Military Development Research Articles

Leadership Skills Development of Military Cadets

This study endeavoured to examine the leadership skills development of military cadets and how this was impacted by instructor roles, motivation to lead and individual hardiness of the cadets. A total of 331 military cadets in their final academic year responded to a questionnaire survey. The quantitative data was analysed using both a descriptive and inferential methods, which included the Pearson correlation test, multiple linear regression analysis, and the independent sample T-test. The findings revealed a significant relationship between instructor roles, motivation to lead, individual hardiness with military cadet leadership skills development. While the multiple linear regression analysis revealed that individual hardiness was a vital predictor in leadership skills development of among military cadets.

Military force development in New Zealand and Singapore: realising different influences on small state military capability

ABSTRACT New Zealand and Singapore are both capable small states with notably different security and defence concerns. The relative level of commitment that Singapore provides to its military forces in comparison to New Zealand is not only a reflection of the tremendous economic, social and technological development that has occurred in the city state since its independence, but is also due the different perceptions, discretion and motivation that each state has regarding the role and utility of their military instruments. The differences in their military capabilities also reflect how each has responded to their particular circumstances as small states. New Zealand has, to a large extent, worked within the constraints expected of small states while Singapore has striven to overcome them. However, the military capabilities of both states are significantly influenced by their characteristics as small states, and these form the basis of the challenges that they are likely to face going forward. This article examines key factors and elements underpinning why New Zealand and Singapore have developed markedly different military forces in the period from 1965 to 2022 in order to understand the extent to which their characteristics as small states have influenced their respective approaches to force development.

Ռազմական ռազմավարության պատմությունը որպես նրա զարգացման ուղենիշ

This article aims to cover some of the changes of military strategy that have undergone due to the development of science and technology from the 14th century to the present day. The following issues arise from the purpose of the article: to present the origin and development of military strategy (a brief overview), to show some factors affecting the development of military strategy, to identify some patterns of military strategy development, which will enable understanding its modern trends. Although there are few studies on the history of the development of military strategy, the historical-analytical methodology used in the work to combine the facts, examine the realities and comprehensively present them, allows us to distinguish some patterns of the development of the military strategy. Based on the rapidly changing nature of modern wars, a systematic presentation of patterns of military strategy development will enable preparation not for previous wars, but for future ones. A vivid example of all this is the Artsakh war of 2020, where we witnessed the discrepancy between the requirements and preparation of modern warfare.

CУЧАСНІ ПІДХОДИ ДО ФОРМУВАННЯ ЛІДЕРСЬКИХ ЯКОСТЕЙ У МАЙБУТНІХ ОФІЦЕРІВ НАЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ ГВАРДІЇ УКРАЇНИ

The article deals with the main program documents that ensure the formation of leadership qualities in future officers of Ukraine. Attention is focused on the main theoretical principles outlined in the Doctrine of Military Leadership in the National Guard of Ukraine, as one of the defining documents. The essence and meaning of the concepts "military leadership", "military leader" are revealed, based on the refined model of the modern military leader of the National Guard of Ukraine, its comparative analysis is carried out with the corresponding standard outlined in "Army Leadership: Competent, Confident, and Agile" (FM 6-22) ) manual. The article reviews modern approaches to the formation of leadership qualities in future officers typically focused on the development of a wide range of competencies that are important for successful leadership. The current state of military leadership development is considered, the main problems are outlined, and possible ways to solve them are proposed. The essence and necessity of applying modern approaches to the formation of leadership qualities in future officers, capable of leading their subordinates and effectively accomplishing the assigned tasks regarding the defense of Ukraine, achieving goals and attaining successful results in military activity, are revealed and substantiated. The synthesis of research results made it possible to reveal the essence of modern approaches to the formation of leadership qualities in future officer-guardsmen, serving as a crucial means for enhancing the professional performance of military leaders and increasing their effectiveness in combat conditions.

