Military Communications Research Articles

«ULYANOVSKAYA SVYAZ» – A UNIQUE TRAINING CENTER FOR MILITARY SIGNALMEN IN THE COUNTRY (on the occasion of the 80th anniversary of the beginning of the Great Patriotic War and the anniversary of Ulyanovsk Higher Military School of Communications)

May 24, 2021 marks the 85th anniversary of establishing Ulyanovsk Order of the Red Star Higher Military Engineering School of Communications named after G.K. Ordzhonikidze under the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. Within its walls, more than 25 thousand officers were trained, about 60 of them rose to the rank of generalship, 7 trainees of the school were awarded with the title of the Hero of the Soviet Union, and one of them was awarded with the title of the Hero of Russia. The article is devoted to the experience of training military signalmen in this military educational institution, which is still of interest for specialists. The author of the article considers this topic relevant due to the year of the 80th anniversary of the beginning of the Great Patriotic War. Its purpose is to identify the features of establishing and functioning of the military signal troops school in Ulyanovsk on the eve and during the war against fascism. Ulyanovsk Military School of Communications was formed on the basis of a special equipment school created in 1936 in Ulyanovsk. Transformed into Ulyanovsk Military Technical School, and then – into the military School of communications of the Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Army in 1937, it trained, in particular, signalmen for armored troops. This problem has not been sufficiently studied. The researcher pays special attention to the fact that he met with pre-war graduates of this educational institution, who passed training in the specialty «telemechanics» which was secret in those years. The author uses their memories in his work, which is new in the analysis of this topic. The work also traces the fate of the first head of the school, General T.P. Kargopolov. Summarizing, the author concludes that on the eve of the war, Ulyanovsk School was the first training center for unique military communications specialists in managing military facilities at a distance. After the beginning of the Second World War, Ulyanovsk School of Communications became a major center for training and educating qualified signal officers.

Rydberg atom based microwave sensing and communication

With the overall redefinition of the international system of units (SI), the classical physical standards are gradually replaced by the natural standards based on quantum physics. Due to the reproducibility, accuracy and stability of atomic system, many new technologies of quantum precision measurement have been developed based on the atomic systems. Rydberg atoms are very sensitive to external electromagnetic fields because of their large MW transition dipole moment and polarizability. With the atomic coherence effect, the ultra wideband electric field can be measured with high precision and high sensitivity. Especially for the microwave range whose frequency is higher than 1 GHz, the research of establishing microwave quantum standard is advancing steadily. In addition, all optical materials and ultra wide band atomic antenna have a wide range of applications in aerospace, military communications and other fields. In this paper, we review the researches of microwave sensing and communication based on Rydberg atoms, and introduce the progress in the quantum standard of microwave electric field strength, coherent detection, radio-over-fiber, digital communication, etc., and discuss the possible applications and research frontiers in this rapid developing field.

Incremental-data stealth-transmission method in DSSS

A direct-sequence spread-spectrum (DSSS) signal has many advantages, such as low SNR and strong anti-jamming ability; thus, it is widely used in various military and civil communication systems. However, hiding and high-data-rate transmission technologies have become the key factors affecting the future applications of the existing DSSS. To solve these problems, an incremental-data stealth-transmission (IDST) method is proposed, which stealthily transmits incremental data through variations in the spread spectrum function and alternation of the weighted fractional Fourier transform modulation order. The incremental data are not transmitted through a real channel but through the function relationship to achieve index transmission. Without affecting the spread spectrum gain and SNR tolerance of the original data, the proposed method greatly improves the amount of information transmitted and enhances the concealment of incremental data.

Drone Secure Communication Protocol for Future Sensitive Applications in Military Zone.

