Military Aviation Research Articles

Using Extended Reality in Flight Simulators: A Literature Review.

Virtual reality has long been utilized in the games industry and is emergent for pilot training in the military and commercial airline sectors. Its usefulness as a mechanism of skills transfer to the real world has not been well researched or considered. This paper follows the PRISMA methodology to present a systematic quantitative literature review (SQLR) on the use of extended reality in flight simulators. It also encompasses recent studies of teaching and learning in immersive, virtual environments in non-aviation disciplines. The review identified 39 papers spanning all areas of the virtuality continuum across academic, commercial, and military aviation sectors, as well as engineering and medicine. The SQLR found that extended reality in flight simulators is being introduced in the commercial and military aviation sectors. However, within academia, hardware constraints have hindered the ability to provide positive empirical evidence of simulator effectiveness. While virtual reality may not replace traditional flight simulators in the near future, the technology is available to supplement classroom training activities and some aspects of simulator procedure training with promising cognitive learning outcomes.

1132 UseBeforeSurgery-Practical Tips (UBS-PT) Initiative: Enhance Patient Safety with Tips Inspired by Military and Civil Aviation

Abstract Aim The healthcare system, to improve its culture of safety, often have looked at high-reliability organisations including the aviation industry. However, while some flight-safety tools have been slowly introduced into perioperative procedures (e.g., Surgical-Safety Checklist), many guidelines related to Non-Technical-Skills for Surgeons (NOTSS) have obtained low adherence. The apparent time-consuming nature of their implementation have represented a major barrier to the flourish of the NOTSS system. Thus, complementary initiatives, such as the UBS-PT presented here, are needed. The UBS-PT is a list of practical tips aimed at improving patient safety and surgical performance. Method By applying a reiterative evidence-based developing process involving healthcare professionals, military pilots, human factors, and legal experts, we identified several practical tips to enhance surgical performance. The developing process and operationalization were complemented by a deep literature review to weight tips’ efficiency, cost-effectiveness, usability, and ease of implementation. Results Within NOTSS system framework, we defined ten practical tips promoting the use of (1) group chair-flying, (2) colour-coded stickers, (3) standardised layouts, (4) closed-loop communication, (5) labelled and colour-coded surgical caps, (6) cross-checking and (7) two-challenge rule procedures, (8) the sterile cockpit rule, (9) self-checklist, and (l0) tactical napping. Conclusions In an attempt to meet the increasing standards of quality and safety in patient care, the UBS-PT initiative might encourage surgical teams and patient safety boards to find more suitable initiatives for each specific context. The UBS-PT initiative might represent the first step towards a tailored approach, offering concrete measures for the development of safety practices at individual and team levels.

Investigations of the Density and Solubility of Ammonium Perrhenate and Potassium Perrhenate Aqueous Solutions.

Rhenium is largely used as an additive to nickel- and cobalt-based superalloys. Their resistance to temperature and corrosion makes them suitable for the production of turbines in civil and military aviation, safety valves in drilling platforms, and tools working at temperatures exceeding 1000 °C. The purity of commercial rhenium salts is highly important. Potassium, which is a particularly undesirable element, can be removed by recrystallization. Therefore, it is crucial to possess detailed knowledge concerning process parameters including the dissolved solid concentration and the resulting saturation temperature. This can be achieved using simple densimetric methods. Due to the fact that data concerning the physicochemical properties of ammonium perrhenate (APR) NH4ReO4 and potassium perrhenate (PPR) KReO4 are imprecise or unavailable in the scientific literature, the goal of this study is to present experimental data including the solubility and density of water solutions of both salts. In the experiments, a densimeter with a vibrating cell was used to precisely determine the densities. Although the investigated solutions did not fit into the earlier proposed mathematical model, some crucial conclusions could still be made based on the results.