The definition of armed conflict in cyberspace

The information technologies development affects all spheres of human activity, including the military activities of States. The level of military information technologies development allows us to talk about a new theatre of military operations — the cyberspace. The likelihood of an armed conflict in cyberspace is also confirmed by the Tallinn Manual, developed in 2013 and updated in 2017 by experts from the NATO States with the participation of the International Committee of the Red Cross. In the context of the high probability of military action in cyberspace, the starting point for applying international humanitarian law to such situations is the definition of a cyber armed conflict. The research of this topical issue of modern international law of armed conflicts is the subject of this article. The author pays attention to the legal definition of cyberspace in general, and to related problems. In the absence of an international treaty regulating this area, it was suggested that such treaty should be developed and adopted. Because there is no definition of “classic” armed conflict in international humanitarian law, this article offers the author’s definition of “classic” armed conflict based on the analysis of the law of armed conflicts, relevant practice and international legal doctrine. Based on this definition, on detailed analysis of the relevant norms of international law, including the norms proposed by the Tallinn Manual on International Law Applicable to Cyber Operations, on the doctrine of international law, and taking into account the specifics of cyberspace, the author gives a comprehensive definition of armed conflict in cyberspace. The author substantiates the need to use the concept of cyber armed conflict, and not the terms “cyberwar” or “information war”. This article focuses on and evaluates the relevant provisions of the Tallinn Manual. The author also made suggestions on possible solutions to the problems discussed in this article.

Defense Perception in the Geopolitical Scope: An exploratory study through unsupervised machine learning

Regarding military development worldwide, the scope of defense has influenced the economic and technological advancement of many nations, whether to defend their sovereignty or lead military power in the global geopolitical scenario. For the study in question, a database from three others is used, composed of 16 variables and 120 countries, exposing defense figures and economic and social indexes respective to each nation. In this scenario, an exploratory analysis is performed, based on statistical modeling and unsupervised machine learning techniques, exposing correlation points between the variables, listing the most influential and influenced in the evaluation scenario. Using clustering techniques through the K-means algorithm and support of the elbow graph, the possible clusters built for the defense scenario are presented, identifying a favorable number of six groups, thus listing the countries with the greatest similarities between their quantitative variables. Finally, the conclusions of the results found are presented, as well as the limitations of the study and proposals for future studies.

Guns Before Butter — A New Reality?

Warfighting in Ukraine in 2022-2023 has become the first large-scale armed conflict in Europe in the 21st century that directly involves Russia and NATO. The scale of events, the geography of operations, the number of weapons used and the personnel engaged require a reassessment of military development and defense spending priorities in many countries around the world. This article analyzes certain features of the current armed conflict and the decisions already made by individual countries. The authors come to the conclusion that given the scale of military buildup in Europe and elsewhere it is advisable to think about new measures to reduce risks now and establish effective arms control in the future.

The Literature Review of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Industry

The development of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) originated in the 1920 s of the 20th century and was used for air strikes on the battlefield. In the following decades, unmanned aerial vehicles were developed and used for military activities many times. At present, the energy supply types of mainstream unmanned aerial vehicles are divided into three types: battery power supply, liquid fuel power supply and hybrid oil and electricity power supply. However, the current mainstream unmanned aerial vehicle energy supply system still has disadvantages, so in the future, the development direction of unmanned aerial vehicles must be the lack of improving unmanned aerial vehicle Systems, and innovation is achieved in unmanned aerial vehicle technology with new technology. The commercial and military development of drones depends on new technology, this paper aims to review the current situation of unmanned aerial vehicle industry and predict the future development trend and direction of unmanned aerial vehicle industry in combination with the current situation.

Instrument development for measuring determinants in defense R&D policy

The Korean military's defense research and development (R&D) policy was often shortsighted because of environmental changes, such as the Korea–U.S. alliance, security policies under the regime, and limited budgets. In addition, there was a lack of prior research focusing on identifying the determinants of defense R&D policy, making it difficult for stakeholders in defense R&D policies to determine the appropriateness or validity of decision making. To this end, the purpose of the present study was to suggest a basic reference for defense R&D decision making through the conceptualization of determinants in defense R&D policy and development of measurement items. For this, we developed operational definitions of influencing factors and preliminary items related to defense R&D policy decisions, considering the Republic of Korea Armed Forces. To test reliability and validity, we performed exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses based on discussions with experts. The results show a six-factor structure (security policy, defense posture, technological ambition, dominant and shifting paradigm, science and technology, industry knowledge base, and resources) and 24 items. It is concluded that the use of questionnaire results might better reflect multiple aspects of decision making in defense R&D policy. Future studies need to elaborate on the measurement indicators for defense R&D policy determinants and theorize on policy directions according to changes in future defense and private technology development.