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) plays a paramount role in various fields, such as military, aerospace, reconnaissance, agriculture, and many more. The development and implementation of these devices have become vital in terms of usability and reachability. Unfortunately, as they become widespread and their demand grows, they are becoming more and more vulnerable to several security attacks, including, but not limited to, jamming, information leakage, and spoofing. In order to cope with such attacks and security threats, a proper design of robust security protocols is indispensable. Although several pieces of research have been carried out with this regard, there are still research gaps, particularly concerning UAV-to-UAV secure communication, support for perfect forward secrecy, and provision of non-repudiation. Especially in a military scenario, it is essential to solve these gaps. In this paper, we studied the security prerequisites of the UAV communication protocol, specifically in the military setting. More importantly, a security protocol (with two sub-protocols), that serves in securing the communication between UAVs, and between a UAV and a Ground Control Station, is proposed. This protocol, apart from the common security requirements, achieves perfect forward secrecy and non-repudiation, which are essential to a secure military communication. The proposed protocol is formally and thoroughly verified by using the BAN-logic (Burrow-Abadi-Needham logic) and Scyther tool, followed by performance evaluation and implementation of the protocol on a real UAV. From the security and performance evaluation, it is indicated that the proposed protocol is superior compared to other related protocols while meeting confidentiality, integrity, mutual authentication, non-repudiation, perfect forward secrecy, perfect backward secrecy, response to DoS (Denial of Service) attacks, man-in-the-middle protection, and D2D (Drone-to-Drone) security.

Justification of the methodological bases for the management of the radio resource of special purpose radio communication systems under conditions of prior uncertainty

The problem of substantiation of methodological bases of radio resource management of military radio communication systems in the conditions of a priori uncertainty is solved in the work. The object of research is the military radio communication system. One of the most problematic places in the management of military radio resources is the inability to carry out a hierarchical management of the parameters and modes of operation of both individual radios and the military radio system as a whole. This reduces the efficiency of the system itself and the efficiency of its application. The scientific problem is solved by substantiating the methodological principles of radio resource management of military radio communication systems in conditions of a priori uncertainty. During the research, the authors used the main provisions of the theory of queuing, the theory of automation, the theory of complex technical systems, as well as general scientific methods of cognition, namely analysis and synthesis. The novelty is that in the course of work: – the purpose of functioning of an operative management subsystem of a radio resource of military radio communication systems is formulated; – indicators and criteria of functioning efficiency of military radio communication systems are determined; – decomposition of the solution of this problem into problems depending on the signal and noise situation is carried out. An approach based on the hierarchical decomposition of the functional structure of networks, the behavior of which is described by stochastic differential (or difference) equations of the high dimension state, into a number of interconnected but simpler functional structures is used for the functional description of military radio communication systems. It will allow to make a decomposition of the state of the military radio system and increase the efficiency of decision-making on adjusting the modes of operation and parameters of the military radio system in real time. The research results should be used at the stage of operational management of parameters and modes of these systems operation.

Development of a method of adaptive control of military radio network parameters

A method of adaptive control of military radio network parameters has been developed. This method allows predicting suppressed frequencies by electronic warfare devices, determining the topology of the military radio network. Also, this method allows determining rational routes of information transmission and operating mode of radio communications. Forecasting of the electronic environment is characterized by recirculation of input data for one count, resampling on a logarithmic time scale, finding a forecast for the maximum value of entropy and resampling the forecast on the exponential time scale. The developed method allows choosing a rational network topology. The choice of topology of the military radio communication system is based on the method of ant multi-colony system. The main idea of the new option of ant colony optimization is that instead of one colony of the traditional ant algorithm several colonies are used that work together in a common search space. However, this procedure additionally takes into account the type of a priori uncertainty and the evaporation coefficient of the pheromone level. The proposed method allows choosing a rational route for information transmission. The proposed procedure is based on an improved DSR algorithm. This method uses several operating modes of radio communications, namely the technology of multi-antenna systems with noise-like signals, with pseudo-random adjustment of the operating frequency and with orthogonal frequency multiplexing. The developed method provides a gain of 10‒16 % compared to conventional management approaches

Civilian perception of the role of the military in Nigeria’s 2014 Ebola outbreak and health-related responses in the North East region

IntroductionCivilian–military relations play an important yet under-researched role in low-income and middle-income country epidemic response. One crucial component of civilian–military relations is defining the role of the military. This paper...

Series Editorial: Military Communications and Networks

Military applications requiring communications and networking are plentiful, and these operations are conducted in challenging environments. Challenges stem from many places, such as by constraints imposed by the presence of active adversaries, limitations resulting from operations with resource-limited assets, and urgency brought forth from strict mission requirements. In this rich area of communications and networks research and engineering, many solutions have been proposed, leveraging concepts and capabilities including the Internet of Things (IoT), cloud based analytics and blockchain.