Metabolic Syndrome, Hyperlipidemias, and Associated Clinical Markers Among Military Airmen

BACKGROUND: Due to the increased overweight and obesity prevalence in Colombia, the aim of this study is to determine the frequency of metabolic syndrome (MetS) among Colombian Air Force military aviators, crews, remote piloted aircraft operators, and air traffic controllers and relationships with clinical markers. METHODS: Operationally active Columbian Air Force military personnel examined periodically at the Colombian Air Force Aerospace Medical Directorate were chosen for a cross-sectional study performed among 2179 subjects. Medical history, anthropometrics, and laboratory results were analyzed and frequencies, correlations, and odds ratios were calculated. RESULTS: Overall prevalence of MetS was 21.7%; in subjects with BMI ≥25, frequency increased to 36% vs. those with BMI <25. Hypertriglyceridemia was present in 31%, impaired fasting glucose 12.5%, hypertension (≥130/85 mmHg) 14.4%, low HDL-C 35.2%, and increased waist circumference 46.2%. Those with three criteria were 14.6%, four criteria 5.8%, and five criteria 1.2%. Pilots had a significantly lower prevalence of MetS at 17.7% and an adjusted OR of 0.61 (0.49–0.76) than other crew; hyperuricemia was three times more likely (3.2–5.1) and hypercholesterolemia OR was 2.3 (1.9–2.9). Subjects with MetS had a significantly higher fat percentage, waist circumference, low-density lipoprotein, very low-density lipoprotein, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), uric acid, and white blood cell (leukocyte) count, and a lower estimated glomerular filtration rate. There is a linear relationship of the AIP and waist circumference, BMI, uric acid, and white blood cell count. DISCUSSION: MetS prevalence among Colombian Air Force aviators is lower than the general population, higher than other countries, and displays worse lipid profiles that increase cardiovascular and diabetes mellitus risk within the military. Malpica D. Metabolic syndrome, hyperlipidemias, and associated clinical markers among military airmen. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2023; 94(8):604–609.

Qualitative Analysis of General Aviation Pilots’ Aviation Safety Reporting System Incident Narratives Using the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System

ABSTRACT NASA's Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS) gathers data from voluntary aviation safety reports for nonfatal accidents and incidents. These reports are a valuable resource in identifying unsafe occurrences and hazardous situations in the aviation industry. A tool known as the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS), initially developed for military use, has proven useful for root cause analysis of human causes in aviation accidents and incidents, including in commercial contexts. This research study utilizes HFACS to classify the ASRS safety reports to identify key indicators in General Aviation (GA) non-fatal accidents and incidents. Qualitative data analysis reveals relationships between incidents and causal factors, indicating 53% of incidents to be perceptual errors, 32% decision errors, and 26% skill-based errors. Prevalent preconditions for these errors include crew resource management (53%), physical environment (32%), and technological environment (16%). The study aligns with previous research findings, suggesting that crew resource management is a common factor in both GA incidents and commercial and military aviation. While GA pilots may make different types of errors, such discrepancies are not prevalent in the voluntarily reported data.

Designing of a new airport protection zone against laser illumination

Cases of laser irradiation of aircraft have become more frequent in the last 15 years and pose a greater threat to civil aviation security and the associated military aviation due to the availability and price of lasers. Based on studies by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the opinion of Czech experts on this issue, protection zones have been established around airports. However, they are not effective enough and laser irradiation has become more frequent until the outbreak of the coronavirus epidemic and the decline of aviation. Based on laser illumination statistics in the Czech Republic and an assessment of the danger of lasers at specified distances around airports, a new protective zone was proposed. The protection zones against laser illumination were defined by a rectangle around circles with a radius of 7 NM and the centers on the final approach track.

