Military Affairs Research Articles

Means of expressing imperativeness in the statutes of the era of Catherine II

In the language of documents of the reign of Catherine II, the genre of statute, which was rare after the death of Peter I, became noticeably more active. There were created numerous statutes that dealt with various aspects of Russian life (maritime and military affairs, administration, legal proceedings, education, etc.) and were an important tool for the modernization and Europeanization of Russian state. The texts of statutes are of interest for studying not only how the authorities saw the desired structure of a certain sphere of public life, but also how relations between the participants (subjects of law) in these spheres should be built. In this regard, of particular interest is the imperative vocabulary of the statutes, which linguistically embodies the methods of legal regulation. The article describes and analyzes the means of expressing imperativeness in the two most important statutes of the era of Catherine II — in the “Constitution for the Administration of governorates of the Russian empire” (1775) and the “Discipline (Police) Regulations” (1782). The revealed imperative models are classified according to the ways of expression and of conceptualizing the imperative meaning and are compared with the models in the statutes of the previous era. Based on the comparison, the productivity of imperative models is revealed, and in the absence of models in the past, the sources of their appearance in the Russian language.

A Revolution in Military Affairs and Modern Armaments in the Russia-Ukraine War of 2022-2023

A Revolution in Military Affairs and Modern Armaments in the Russia-Ukraine War of 2022-2023

Military duty and military service in Ukraine and the EU countries (on the example of Germany)

The article proves that the constitutional duty to defend the Fatherland in Ukraine and EU countries (based on the example of Germany), the independence and territorial integrity of Ukraine and military service are important for the proper manning of the units of the military organisation of the State, and for the training of citizens in military affairs. Preparation for the defence of the state, for the smooth functioning of the state and, in general, for ensuring the existence of Ukraine in a sovereign and independent state in which citizens are safe, is the highest social value. The article pays special attention to the analysis of the obligation to defend the Motherland, independence and territorial integrity of Ukraine, as well as military service under Article 65 of the Constitution of Ukraine.

Об истинной и мнимой человечности в зарубежном историческом кино XXI века

The article studies the phenomenon of true and supposed humanity in foreign historical films of the beginning of the 21st century. The reason for addressing the topic was the appearance of films devoted to the images of an odious personality and viewed in a new (as opposed to old films about tyrants, such as Caligula by T. Brass; Great Britain, USA, Italy, 1979) humane perspective. Such are the films about Nero (Nero, directed by P. Markus; Italy, Germany, Great Britain, France, Tunisia, 2004), Hitler (Downfall, Germany, France, Italy; directed by O. Hirschbiegel, 2004), which have already outlined a perspective in development, crowned by a film about the family of a death camp commandant (The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas, directed by M. Herman; Great Britain, USA, 2008). The focus here is on the reinterpretation of the main images in the context of revealing some hidden personal features of the protagonists. For this purpose, the evil they have caused is left behind the scenes, and the viewer’s attention is focused on simple “human” emotions: Nero tearfully regrets his crimes, Hitler suffers before committing a suicide, the concentration camp commandant and his wife are horrified by the disappearance of their eight-year-old son in the death camp. By disguising the true nature of the personalities, film creators shift attention from their criminal activities to their “virtuous” everyday life not concerning the war and the military affairs. As a result, the works of art in question reinterpret the established characteristics of recognizable large-scale villains and transform them into ordinary people requiring sympathy. But, contrary to such a free interpretation of humanity, the authors of the article present a different perspective on it, where the studied phenomenon acts as a versatile-heroic one. Therefore, the aim of the article is to specify the phenomenon on the basis of two opposing matrices: 1) the development of humanistic traditions — “exceeding humanity in man” (G.-H. Gadamer), 2) distorting historical facts for the sake of artificial transformation of the representative of evil into a humane one.

Core determinants of the regional prognostic scenario. Global technological transformation and a new paradigm of military affairs

The authors believe that, in the first approximation, the core determinants are: global technological transformation and a paradigm shift in military affairs, geo-economic divergence as a result of geopolitical confrontation and radical shifts in the demographic matrix of the region. In this article, the authors focused on the first and second topics. In Latin America, which retains signs of periphery, there will be a phase lag in technological renewal, complicated by the complexity of society and the economy. To a certain extent, the LCA remains aloof from the main line of geopolitical confrontation, but at the same time it does not escape the indirect impact of the military revolution. We are talking about changes in the regional market of military equipment, as well as the evolution of the functional use of the armed forces.