Blind identification of space–time block codes based on deep learning

Deep Learning (DL) has important applications to both commercial and military communications, such as software-defined radio, cognitive radio and spectrum surveillance. While DL has been intensively studied for modulation recognition, there are very few investigations for blind identification of Space-Time Block Codes (STBCs). This paper proposes a Residual Network (RN)-based model for identifying 6 kinds of STBC signals with a single receiving antenna, including the same length of coding matrix. In our work, we use the frequency-domain correlation function of a single time delay as the training data of DL model. Then, we explore the suitable RN structure for blind identification of STBCs. Finally, we compare the RN model with convolutional neural network and traditional method, and test the performance of RN model. Simulation results show that our RN-based model provides good performance with low sensitivity to decay of the dataset, such as sample length and data size. At the same time, better identification accuracy can be achieved under the condition of different modulation types and channel fading parameters at low Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR).

Tactical Communications between Military Vehicles

The increasing evolution and development of telecommunications as well as the need for wider bandwidths to comply with the users’ needs, has led to the development of the so-called free space optical communications. The advantages of optical communications in comparison to radio frequency communications draw interest for certain military applications.
 This paper describes the simulation, development and implementation of an optical communication system which integrates the various functional blocks of the optical emitter and the optical receiver and presents some theoretical considerations about the specific characteristics of the propagation of the optical signals in free space. The implementation of this system in military vehicles to allow wider bandwidth in military communications, as well as to function as an alternative system to the used systems, is one of the objectives of this dissertation.
 For this purpose, two circuits (emitter and receiver) were projected and designed including the design of printed circuit boards (PCB) and performed some simulations of the optical part of the complete system and the electronic simulation of some parts of the electronic circuits.

Dynamically tunable electromagnetic stealth surface

Electromagnetic stealth surface has important applications in the fields of radar, military communication, etc. First, we have introduced the recent progress about in-band transmission and out-of-band reflection stealth surface, in-band transmission/absorption stealth surface, and electromagnetic sensing stealth metasurface. Then a dynamically tunable electromagnetic stealth surface is proposed, whose pass band can be switched on/off by using PIN diodes. When the diodes are OFF, there is a narrow transmission band around 11.34 GHz and broad absorption band at 4.8−11 GHz and 13.5−16 GHz. When the diode is ON, the narrow transmission band is switched OFF, while the absorption band is almost unchanged. This work has a great prospect in the field of modern military radar.

Research on MAC Protocols in Cluster‐Based Ad Hoc Networks

Mobile ad hoc networks can be widely used in many scenes, for example, military communication, emergency communication, and 5G wide area coverage as well as ultradense network scenes. A cluster‐based network can decrease network overhead effectively and then constitute a large‐scale network through extending network scale by clustering and cascading. In view of multiservice simultaneous transmission demand for small‐scale dense networking scene and large‐scale extended networking scene, a MAC protocol based on scheduling of cluster head is proposed, which can avoid collision and retransmission between nodes effectively, and then the network synchronizing in intercluster and intracluster as well as the time‐slot scheduling is solved fast and efficiently. A network synchronization algorithm based on clock spread of the sponsorship node is proposed to achieve network self‐synchronizing, and a modified schedule‐tree algorithm based on cluster head and exactly sponsorship node is proposed to decrease network overhead and to increase network fairness, then MAC protocol based on scheduling of cluster head is verified by simulated analysis. Finally, a dynamic gateway selection algorithm based on link stability is proposed in this paper to decrease intercluster communication control overhead and improve intercluster communication reliability.

ПІДХОДИ ТА ЕФЕКТИВНІ МЕТОДИ ВИКЛАДАННЯ ІНОЗЕМНОЇ МОВИ СПЕЦІАЛЬНОГО ПРИЗНАЧЕННЯ

At the present stage of expanding international contacts in various fields of activity for students it is becoming increasinglyimportant to expand their knowledge of languages outside of everyday foreign language (English). Learning foreign languages hasa number of benefits, including facilitating effective communication and building partnerships, business and military relationships with people from other countries/cultures. Since there are a number of factors that affect the effective acquisition of a foreign language in the context of bilin gualism, modern methods of teaching foreign languages have their own characteristics, considering the target areas and standards. There are many approaches to foreign language teaching developed at the end of the last centurythat have become widely used in teaching foreign languages for special purposes in higher education at the present stage of learning. The range of teaching methods varies depending on which aspects of language acquisition they emphasize – from teaching grammar to the lexicographic component of modern English-language culture of business and professional communication, which are seen as an element of communication skills of young military and civilian professionals [1]. As there is a wide range of different approaches and methods of teaching a foreign language for professional purposes used in lessons, the question will be whether there is evidence that some methods are more effective in acquiring and maintaining acquired skills. The article presents practical recommendations for motivating students to free oral/written communication in a foreign language, taking into account professional needs; the sequence of stages at which new programs for studying a foreign language of special purpose are logically executed, and also offers concerning a vocabulary is provided. The article evaluates and analyzes the latest trends in the methodology of teaching foreign languages, which provides a basis for effective study of a foreign language for professional purposes, taking into account the communicative orientation military, business and professional communication.