Економічне оцінювання ефективності використання людського капіталу авіаремонтними підприємствами

The article examines the peculiarities of the economic evaluation of the effectiveness of the use of human capital on the example of the leading aircraft repair enterprises of Ukraine. Indicators for evaluating the economic efficiency of human capital of aircraft repair enterprises are proposed. Calculations of indicators of the effectiveness of the financial provision of human capital, indicators of the economic efficiency of the construction of the structure of human capital, and indicators of the effectiveness of financing the social development of human capital were carried out. Performance indicators of five leading Ukrainian aircraft repair companies specializing in the restoration and modernization of military aviation equipment were used for calculations. Conducting an economic evaluation of financial support for the social development of human capital of aircraft repair enterprises allowed to reveal positive changes in the amount of financial support (increase in 2021 by 9.12%), which the studied enterprises allocate per unit of human capital. It was also established that the values of the indicators of financial provision of human capital and the efficiency of social financing almost do not differ at existing aircraft repair enterprises, mainly responding to the financial results of activity. The conducted studies showed that indicators of the economic efficiency of financing the social development of human capital of aircraft repair enterprises have a tendency to change mainly under the influence of generalized factors of economic influence, which are complexly formed on the basis of factors of direct and indirect action in the activity of aircraft repair enterprises. It is proposed to divide the calculation results of each integral indicator into three ranges. This approach will make it possible to compare the efficiency of the researched aircraft repair enterprises in different years. The results of the study showed that the total inefficiency of human capital development occurs in 70.6%. It was established that aircraft repair enterprises pay little attention to financing the development of human capital, which became the reason for low efficiency.

Applications and Technologies of Big Data in the Aerospace Domain

Over the last few years, Big Data applications have attracted ever-increasing attention in several scientific and business domains. Biomedicine, transportation, entertainment, and aerospace are only a few examples of sectors which are increasingly dependent on applications, where knowledge is extracted from huge volumes of heterogeneous data. The main goal of this paper was to conduct an academic literature review of prominent publications revolving around the application of BD in aerospace. A total of 67 publications were analyzed, highlighting the sources, uses, and benefits of BD. For categorizing the publications, a novel 6-fold approach was introduced including applications in aviation technology and aviation management, UAV-enabled applications, applications in military aviation, health/environment-related applications, and applications in space technology. Aiming to provide the reader with a clear overview of the existing solutions, a total of 15 subcategories were also utilized. The results indicated numerous benefits deriving from the application of BD in aerospace. These benefits referred to the aerospace domain itself as well as to many other sectors including healthcare, environment, humanitarian operations, network communications, etc. Various data sources and different Machine Learning models were utilized in the analyzed publications and the use of BD-based techniques enabled us to extract useful correlations and gain useful insights from large volumes of data.

Cerebral Blood Flow Based Computer Modeling of Gz-Induced Effects

BACKGROUND: There is continued interest in acceleration (G) effects in civil aviation, as G-induced loss of consciousness (G-LOC), impaired consciousness, and visual effects play a role in aerobatic, agricultural, and military aviation accidents.METHODS: A software model [the Civil Aerospace Medical Institute G-Effects Model (CGEM)] based on physical and physiological variables related to in-flight tissue resupply and using oxygen flow as a proxy for supply availability, was developed to evaluate risk of G-LOC and related phenomena in aeronauts. Aeronauts were modeled using several parameters, including sex, cardiovascular fitness, and other common modifiers such as G-suits, positive pressure breathing gear, anti-G straining, and other muscle tensing. The software was validated by comparison with experimental data from the peer-reviewed literature.RESULTS: CGEM predicted physiological effects of Gz exposure accurately, particularly for rapid onset rates. Predicted times to G-LOC and absolute incapacitation periods were consistently within 1 SD of pooled results obtained during centrifuge experiments using U.S. Navy (USN) and U.S. Air Force (USAF) pilots. Predictions of G tolerance based on visual effects onset also compared well with published data, as did evaluation of symptoms expected during a difficult aerobatic maneuver.DISCUSSION: CGEM is a new tool for civil and military aviation. Rather than providing a simple G tolerance number, flight surgeons, pilots, and accident investigators can gain insight into changes in risk-from factors such fatigue, medications, dehydration, and anti-G countermeasures used-through proper selection of parameters.Copeland K, Whinnery JE. Cerebral blood flow based computer modeling of Gz-induced effects. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2023; 94(5):409-414.