Approach to comprehensive analysis of bastion castle ensemble with historic gardens: novel combined strategy

Bastion castle ensemble is a complex structure that belongs to defensive residences, which usually include the historic gardens and play an important role in the formation of the townscape. The two main structural components of such built complexes are palatial body and bastion fortifications. However, some bigger ensembles can also include other functional buildings. Due to the nature of the structure, namely the presence of defensive elements, which followed military development, many bastion castles underwent huge transformations. They were built and rebuilt because of the outdated design or destruction by the enemy. That is why studying such ensembles only from a historical perspective or analyzing only their fortification part is not enough to understand the whole complex, which is much more than a single-type building. In contrast, this paper proposes an interdisciplinary approach to studying bastion castles on the example of a bastion castle in Zheshov (Poland). Specifically, this paper uses a combined strategy that includes interpretative–historical and qualitative-computational strategies as a systematic and comprehensive approach to the research. This strategy consists of seven points of analysis: historical transformations, composition, situation, landscape, fortifications, typomorphology, and space syntax. This work represents a methodological framework that can be used for the analysis of any bastion castle ensemble in the world.

Approach to comprehensive analysis of bastion castle ensemble with historic gardens: novel combined strategy

Bastion castle ensemble is a complex structure that belongs to defensive residences, which usually include the historic gardens and play an important role in the formation of the townscape. The two main structural components of such built complexes are palatial body and bastion fortifications. However, some bigger ensembles can also include other functional buildings. Due to the nature of the structure, namely the presence of defensive elements, which followed military development, many bastion castles underwent huge transformations. They were built and rebuilt because of the outdated design or destruction by the enemy. That is why studying such ensembles only from a historical perspective or analyzing only their fortification part is not enough to understand the whole complex, which is much more than a single-type building. In contrast, this paper proposes an interdisciplinary approach to studying bastion castles on the example of a bastion castle in Zheshov (Poland). Specifically, this paper uses a combined strategy that includes interpretative–historical and qualitative-computational strategies as a systematic and comprehensive approach to the research. This strategy consists of seven points of analysis: historical transformations, composition, situation, landscape, fortifications, typomorphology, and space syntax. This work represents a methodological framework that can be used for the analysis of any bastion castle ensemble in the world.

COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT OF SHORTCOMINGS OF FLIGHT AND TECHNICAL UNIFORMS FOR FLIGHT COMPOSITION OF AIR FORCES

The study of the materials on the results of the previously conducted tests showed the same type of deficiencies in the development and production of FTU for the flight crew of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. Therefore, a decision was made to conduct an analysis of the defects structure and further divide them into different classes and form a classification of typical defects in the development and manufacture of FTU which will draw the attention of developers and manufacturers of FTU to the features of the development and manufacture of the above products.
 Thus, based on the results of the tests and a comprehensive evaluation of their results, this classification of typical shortcomings of the development and manufacture of FTU was formed, which will save time for developers (manufacturers) of FTU during the development and manufacture of these products and will increase the probability of the end of the tests with positive results and the subsequent acceptance of FTU samples to support the Armed Forces of Ukraine.
 Prospects for further research are:
 
 It is planned to assess the importance of the influence of each of the typical shortcomings or their complex interaction on the quality parameters of the development and manufacture of FTU in the future.
 The proposed classification of typical deficiencies in the development and manufacture of FTU will be relevant in the future when performing a comprehensive assessment of the deficiencies in the development and manufacture of military (other uniform) uniforms for the needs of other branches of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and power structures of

The technological emergence of quantum communication: A bibliometric analysis

ABSTRACT Quantum communication is a key to information security, which has a wide range of applications in military, financial, and social development. Understanding the technological emergence in advance would contribute to gain full socio-economic benefits and reducing risk. This research attempts to explore the emergence of quantum communication from the bibliometric perspective. By analyzing the patent from the Derwent Innovation Index, this research analyzes the development phase, the technology emergence, the main contributors’ network, the distribution of regions, and technology categories of quantum communication. The results show that quantum communication is in the growth phase according to the theory of the technology life cycle. China, the United States, and Japan are the leading countries. This research also identifies the main patent assignees and their collaboration networks. By introducing the technological emergence indicators, this research identifies four emerging topics in quantum communication and analyzes the layout of main patent assignees within these topics. This research would contribute to the endeavour of scientific communities toward the development of quantum communication.