Automatic Detection of Diabetic Retinopathy in Fundus Image: A Survey

Audio streaming is the practice of sending real-time audio through a network connection. This can be achieved via many technologies namely telephone, cellular, VOIP, Radio communication, robotic telepresence etc. Steganography is the art and science of hiding one message in another such that an observer does not suspect the presence of hidden information. The hidden message is called the secret and the message in which it is hidden is called the cover. A receiver that is unaware of the steganographic channel is called a legacy receiver. In military defence operations real time communication is very crucial. If communication channels are compromised, it will lead to critical situation and potentially causing undesirable outcomes. Hence Audio stream steganography is of high importance in today’s technological era not only for military defence but also for personal and industrial applications which seeks privacy. In this paper we are bringing audio stream steganography techniques together by classifying them based on the technology used to establish real time communication. The paper classifies audio stream steganography as VOIP steganography and Radio steganography. The document gives insight into the future work and motivates the research community in the audio stream steganography research area by collective presentation of available methodologies in the domain. As per our knowledge this is the first effort to bring all real time audio steganographic approach in a single review paper. The paper also discusses about factors affecting real time audio steganography and modernisation required in steganalysis techniques for real time audio-based steganography.

IDBR: Iot Enabled Depth Base Routing Method for Underwater Wireless Sensor Network

Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) gained the attention of researchers due to their substantial applications in various fields. The major application areas of UWSN are environmental monitoring, underwater oil and gas extraction and military surveillance, smart farming, communication, and others. However, UWSNs are also prone to significant issues, such as limited network lifetime, the low processing capability of nodes, high energy consumption to run routing protocols, and difficult node replacement. Therefore, enhancing the lifetime of UWSN by reducing energy consumption and processing is a research issue. In this research, we proposed the IoT enabled depth base routing method (IDBR) to utilize energy efficiently. The performance of the proposed IDBR method is compared with conventional DBR protocol using simulation conducting in MATLAB. The performance of both the methods (i.e., IDBR and DBR) is evaluated in network energy consumption, the number of alive nodes, sink utilization, and end‐to‐end delay. The simulation‐based experiment results show that IDBR consumes 27.7% less energy and increases network stability than the DBR. Similarly, the utilization of the surface sinks in IDBR is more as compared to DBR as in IDBR, and sinks work as relay forward data to the base station without processing which increases the power of field nodes. The proposed mechanism improves the network’s lifetime and increases the accessibility and security of the sensed data.

THE LINGUISTIC ASPECT OF MILITARY-DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE IN ARABIC

The article analyses the language of military diplomatic communication. It examines the distinctive linguistic peculiarities of Arabic military diplomatic document processing. A comparative analysis is made of official diplomatic and military-diplomatic foreign-language correspondence, highlighting their characteristic and distinctive features. The article demonstrates the composition and design of military official letters, formal messages, combat orders and directives, using examples of field materials in Arabic collected by the authors. The authors explore the role of diplomatic correspondence in building military-diplomatic relations and highlight the role of the military diplomatic correspondence in the formation and development of these relations. By examining official diplomatic correspondence, it is possible to visualize a state's foreign policy, the level of its relations with other states, and the demonstration of friendship or hostility. Experience shows that inaccuracies or misunderstood expressions can aggravate relations between different national cultures and linguistic groups, and even result in outbreaks of tension between states. However, diplomatic correspondence can clarify misunderstandings and the apologies it contains can prevent clashes and wars and restore peace and harmony. Considering not only the historically established diplomatic relations between states and social groups, but also the tense socio-political situation in the Arab East nowadays, we can conclude that official diplomatic and military diplomatic correspondence significantly affects international relations and their development in general.

Time-Frequency-Analysis-Based Blind Modulation Classification for Multiple-Antenna Systems.

