country.

WOMEN IN PAKISTAN- SOCIAL MOBILITY, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND EMPOWERMENT

The word Development is devious and captivating, however, the development path is perplexed. In most cases, the governments try to attain economic, military, technological, and infrastructural development, whereas, the power centers evade investing and working on issues of Human Development. The governments of countries like Pakistan strive to shuffle the attentiveness of the world by spending a huge amount on building the roads, on bridges, and transportation and in maximization of arms and ammunition. Human development in Pakistan has always been neglected due to various reasons. A huge population of almost a 22million having as low as 154th (out of 189 countries) position in the human development index. The patriarchal system has created the social and cultural environment that is supporting persistence male domination, remains the major obstacle in the intellectual, social, and economic growth of women. This paper addresses the conceptual and methodological aspects of human development and women’s empowerment in Pakistan, it explains the challenges and trends concerning women’s empowerment throughout Pakistan’s history, specifically in key areas such as individual, education, and health, economic and political participation, and especially Women’s limited and controlled mobility.

Film and the British Atomic Project

This essay explores the process through which the moving image became part of the promotion of Britain as a new nuclear nation in the mid-1950s. Made by, for, or with the authority of the newly created United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, a number of films were produced by different companies, all presenting the UKAEA as a modern, national asset, justifying its development of both military and civil uses of atomic energy together. There was no sophisticated studio for this purpose to match Lookout Mountain and the role it played in the US military development of atomic weapons. Instead the Central Office of Information Films Division and the documentary production companies it employed used the skills and resources still in existence after the heyday of the British documentary movement to document and represent a new important reality.

The Impacts Of The Great Depression 1929-33 On Hungary’s Economy

The Great Depression of 1929-33 had serious consequences on Hungary’s economy. The Central and Eastern European countries, including Hungary were hit severely by the downturn of the wholesale prices as regards of agricultural products in international markets. Besides declining prices another major problem was that the industrialised countries introduced protectionist measures (customs duties and quotas). As a result of this process, market opportunities were constrained and later ceased to exist. The situation was further aggravated by the fact that the unfavourable gap between agrarian and industrial prices further widened in the 1920s. Although the crisis started to emerge in the agriculture, its effects were extended to the industry as well. Due to the lack of safe markets, heavy industrial branches declined sharply, whereas the volume of output fell modest in the light industry. The bankruptcy of the Austrian Credit Anstalt on 12th Mai 1931 adversely affected Hungary’s financial system. In order to overcome the difficulties, banking holiday was ordered by the government, which coupled with the suspension of all payments and the introduction of foreign exchange control. Foreign trade has changed significantly. In 1937, the share of Hungary’s export in Germany’s trade was 42 percent, which increased to more than 50 percent after the Anschluss. Thus, at the end of the 1930s, the Third Reich became the most important trade partner of Hungary. Thanks to favourable external conditions accompanied by the rearmament programme of Nazi Germany and state intervention, the performance of the Hungarian economy improved, and by 1937 it surpassed the pre-depression level. The Győr Programme, announced on 12th March 1938 with its military and infrastructural development contributed to the economic boom, which had positive impacts both in the heavy and light industrial branches.

The External Environment and its Influence on the Development of Military and Civilian Higher Education Institutions

Abstract Higher education institutions, as organizations that “provide education”, are those that generate and transfer knowledge to society through teaching and research activities. Viewed as open systems, higher education institutions influence and, in turn, are influenced by their external environment. In the case of military institutions of higher education, the particularities of the military environment determine the appearance of specific characteristics of the external environment.

The Long Civil War: New Explorations of America's Enduring Conflict ed. by John David Smith and Raymond Arsenault