GRAND STRATEGY AND MILITARY IMPLICATIONS OF NEW RUSSIA’S MILITARY DOCTRINE IN 21ST CENTURY: GEOSTRATEGIC ASPECTS OF HYBRID WARFARE STRATEGY AGAINST GEORGIA AND UKRAINE

: A paper reflects new dimensions of New Cold War geostrategic balance implications at pan-regional (European) and regional (Black Sea) levels that already has been transformed into classical hybrid warfare between the Russian Federation and NATO due to the Russia’s invasion into Ukraine. Currently adopted military doctrine of the Russian Federation envisages engagement into two military conflicts simultaneously and constructed its strategic operational framework founded on incorporation of three combat elements: military, non-military and information warfare measures and proper concepts. Hence, it means that Russia can begin war-game scenarios at the same time against two neighboring nations as it occurs at time being against Ukraine and Georgia. At that respect, the incumbent Russian military leadership in aegis of so-called “Gerasimov Doctrine” is promoting hybrid warfare as a key dominant grand strategy with relevant theater strategy and operational art elements (for instance, operational – strategic command HQ “South” and 5 Army Corp HQs). The military “muscle” could easily skew and twist European security environment that is much unprepared to the geostrategic challenge – Crimea occupation and annexation in 2014, war with Georgia in 2008, hybrid attack to Estonia in 2007 and very recently large-scale military intervention in Azov Sea and pending regional hegemony conditions in Caspian Basin. These military asymmetric challenges and risks deriving from the arms race derailed by the Russia’s incumbent authority, and security dilemma embroiled with by the elements of WMD are sufficient indications why the European security is plausible fragile against such challenges. From academic standpoint, the thesis deals in analyzing with the most dangerous threat targeting the European security architecture – asymmetric military challenge and realization of which is pursued in wagging hybrid war against Georgia and Ukraine. The new type of warfare is a probe stone perfected against these two post-Soviet nations indicates and poses real menace, mainly geostrategic origin, easily targeted NATO member-states, including Poland. The article predisposes reflection and understanding true meaning of so-called “Gerasimov Doctrine” and the whole new version of Military Doctrine of Russia and how it is implemented at the stage. A shift transformation takes place in realms of contemporary century warfare doctrinal planning and the transformation has already implicated of identifying new type of warfare strategy – asymmetric war with representation of hybrid warfare that contributing in re-shaping a grand strategy that allows policymakers to steer through the uncertainties of a complex international security environment; Elaboration real content and new definition of “hybrid war” and its dualfold implications how to quell and deal with asymmetric military challenges and risks and how to cause the challenges on its matter. Moreover, it describes and review reformatting modality in planning and wagging war due to the military technology development that contributed to a far more complicated strategic environment for war than that of previous century. In that respect is to be identified new style of warfare – Urbanistic warfare presented in 2008 August Russia-Georgia war as well as in war in Ukraine (Mariupol battle) new definition of the warfare in general matter.