Особенности реализации дополнительной профессиональной программы «Переводчик в сфере профессиональной коммуникации» в военных образовательных организациях высшего образования

The aim of the study is to identify the specifics of implementation of the supplementary professional training programme “Translator in the sphere of professional communication” in military educational institutions of higher education. The authors propose a scientific justification of organisational approaches to goal-setting, selection and structuring of education content, among which education professionalisation is considered one of the most important. The scientific novelty of the study lies in clarifying the notion of “professionalisation”, in identifying the main aspects, stages and techniques of professionalisation in the training of translators in military aviation universities to obtain additional professional knowledge and form the professionally significant qualities of a military translator. As a result, a model of professionally oriented training of translators, which guarantees the success and effectiveness of language training of technical specialists in a military university, has been presented.

ASSESSMENT OF BRAIN BIOELECTRICAL ACTIVITY IN CLINICALLY HEALTHY FLIGHT PERSONNEL AND FLIGHT TRAINING CANDIDATES FOLLOWING COVID-19 INFECTION

Introduction: Electroneurophysiological tests, together with tests to evaluate structures of the central nervous system (CNS), are in neurological diagnostics among the basic additional specialized examinations for diagnostic, therapeutic and certification purposes. The electroencephalographic (EEG) test is one of the methods of elelectroneurophysiological evaluation of the CNS. EEG is a non-invasive objective test of the bioelectrical activity of the brain. Objective: To investigate whether the course of COVID-19 with clinical mild/moderate respiratory tract involvement, in non-hospitalized patients, may affect brain bioelectrical activity. Methods: Eighty-five subjects were selected for evaluation of EEG recordings from clinically initially healthy flight personnel and flight training candidates. Of all the male and female subjects, between 04 January 2021 to 31 January 2022, as part of periodic and qualifying certification examinations at the Military Institute of Aviation Medicine, for the purposes of the Regional Military Aviation and Medical Commission. The selected group consisted of individuals aged 14-60 (average age: 27 years and 6 months), which included 14 women (average age: 24 years and 2 months) and 71 men (average age 29 years and 3.5 months). The subjects were ill with COVID-19 (non-hospitalized) for approximately 3-4 weeks, during the period; June 2020 – December 2021. Routinely made recordings of bioelectrical brain activity with the Grass Technologies EEG TWin 4.5.3 system were visually evaluated. EEG examinations were performed in the supine position, in the before noon hours, in a darkened and acoustically isolated laboratory. Before the study, each person declared min. 6-8 hours of sleep and eating a meal (breakfast). Except for the flight training candidates and one person from flight personnel, all other subjects declared having received one and 29 subjects two SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations, prior to contracting COVID-19. Some subjects had one further revaccination after recovery from the disease. EEG examinations were performed between one and fourteen months after recovery from COVID-19. The mean time between recovery and EEG examination was 6.5 (6.47) months. Results: EEG recordings within normal limits (normal) were found in 79 subjects, while six subjects (7.05%) had abnormal brain bioelectrical activity recordings. Discussion and Conclusion: Infection with SARS-CoV-2 with clinical mild/moderate respiratory tract involvement by initially healthy individuals may adversely affect spontaneous brain bioelectrical activity in some individuals.