Reviewed by: The Long Civil War: New Explorations of America's Enduring Conflict ed. by John David Smith and Raymond Arsenault Lawrence Kreiser (bio) The Long Civil War: New Explorations of America's Enduring Conflict. Edited by John David Smith and Raymond Arsenault. (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2021. Pp. 246. $40.00 cloth) The introduction to this collection of ten essays is worth the cover price alone, for its insightful discussion on the "Long Civil War." John David Smith and Raymond Arsenault argue that, well into the twentieth century, scholars attempted to almost buttonhole the fighting that raged between 1861 and 1865 into a tight chronological and thematic focus. The postwar ended when the nation's [End Page 332] calendar flipped to 1878, and the struggle for civil rights culminated with the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment. Only relatively recently, however, have historians recognized that the Civil War continues to define American society. That is not a cause for dismay, as if the war is too complex and contradictory to fully understand. Rather, The Long Civil War offers the opportunity for a more nuanced understanding of twenty-first-century Americans as a nation and people. According to Smith and Arsenault, the volume's essays demonstrate how "the Civil War and its wide-ranging consequences and implications remain a yardstick that can be used to measure the American experience. The essays illustrate how historians can accommodate and integrate ambiguity, selective memory, and the power of myths and symbols in their assessments of the war's geographic, temporal, and thematic importance" (pp.12–13). The persistence of antebellum questions on race into the Civil War and beyond is the focus of the first two essays. Daniel Kilbride writes on the interchange between American missionary work and imperial ambitions in Liberia and today's Nigeria. Stanley Harrold argues that the abolition lobby reached its greatest success when proslavery congressmen most aggressively attempted to counter it during the late 1830s and early 1840s. Paul Cimbala and Diane Miller Sommerville analyze the influence of the Civil War on individual participants in the next two essays. Cimbala details the motivations and expectations of Union officers in the Veteran Reserve Corps, while Sommerville demonstrates that the changing rhetoric of "political suicide," especially in the South, provided contemporaries a new framework for understanding the war's severity. Biographical essays on Emory Upton, a Union officer, and Ulrich Bonnell Phillips, a well-known southern historian, are the next two contributions. James Hedtke argues that Upton's writings on military science survived his own death through self-violence and influenced the development of the modern American military. John David Smith details the connections between Phillips's service as a nonmilitary [End Page 333] staff officer at Camp Gordon, Georgia, a segregated military base during World War I, and his academic writings. The ongoing controversies over historical memory form the basis for the last four essays. James Horton and Lois Horton write on the changing perceptions of Abraham Lincoln among Black Americans, and Stephen Whitfield on the continuing resonance of the Confederacy among many white southerners. During the mid-twentieth century, the legacy of the war on the presidency of Dwight Eisenhower, and the nostalgic—and commercial—portrayal of the blue and gray in the historical movies of Walt Disney are discussed by, respectively, Michael Birkner and Raymond Arsenault. The Long Civil War is a pleasure to read. The essays highlight continuing ways to understand the influence of the nation's most critical domestic crisis, as well as new avenues for innovative scholarship. Lawrence Kreiser LAWRENCE KREISER, JR. teaches history at Stillman College. He is the author of Marketing the Blue and Gray: Newspaper Advertising and the Civil War (2019) and coeditor of The Civil War and Popular Culture: Memory and Meaning (2014). Copyright © 2021 Kentucky Historical Society

Творчество А. Е. Коцебу в русской и европейской художественной критике XIX-XX вв.

The study aims to present a corpus of assessments of A. E. Kotzebue’s creative work found in publications by the Russian and German critics (art historians) of the XIX-XX centuries. Scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time since 1955, the leading Russian battle painter’s creative work has become a subject of research; for the first time in art history, the author has identified, introduced into scientific use and analysed publications on Kotzebue’s creative work in the Russian and German art press of the XIX-XX centuries; until recently, the German authors’ point of view has not been published. The researcher has revealed general characteristics of the artist’s creative work in Russia and Germany, as well as specificity of his art perception in these countries. As a result, it has been proved that Kotzebue’s creative work was an object of close attention of the German and Russian art historians in the late 1850s - mid-1870s; that high appraisal of his paintings is confirmation of international recognition won by the artist; that in the 1870s, the shift in the military genre development in the Russian art gave rise to Kotzebue’s battle pieces criticism, while his creative work was still highly regarded in Germany; that the opinion of the Russian and foreign art historians of the XX century on Kotzebue is based on XIX-century publications and does not contain any fundamental novelty.

Haunted by Chaos: China's Grand Strategy from Mao Zedong to Xi Jinping

Haunted by Chaos: China's Grand Strategy from Mao Zedong to Xi Jinping