Students’ True Purposes and Third Millennium Realities

Across the millennia, education has been misapplied in the service of particular magical, religious, military, ideological, empire-governing, social justice, ecological, and economic development objectives. Irrespective of how noble the intention – such as rebuilding our relationships with each other, with the planet and with technology – we do our students a serious disservice if we treat them primarily as future adults. It is primarily what they “are” rather than what they may “become” that is significant – and what policymakers should consider in the first instance. Education is not exclusively (nor even predominantly) a preparation for a career, nor for citizenship, nor for life in general, any more than going to the beach or the bowling alley or the cinema is a foundation for something else. Any more than retirement is preparation for death. Education is education. Education’s forthcoming and fundamental transformation, made necessary and possible by contemporary technology, takes full account of the tangible/virtual consciousness duality and of immediate worldwide connectivity. Learners of all ages’ essential e-lived existences necessitate and make possible an immersive educational experience that involves integrating and building upon the synergistic coexistence of the online and the face-to-face. Digital technology offers incredible potential in tertiary practice to develop relationships (though global digital interactions with other learners and teachers), curiosity (through challenging learners through Artificial Intelligence), creativity (through creating virtual reality experiences for peers), and resilience (through exposing learners to a range of learning technologies and flexible learning options): it is a vehicle for inspiring and engaging learners. But EdTech is currently characterised by vast investment, widespread hype and minimal achievement. The underlying problem is one of applying third millennium technologies in second millennium settings: driving a Formula One vehicle along ancient cart tracks; while further not applying EdTech to address learners, teachers, curriculum, governance and technology in systemic and synergistic way. Assuredly, ‘tertiary education’ involves vocational training as well as liberal education: let them live in happy harmony. In particular, the colonisation of the lecture hall or laboratory by the workplace must, it is urged, be stubbornly resisted. Undoubtedly, professional criteria must be achieved – but even future doctors, engineers, lawyers and suchlike need no longer to be led by the firm hand along carefully prescribed and meticulously supervised pathways. From secondary onwards, through tertiary and lifelong, we argue that the learner should lead. Tertiary learners should not and need not be unduly directed and restricted in the manner of second millennium novices. At this level a blend of education and training integrated with a multi-disciplinary approach and encompassing the international dimension will enable learners to plan and contribute to preparing themselves for life (and, to the extent that they may choose, work) in such proportions as they determine. Our presentation explores how tertiary education may best apply technology and creativity in order to gear itself to the contemporary imperative of universally connected students taking the lead in pursuit of their own purposes and aspirations. By such means may the world’s universities and colleges now become true and convivial 21st century settings for the fulfillment of such purposes as the learners primarily themselves may determine.

Continuing professional education experiences and expectations of nurses in Chinese military hospitals: A quantitative and qualitative study

BackgroundContinuing professional education (CPE) is important for maintaining the competencies of nurses. The evaluation of training needs is necessary for well-organized CPE programs. ObjectivesTo obtain a deeper understanding of the past experiences and future expectations of CPE among nurses in Chinese military hospitals in order to provide empirical support for planning effective CPE programs. DesignWe implemented a two-phase procedure to investigate the experiences and expectations of CPE. SettingsTwenty one hospitals across China. Participants382 nurses in quantitative study, and 20 nurses in qualitative study. MethodsSelf-designed questionnaire was used to quantitatively measure past experiences, willingness to participate, and future expectations of CPE via a cross-sectional study. Semi-structured interviews were carried out to explore the characteristics of CPE activities among military nurses. ResultsA total of 293 (76.7 %) participants had experience with CPE in the past, and 362 (94.8 %) were willing to take CPE in the future. The top five training items they wanted to learn about in the future were combat casualty care, emergency and critical care, military skills, trauma care in an austere environment, and specialist nursing. We identified the following 5 themes in the qualitative data: military missions, military training content, military medicine training content, training methods, and professional development paths. ConclusionsNursing administrators and educators should consider designing hierarchical, categorized CPE programs to meet the needs of self-development and professional growth among nurses.

Biting the ‘cherry of detachment’: Agaléga’s Cold War decolonisation

The British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT) was created in 1965 to secure a range of Indian Ocean islands for United States and United Kingdom military use. However, despite being situated in the centre of this new Territory, the twin islands of North and South Agaléga were curiously excluded. In light of India’s modern military development of Agaléga, this article examines why British and American planners in 1965 passed over these islands, citing its uncertain strategic utility, the political and financial costs of dismemberment from Mauritius, and Agaléga’s usefulness as a destination for displaced Îlois from the Chagos Archipelago. Using declassified British and American government records, this article uncovers secret Western machinations to secure the Indian Ocean, as Britain was winding down its vast global empire. This article concludes by commenting on India’s modern-day development of Agaléga, articulating some commonalities and divergences compared to American and British Cold War plans.