Blind modulation classification is an important step in implementing cognitive radio networks. The multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technique is widely used in military and civil communication systems. Due to the lack of prior information about channel parameters and the overlapping of signals in MIMO systems, the traditional likelihood-based and feature-based approaches cannot be applied in these scenarios directly. Hence, in this paper, to resolve the problem of blind modulation classification in MIMO systems, the time–frequency analysis method based on the windowed short-time Fourier transform was used to analyze the time–frequency characteristics of time-domain modulated signals. Then, the extracted time–frequency characteristics are converted into red–green–blue (RGB) spectrogram images, and the convolutional neural network based on transfer learning was applied to classify the modulation types according to the RGB spectrogram images. Finally, a decision fusion module was used to fuse the classification results of all the receiving antennas. Through simulations, we analyzed the classification performance at different signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs); the results indicate that, for the single-input single-output (SISO) network, our proposed scheme can achieve 92.37% and 99.12% average classification accuracy at SNRs of −4 and 10 dB, respectively. For the MIMO network, our scheme achieves 80.42% and 87.92% average classification accuracy at −4 and 10 dB, respectively. The proposed method greatly improves the accuracy of modulation classification in MIMO networks.

QoS‐Oriented Optimal Relay Selection in Cognitive Radio Networks

A cognitive radio network can be employed in any wireless communication systems, including military communications, public safety, emergency networks, aeronautical communications, and wireless‐based Internet of Things, to enhance spectral efficiency. The performance of a cognitive radio network (CRN) can be enhanced through the use of cooperative relays with buffers; however, this incurs additional delays which can be reduced by using virtual duplex relaying that requires selection of a suitable relay pair. In a virtual duplex mode, we mimic full‐duplex links by using simultaneous two half‐duplex links, one transmitting and the other one receiving, in such a way that the overall effect of duplex mode is achieved. The relays are generally selected based on signal‐to‐interference‐plus‐noise ratio (SINR). However, other factors such as power consumption and buffer capacity can also have a significant impact on relay selection. In this work, a multiobjective relay selection scheme is proposed that simultaneously takes into account throughput, delay performance, battery power, and buffer status (i.e., both occupied and available) at the relay nodes while maintaining the required SINR. The proposed scheme involves the formulation of four objective functions to, respectively, maximize throughput and buffer space availability while minimizing the delay and battery power consumption. The weighted sum approach is then used to combine these objective functions to form the multiobjective optimization problem and an optimal solution is obtained. The assignments of weights to objectives have been done using the rank sum (RS) method, and several quality‐of‐service (QoS) profiles have been considered by varying the assignment of weights. The results gathered through simulations demonstrate that the proposed scheme efficiently determines the optimal solution for each application scenario and selects the best relay for the respective QoS profile. The results are further verified by using the genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) techniques. Both techniques gave identical solutions, thus validating our claim.

Semantics of military communication by means of military equipment and striking elements (messages between «friends» and «enemies») Article 2

The article is devoted to the study of such a phenomenon as communication between opposing sides during wars and armed conflicts, carried out with the help of inscriptions and images that were applied to military equipment and striking elements. Archetypal grounds that largely determine the specifics of these communications are considered. The article provides an overview of the development of the studied phenomenon in the course of the history of world culture with the involvement of a variety of specific historical material. Special emphasis is placed on Modern times and the analysis of various processes that contributed to the popularization, modification and further dissemination of these communications (first, we are talking about the emergence and development of mass culture, new means of information replication, etc.). A thematic analysis of communications between «friends» and «enemies» is undertaken.

A Compact Triple Band Antenna for Military Satellite Communication, Radar and Fifth Generation Applications

A compact triple band antenna by using etching slots technique in the radiation element is presented in this paper. The proposed antenna is designed to target three different frequencies: 7.5 GHz (military satellite communication), 9 GHz (radar applications) and 28 GHz (fifth generation applications). The fabricated prototype of the antenna has overall dimensions of 13x12.8x1.6 mm3. Measurements were carried out to validate the simulation results. The impedance bandwidths are 259 MHz (7.435-7.695 MHz), 355 MHz (8.86-9.221 MHz) and 2.67 GHz (26.79-29.433 GHz) with return loss less than -10 dB. Furthermore, the suggested antenna provides a gain of 3.96 dBi, 3.05 dBi and 5.86 dBi at 7.5 GHz, 9 GHz and 28 GHz respectively. Therefore, the results demonstrate that the proposed triple band antenna can be used for military satellite communication, radar applications and is a good candidate for the future 5G applications.