The Reaction of the Sejmiks of Kyiv, Bratslav, and Chernihiv Voivodeships to the Pacification Initiatives of August II (1698–1699)

The article reveals an aspect of the history of the sejmiks of Kyiv, Bratslav, and Chernihiv voivodeships in exile during the early reign of August II in the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth in the years of 1698–1699. This was when two pacification Sejms were convened when the new king tried to calm the civil confrontation in the country after the split election in the time of the Interregnum after Jan III Sobieski died. In 1698–1699, all three exile sejmiks were held in Volodymyr in the Volyn Voivodeship. Based on the sejmik acts study, it was found that the moderate royalist political position characterized all three exile sejmiks. The sejmiks of the Kyiv and Bratslav voivodeships were driven to do so by problems in their domains with the Cossacks of the Right Bank Ukraine, as well as by the opportunity to join the royal benefits at the time of the king's efforts to gain the favor of the nobility. The sejmik of the Chernihiv Voivodeship, which was non-territorial, demonstrated symmetrical political activity for the benefits achieving, generally focusing on compensation for their estate losses. The last one sejmik also implemented support to the Lithuanian republican nobility's efforts of granting the Coaequatio Iurium approval by the Sejm. The study also reveals that the Kyiv and Bratslav sejmiks were partly encouraged by the king's initiative to wage war against the Ottomans in 1698, but they completely joyfully welcomed the news of the signing of peace with Porta in 1699 and the return of previously lost lands to the Commonwealth. The loyalty of the exile sejmiks to the king did not prevent them from criticizing the royal authorities and making proposals for governance and improvement of treasury and military affairs. One of the main objects of criticism of the sejmiks was the foreign Saxon army that the king brought with him to the country on the eve of his coronation. They also criticized the king's methods of governance, which the nobility considered inconsistent with the established political regionalism and autonomy of local rights and law.

РОЛЬ ВОЕННОГО ДУХОВЕНСТВА В ДУХОВНО-НРАВСТВЕННОМ ВОСПИТАНИИ ВОЕННОСЛУЖАЩИХ ВО ВТОРОЙ ПОЛОВИНЕ XIX – НАЧАЛЕ XX ВВ.

The purpose of the article is to analyze the role of the military clergy in t spiritual and moral education of military personnel. The authors emphasize that the main task of spiritual and moral education of military personnel in the late 19th - early 20th century was the formation of high spiritual morality and professionalism among citizens in the field of military affairs. In this context, the military clergy played an important role in the period under study, which assisted the command in the formation of spiritual and moral atmosphere in the military environment. On the basis of the principle of historicism, the authors examined the features of the manifestation of this spiritual support and moral consolation through religious practice and counseling in matters of ethics and morality. As a result, the authors conclude that the basis of the content of the activities of the military clergy in the field of spiritual and moral education of military personnel was the formation of such qualities as love for the Fatherland; loyalty to civil and military duty, military honor; bravery; fortitude; valor; courage; mutual assistance.