The Main Stages of Formation and Development of the 24th Military Band of the Joint Strategic Command of the Southern Military District: Traditions and Modernity

The article considers the formation of Russian military musical performance in the regions of the Russian Federation. The history of the development of the 24th Military Band of the Joint Strategic Command of the Southern Military District is the object of study; traditions and innovations in the military band’s activities are the subject. The article aims to reveal the significance of the traditions of military wind bands for the development of national musical culture. The tasks set in the article included the study of scientific literature, revealing the specifics of the military musical art development in Russia, and archival sources from collections of textual and musical (notated) documents related to the history of military music and the band itself. The history of the band was studied using archival sources from the collection of documents of the 24th military band with the documents from the collection collected by A.Golovin - Head and Artistic Director of the band, Honoured Artist of the Russian Federation, Lieutenant Colonel. In the course of the study, documents from the band's collection of notes, including handwritten, printed and electronic scores of the author's arrangements and transcriptions, were analysed. It is noted that even though the music library began to form after 1962, it includes scores made at an earlier time. The authors determine the date and conditions for the formation of the military band of the headquarters of the Southern Military District: the band was turned into an independent unit as the 15th military band of the headquarters of the North Caucasian Military District with a permanent location in Rostov-on-Don on the basis of the military band of the 106th Communications Regiment on August 2, 1962. In 2012, the band became part of the 175 Luninets-Pinsky Southern Military District Command Brigade (military unit 01957) with the Order of Alexander Nevsky and twice the Order of the Red Star. In 2018, the 24th Military Band of the Joint Strategic Command of the Southern Military District was formed on its basis. It is noted that the band has repeatedly become the winner of the All-Army competitions of military bands, and various festivals, demonstrating the highest professionalism and being one of the best creative teams of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. Scientific and practical novelty, as well as the relevance of the study, is determined by a new perspective found in the study of the history of the military band. A comprehensive study of documents made it possible to identify continuity in the collective’s activities and innovations related to the modern band’s functionality expansion.

“Worth More Than Life Itself”: Military Honour and the Birth of Its Courts in Spain (1810–1870)

ABSTRACT This article deals with military honour in nineteenth-century Spain, after first examining how the meaning of this term evolved from the revolutionary Napoleonic wars onwards. This highly important moral value was learnt from the moment someone joined the army, and even before then, through education and common public military demonstrations. It related to individual behaviour, while also maintaining a high collective and corporative aspect, and it varied depending on gender or class and on the identity of the social group. It was part of the political thought of most relevant Spanish generals, and consequently it influenced the political dynamics of Spain. The Court of Honour, an institution in Spain that was not regulated until 1811, controlled honour compliance. The last section of this article focuses on how and why these institutions were born and explains their early legislative evolution. Spanish political and military development are inevitably bound together to the extent that an understanding of the nature of honour and its effects on the army and civilian ethics provides us with a deep socio-political and ethical analysis of the country during the nineteenth century.

ВІЙСЬКОВА ОСВІТА НА ЄЛИСАВЕТГРАДЩИНІ У 1865–1917 РР. (ПЕРЕДУМОВИ СТВОРЕННЯ, ОСНОВІ ЕТАПИ РОЗВИТКУ ТА ВНУТРІШНІЙ УСТРІЙ ВІЙСЬКОВИХ ЗАКЛАДІВ)

One of the ways to further improve the education of command staff in modern conditions is to study the rich experience of developing the theory and practice of education of military personnel, in particular, the second half of the 19th – the first third of the 20th century, when important reforms of military education took place, which led to the formation of a system of military education of youth. In the article peculiarities of the military education in Yelisavethrad region in 1865–1917 have been revealed, Results of the analysis of historical and pedagogical sources regarding a problem of military education development in general and activity of Yelisavethrad cavalry junker school particularly by the researchers of second half of the 19th – the beginning of the 21st century have been presented. Preconditions for creation, main stages of development and internal organization of military institutions have been substantiated. Purpose and tasks of the junker schools have been defined. Questions of training and upbringing process and economic activity in the military educational establishments of the Yelisavethrad region of that time have been analyzed. Work of the committees of the establishments and composition of the officers and the junkers studying in the above mentioned military educational establishments have been characterized. Peculiarities of the composition of line of work and job positions of administration and educational parts of the schools and their functional responsibilities and duties. Special attention has been paid to the analysis of the specificity of the course of education, terms of the education and graduation from the researched military establishments have been determined. The process of education and upbringing of junkers have received a detailed description. Author’s attention has been also paid to the professional development of officers’ staff. Relevance of the present research regarding the peculiarities of establishing, development and organizational activity of the military establishments under research has been substantiated.