The influence of Work Health Safety on Australia’s military aviation regulatory framework

In 2016, the Australian Defence Force (ADF) Defence Aviation Safety Regulations (DASR) came into being, in part to harmonise with the Australian Work Health and Safety Act 2011 (WHSA). Defence aviation is too complex to be regulated completely by Work Health Safety (WHS) legislation; therefore, amplification is required to ensure safe and legal outcomes. The DASR provides the necessary amplification, managing aviation safety through technical and operational airworthiness. ADF technical airworthiness is based on the European Military Airworthiness Requirements (EMAR), with an overlaid Aviation Safety Management System (ASMS) modelled by the International Civil Aviation Organization. Australian WHS legislation directly influences Safety Risk Management (SRM), mandating how hazards and risks must be controlled by duty holders in all industries. For ADF aviation, this means a shift from a standards-based SRM to a legislative-based SRM, culminating in implementing a seven-step process integrated into all risk management activities. This paper examines how WHS legislation can directly influence the safety regulation of a high-risk industry such as military aviation. Further, safety management from a military perspective is a novel area of research, as military and civil safety management have historically been non-aligned and disparate. This research helps close the knowledge gap and offers an opportunity to disseminate and explore military safety management processes resulting from changes to the overarching WHS legislation. The authors believe such insights may prove useful to other states transitioning to an EMAR-based regulatory structure.

Catalytic upgrading of pyrolytic bio-oil from Salicornia bigelovii seeds for use as jet fuels: Exploring the ex-situ deoxygenation capabilities of Ni/Ze catalyst

With the depleting resources of conventional biomass, there is a rising and imminent need to exploit halophytes. Ni catalyst supported by the highly acidic nanocrystalline Hβ-zeolite was used to explore its hydrodeoxygenation capabilities on the pyrolytic bio-oil from Salicornia bigelovii (SB) at temperatures between 200 and 500 °C. The fatty acid and lignin composition of SB seeds was utilized by virtue of ex-situ catalysis which resulted in the yield of iso- and straight-chain alkanes in the jet fuel-hydrocarbon-range and succeeded in meeting the oxygen limits for both civilian and military aviation fuel specifications. Moreover, the catalytically upgraded product consisted of sufficient mono-aromatics such as toluene, xylene and benzene derivatives falling within the optimal aromatic jet-fuel-specifications. Lastly, it was also recommended that this study could be extended to other halophytes as well for contributing to the global vision of sustainability, which aims to utilize biomass in producing ‘drop-in’ transportation fuels.

Occupational and Environmental Challenges for Women.

The prevalence of women in the global workforce is increasing. Women increasingly participate in nontraditional employment settings in previously male-dominated industries and manually intensive professions, such as military service, emergency response, health care, aviation, space, agriculture, and technical trades. Limited occupational and environmental hazard data specific to women exist for these work environments. Physiologic and biomechanical differences between sexes create unique workplace challenges specific to women. This article will summarize challenges confronting women working in nontraditional employment and identify strategies to mitigate risk within these populations.

Component Maintenance Planning Optimization in Defense Aviation

The primary objective in military aviation is to optimize operational readiness, the capability to perform assigned flight missions. This capability is influenced by aircraft downtime due to preventive maintenance at prescribed flight time intervals. In practice, flight planning incorporates preventive maintenance relative to the aircraft as a whole, but also to specific components that are subject to individual constraints. Optimization models have been developed to address the associated aircraft flight and maintenance planning problem, but none of these models addresses planning at the component level while retaining consistency with the aircraft planning outputs. Furthermore, no existing models adequately incorporate the main components of operational readiness. Lastly, practical approaches to this planning problem are reactive. To address these issues, this paper proposes a mixed integer linear programming model that solves the component flight and maintenance planning problem using component substitution scheduling while being aligned with overall aircraft flight and maintenance planning. In this manner, a pro-active, integrated approach is established. The proposed model has been applied towards Royal Netherlands Air Force CH47D Chinook helicopter fleet data, with results showing substantial improvements in critical operational readiness key performance indicators while showing strong reductions in the variability of the preventive maintenance demand and associated financial expenses.