ПІДХОДИ ДО РОЗУМІННЯ ПРИЧИН ВОЄННИХ КОФЛІКТІВ ЗА ЧАСІВ СЕРЕДНЬОЇ БРОНЗИ ДНІПРО-ДОНСЬКОГО МЕЖИРІЧЧЯ

The purpose of the article is to conduct an analysis of the possible causes of the military conflicts through the prism of the proposed approaches of V. Shnirelman. Research methodology. The research is based on the methodological principle of determinism, which assumes the existence of cause-and-effect relationships between phenomena, and universalism, which is conditioned by the consideration of human reactions in ancient times based on the behavior and reactions of modern humans. The research is based on the historical-comparative and historical-systemic method, which allow to fully realize the set goal. Scientific novelty. In the article, the question of considering the causes of military conflicts between pastoralists of the Middle Bronze Age between the Dnieper and Don rivers is updated. Solving the problems of the causes of military conflicts lies at the basis of the study of not only the military affairs of the Donetsk-Don catacomb culture, but also such issues as the technical level of the development of crafts, social stratification and economic formation. The main achievements of scientists regarding the development of the issues of the military affairs of the catacomb cultural circle are highlighted. Emphasis is placed on the main achievements of the leading researchers of the issue. An analysis of the causes of military conflicts was carried out through the approaches accumulated by V. Shnirelman. Conclusions. Analysis of the causes of the war, based on the approaches proposed by V.O. Shnirelman, testifies to the complexity of the problem. None of the proposed approaches fully reveals the causes of military conflicts. The most consistent and thorough is the neo-evolutionist approach, which proposes to consider the causes of military conflicts from the point of view of three components: organizational-structural, causal-purpose, military-technical. Taking these components into account, we can conclude that the leading cause of military conflicts is the form of economic activity, namely nomadic herding, which requires the protection or capture of new lands for livestock.

Metaverse: Essence and Military Application Value

Global trends in digitalization and the consequences of the pandemic stirred up public interest in the metaverse space, which completely lacked the restrictions imposed by the governments of national states. Projects such as Second Life, Decentraland, The Sandbox, and others promote a new form of human existence and communication as an alternative to meeting basic human needs for live, contact, and freedom of movement. Leading technology companies are included in the development of metaverse of various purposes. It is assumed that the development of immersive technologies will make the presence in the metaverse approximate in feeling to real life and most of the social activity associated primarily with work and entertainment will flow into its virtual space. It is likely that the developers of the metaverse will agree on the use of a single blockchain protocol (a set of rules and actions in the network) that ensures uninterrupted data transfer, their complete safety and transparency. This, in turn, will lead to the emergence of unified digital property and its distribution in the Internet space Web 3.0 and 4.0. The basic principles of metaverse construction are used by the military departments of leading countries to organize a network in which the interaction of types and types of troops is tested through appropriate simulators, taking into account the implementation of the skills of military specialists connected to it. At the same time, the steady interest of the military in game simulations has been preserved since the mid-1980s. The potential of such a metaverse of virtual worlds has already been realized in military activities in the preparation of calculations of weapons, military and special equipment. The capabilities of this technology for military affairs go beyond the exclusively educational resource and are able to change the content of future military conflicts. Extended reality (XR) interfaces, which will be improved during the creation of metaverse, will subsequently become an integral part of armed struggle.

Лингвопереводческие особенности интернациональной лексики военной тематики

Introduction. In the military domain, the interpreter plays a very important role, since it is the interpreter, who sometimes determines an adequate assessment of the situation, as well as awareness of the enemy’s plans. The meanings of words encountered in everyday communication may be quite different in military texts, and therefore the translator is required to be well trained in military translation. The relevance of this research lies in the study of the specifics of international military vocabulary. When translating military texts, the translator encounters internationalisms related to the names and tactical and technical characteristics of weapons and equipment. Military translation requires the utmost precision of concepts while preserving informativeness. Covering the problems of translation of internationalisms and «translator’s false friends» allow us to reveal the peculiarities of their functioning in the texts on military topics and to determine the ways of their translation. Materials and methods. In the work such methods were used as a component analysis to establish the semantic components of the lexical units, a comparative-comparative analysis, which involves comparing the contextual units as a result of analyzing the German and Russian language materials, the method of continuous sampling and quantitative calculations, descriptive-analytical, contextual analysis methods, which constitute a comprehensive method of text interpretation. The material of the study was an online dictionary of concepts and terms of the German armed forces, presented on the specialized German-language Internet site of the German armed forces. Analysis. The compositional structure of a military text is determined by its volume and genre. Military-technical texts include various kinds of instructions on types of military equipment and weapons, descriptions of new weapon models and instructions on the operation of equipment. These texts are characterized by such features as the presence of military-technical terminology of the narrow field of military affairs, the presence of pictures, drawings, diagrams, neutral tone of narration. Results. Military texts are a kind of official-business style of speech, characterized by the prescriptive-duty character of speech, its non-personal nature, accuracy, logic, objectivity, clarity, formality, stereotyping, concreteness, generalization, rigor, as well as a special set of clichés and terms. In the texts on military subjects’ various types of internationalisms are widely represented: single-word names, abbreviations, nominative word combinations, term elements. The advantage of the international vocabulary is its brevity and ease of use, its translation by transliteration or transcription, in most cases also its unambiguity.