Moral values of a future military pilot as the reliability of predicted professional psychological selection

Abstract. Aim. To identify one of the problems of professional psychological selection of applicants for training in a higher military flight school, to show the importance of moral values in the professional development of a military pilot and the impact of their presence or absence on the quality of the prediction as part of professional psychological selection. At present, the progress and constant modernisation of the Russian Air Force aircraft fleet places ever higher demands on the level of professionalism of a modern military pilot. In this context, there is a growing need for greater numbers of indicators diagnosed during professional psychological selection (PPS) that are later used to predict the success of military flight training and professional activity in general. That is primarily due to the fact that recently more and more attention has been paid to the role of the personality and its integrative function. However, at present, the existing flight crew PPS system does not provide a comprehensive diagnosis of a candidate’s personality.Methods. Based on a theoretical analysis of the work conducted by researchers and practitioners of aviation psychology and various approaches to the study of the professional fitness of flight personnel, it was identified that the key element in the diagnosis of professional fitness is the personality with its integrative function and the whole set of professionally important qualities. The analysis of literature in aviation psychology shows that personal qualities determine motivation, focus and sustained interest in flight work, as well as the social type of behaviour and a person’s adaptation to specific conditions of flight activity and military service.Results. A pilot’s professionalism begins with shaping the personality. Nowadays, the loss of spiritual guidelines has led to a dramatic simplification of moral values and patriotic spirit, and young people are more focused on consumerism. Selecting candidates for military aviation involves the use of a diverse set of diagnostic techniques that helps evaluate the most important psychological and personal qualities. However, the experience of application of personal questionnaires shows that they do not always represent a complete picture of an applicant’s motivation, personality orientation, self-awareness and basic values. The use of projective and hardware-based methods is minimised, the existing automated system for professional psychological selection (ASPPS) is insufficiently equipped with methods that diagnose personal qualities, the emphasis being placed on diagnosing cognitive processes. The century-old history of PPS shows a violation of the principle of personal integrity, which isexpressed in the bias towards psychophysiology. As a result, at present, the existing flight crew PPS does not provide a comprehensive diagnosis of a candidate’s personality.Conclusions. In conclusion, it is noted that the key element in the diagnosis of professional aptitude is the personality with all its PIQ and moral values. Growing numbers of diagnosed indicators in the personal block of the PIQ will enable a comprehensive diagnosis of a candidate, and thanks to a combination of survey and projective methods, it will help increase the reliability of the PPS prediction, provided that an applicant’s personality is treated holistically, based on the principles of an integrative approach to the person as an integral personality.

The REPEATABILITY OF AIRCRAFT VIBRATION AT THE INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT OF ALMATY

The movement of air particles is a very mobile medium, which is usually chaotic or turbulent in nature. Turbulence (translated from latin "turbo" means vortex) is a state of the atmosphere in which a vortex and wind can form horizontal and vertical cracks. The influence of atmospheric turbulence on the flight of the aircraft is manifested in sudden and unexpected changes in the horizontal flight configuration. A sharp and sudden change in flight mode due to the effect of turbulence is usually called a "vibration" or bump. Vibration depends on the physical state of the atmosphere, time of year, time of day, altitude of the terrain, its orographic features and meteorological conditions. In the article, work was carried out to identify the features of vibration propagation and its relationship with meteorological parameters at the airport of Almaty in the period from 2015 to 2019. As a result, it was showed that the maximum frequency of vibration at the considered standard levels of 960-110 hPa corresponds to the cold period of the year and occurs at the height of takeoff and landing. As for the connection between air temperature and vibration, it has found that vibration is most common in the temperature range from -4 ° C to 0 ° C. It was also revealed that the frequency of vibration most often coincides in cloudless conditions, i.e. the total number of cases is 439 (00 hours) and 609 (12 hours), respectively, the frequency is 61 and 84%. During the study of the relationship between vibration and clouds, it was recorded that vibration exists only with 3 different clouds, i.e. Ci, Ac and Sc. The results of the study can be widely used in the fields of civil aviation, military aviation.

An Igor Pro 8.01 Procedure to Analyze Pulse Oximetry during Acute Hypoxia Test in Aircrews.