«ЗРОБИЛИ СКЛАВИНІВ ПОЖИВОЮ ДЛЯ МЕЧІВ»: ПОХІД МАГІСТРА ПРІСКА 589 р.

A feature of the military affairs of the Eastern Roman Empire in the second half of the sixth century was the regular change of heads of military and administrative structures. Despite the need to restore the fortifications on the Danube-Mesia limes, to provide military formations in the Danube possessions of Rome, the successor emperors of Justinian I (527–565) often ignored this factor in favour of strengthening the defence capability of the border with Sassanian Persia. This policy of Justin II (565–578), Tiberius II (578–582) and Maurice (582–602) in the Balkans led to the activation of the nomadic Avars community. In the late 90s of the 6th century, the latter claimed to be the hegemon in Central and Eastern Europe. Until that time, the Nomads had received annual payments from the Empire to maintain peace in the region. With the accession of Mauritius to the throne in Constantinople in 582, the nomadic tribal nobility continued to expand towards the Empire’s Balkan possessions. By the end of the autocrat’s reign, the conflict with the Avars was permanent. In view of this, the emperor attempted to restore the Roman military formations previously deployed in the Balkans. Changes also occurred in the structure of command of the units. Thus, during 588–597, the position of presentational master of Thrace was held by the commander Priscus. In this position, the commander managed to conduct successful campaigns against nomadic troops and the Sclavians. The techniques used by the commander during clashes with barbarians would become a textbook for the military affairs of the Empire in a few decades. Nevertheless, Priscus proved to be an overly independent commander. The military master’s negotiations with the Avar Khagan Bayan I (562–602) led to the commander’s resignation and replacement by brother of Maurice, Peter.

Международная научная конференция «Значение преобразований Петра I в новой и новейшей истории России» (Москва, 17–19 мая 2022 г.)

The paper presents the results of The International Scientific Conference held at the Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences in May 2022 as part of celebrations of the 350th anniversary of the birth of Peter the Great. Over 120 specialists from Moscow, St. Petersburg, and other Russian cities, as well as scientists from Austria, Bulgaria, Tunisia, the USA, and France visited the conference. In follow-up, a collection of reports was published with the support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research. The scientific program of the conference was distinguished due to its versatility, with wide coverage of topical issues on Peter the Great's reforms in various domains of the country's life: central and local government, foreign policy and military affairs, economics, education and culture. Special attention was paid to the history of the church, as well as the historical remembrance of Peter’s epoch. The conference showed that today’s studies of the epoch of Peter the Great tend to a wider range of research, with empirical material actively collected, and the depth and pace of reforms studied mainly in connection with changes in local government, court and law.

INDONESIA’S STRATEGY AND DIPLOMACY IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA CONFLICT

<p>This study describes the government's strategy in Indonesia under the leadership of Joko Widodo to strengthen the Natuna border area. The Natuna area is a point of discussion as there are often territorial conflicts. This study aims to answer the question about the government's strategy to strengthen the border zone in Natuna. This study uses library research methodology and the Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA) concept to analyze the process. After conducting research, it can be concluded that to reinforce the border area at Natuna, the government is making efforts to improve the military posture by constructing several new military units. Then the government is also looking at diplomatic means in the ASEAN region to resolve the territorial dispute with China in the South China Sea. This is because there is no mutual agreement, considering that Indonesia is based on the 1982 UNCLOS, while China has a view of the Nine-Dash Line. </p>

Orígenes y evolución del movimiento liberal en España. El Iberismo

Worthy of note within the Spanish history is the role of the 1808 Generation. Its main task is to start up the substitution of the absolutist regime for a liberal model. In the political arena, the ability shown by the Spanish people to self-govern is surprising. In less than a trimester, a new government is formed: The Supreme Central Board. The freedom of the press and the elaboration of the first Constitution (1812) is good proof of the efficiency achieved, given the critical situation. On military affairs the movement resorts to “total war”: to the peasants especially, base of the “guerrilla” volunteering; also on weaponry: each one fights with what is at hand. The economic, social, political and even psychological consequences are very high, which will be latent for at least half a century of instability between liberal and absolutist governments. The Iberism will gain strength as an alternative, both in Portugal and Spain, against England and France respectively.