The recognition of hypoxia symptoms is a critical part of physiological training in military aviation. Acute exposure protocols have been designed in hypobaric chambers to train aircrews to recognize hypoxia and quickly take corrective actions. The goal of the acute hypoxia test is to know the time of useful consciousness and the minimal arterial oxygen saturation tolerated. Currently, there is no computer system specifically designed to analyze the physiological variables obtained during the test. This paper reports the development and analytical capabilities of a computational tool specially designed for these purposes. The procedure was designed using the Igor Pro 8.01 language, which processes oxygen saturation and heart rate signals. To accomplish this, three functional boards are displayed. The first allows the loading and processing of the data. The second generates graphs that allow for a rapid visual examination to determine the validity of individual records and calculate slopes on selected segments of the recorded signal. Finally, the third can apply filters to generate data groups for analysis. In addition, this tool makes it possible to propose new study variables that are derived from the raw signals and can be applied simultaneously to large data sets. The program can generate graphs accompanied by basic statistical parameters and heat maps that facilitate data visualization. Moreover, there is a possibility of adding other signals during the test, such as the oxygenation level in vital organs, electrocardiogram, or electroencephalogram, which illustrates the test's excellent potential for application in aerospace medicine and for helping us develop a better understanding of complex physiological phenomena.

Лексикографическая типология терминологических словарей: когнитивный вектор развития (на материале терминологических словарей русского, английского и французского языков предметной области «Военная авиация»)

The aim of the study is to identify the lexicographic and terminographic characteristics of the terminological dictionaries of the subject area “Military Aviation” in Russian, English and French and to determine their place in the general classification system. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the creation of the author’s typology of dictionaries and glossaries of the most frequent special terms in the subject area “Military Aviation” in Russian, English and French, and the theoretical justification of the author’s classification, taking into account the integrative nature of the tasks of cognitive science, lexicography and terminography. The results obtained made it possible for the first time to identify oppositions that are relevant for terminological dictionaries of the subject area “Military Aviation”. The parameters of the typology of terminological dictionaries of military aviation and aerospace vocabulary, which showed individual integration of linguistic, conceptual, extralinguistic information, are singled out and described. Four main classification groups of dictionaries are defined; the author’s typology of dictionaries of the specified subject area is developed. The results of the study can contribute to the further development of methods of cognitive lexicography and terminography.

Using Light to Facilitate Circadian Entrainment from Day to Night Flights.

BACKGROUND: As part of a larger project to provide recommendations regarding limitations and best practices for shifting aviators from day to night operations, a study was conducted to assess the efficacy of high energy visible (HEV) light to shift the circadian rhythm in humans. The study attempted to replicate the patterns of military aviators who could be required to shift abruptly from day to night flight operations.METHODS: Simulated flight performance and salivary melatonin levels of 10 U.S. military aviators were collected over a 3-night period using a within-subject dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) study design. Data were collected in a laboratory with participants returning home to sleep following each of the three evenings/nights of data collection. Light treatment included a single 4-h exposure of blue-enriched white light (∼1000 lux) on night 2. Data collected included melatonin levels, light exposure, sleepiness, cognitive workload, and simulated flight performance.RESULTS: The average delay in melatonin onset was 1.32 ± 0.37 h (range: 53 min to 1 h 56 min). Sleepiness (P = 0.044) and cognitive workload (P = 0.081) improved the night following the light treatment compared to the baseline. No systematic differences were identified in flight performance.DISCUSSION: The HEV light treatment successfully delayed the circadian phase of all participants even though participants' ambient light levels (including daylight) outside the laboratory were not controlled. These findings were used to develop circadian synchronization plans for aviators who are asked to transition from day to night operations. These plans will be assessed in a follow-on study in an operational unit.Shattuck NL, Matsangas P, Reily J, McDonough M, Giles KB. Using light to facilitate circadian entrainment from day to night flights. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2023; 94(2):66-73.