Military affairs of Kazakhstan nomads in the literature of 1920s–1960s

The paper considers the publications and reference sources of the 1920s-1960s dedicated to the history of the military affairs of the nomads of Kazakhstan. Researches and publications on the topic have been analyzed by characterizing their sources, structure and problems, describing the content of chapters and sections, determining their scientific novelty and contribution to the historiography of the problem. The significance of the works under consideration for the progressive development of the research problem historiography, the enrichment of scientific ideas about the nature and content of the history of military affairs of Kazakhstani nomads is formulated. The content of the works shows the trends of research interests, the vectors of which are characterized with values diversity. The research findings are that the analysis of the works prompts us to present the qualitative characteristics of the publications of the 1920s-1960s on the history of military affairs of the nomads of Kazakhstan. The author comes to the conclusion that: a) research and publications demonstrate the presence of transitions in the considered chronological period from a narrow range of works with limited topics towards expanding the scope of scientific research, through the study of the military organization and the basic foundations of the genesis of nomadic military affairs, and subsequently the development of key components of the problem: the main types of weapons, forms of military organization, the composition of the troops, the nature of the use of weapons; b) as a whole, the studies and publications of the 1920s-1960s laid the conceptual foundations for the historiography of the military affairs of the nomads of Kazakhstan.

Between Biography and Propaganda: Mykhailo Kozachynsky’s «Journal or Description of the Years and the Glorious as well as Solemn Victories of the Blessed and Everlasting Memory Peter the Great, Pater Patriae, the First All-Russian Emperor» (1744)

The article focuses on a little-known literary work about Peter I which was composed by a Ukrainian poet, philosopher, and professor of the Kyivan Academy, Mykhailo Kozachynsky (1699–1755). This poetic biography was entitled «Journal or Description of the Years and the Glorious as well as Solemn Victories of the Blessed and Everlasting Memory Peter the Great, Pater Patriae, the First All-Russian Emperor». It was appended to a trilingual panegyric «Augustissimae ac Invictissimae Imperatrici» of the same authorship written in honor of the Empress Elizabeth’s of Russia visit to Kyiv in August-September 1744. The panegyric, the «Journal», a shortened edition of a dramatic play along with a poem and a canto formed a complex of works, which were published in the Kyiv-Pechersk printing house. One more of Kozachynsky’s related poem appeared in Wroclaw on the same occasion.The textual analysis of the «Journal» demonstrates that the author dealt with Feofan Prokopovych’s eulogies that glorified Peter I and were released in Kyiv and Saint-Petersburg throughout 1709–1725, namely «Panegyricvs de celeberrima et paene inavdita victoria qvam Pertvs Primva», «The Word to praise the Poltava Battle», «The Word on the Burial of the Most Illustrious Sovereign Peter the Great» and «The Word to Praise the Blessed and Everlasting Memory Peter the Great». In addition, Kozachynsky borrowed facts about the Great Northern War mostly from the so-called «The Mars’s Book» and then poetically reworked them. Such a richly illustrated collection of reports on the course of military affairs was published for the first time shortly after 1713 and later underwent several reprints.Taken in general, the context in which the «Journal» and the corresponding series of Mykhailo Kozachynsky’s works appeared reveals clearly that the Ukrainian elite of that time pursued the only goal to utilize Elizabeth’s arrival to Ukraine as an opportunity to lobby for the urgent issue of the restoration of the hetmanship. The splendor of the meeting with the special glorification of the Empress’s father served therefore as a propaganda tool to achieve this goal.

Creative path in science (In memory of Yuliy Sergeyevich Khudyakov)

The article examines the scientific biography of the outstanding Soviet and Russian archaeologist and weapons scientist Yuliy Sergeyevich Khudyakov. The main stages of the scientist's scientific career are highlighted, the key directions of his research in the field of studying the military and cultural heritage of the nomads of Central Asia and Southern Siberia of the Ancient, Medieval and early Modern times are identified. The contribution of Y. S. Khudyakov to the development of domestic weapons science in general and to the development of theoretical foundations for the study of nomads' military affairs in particular is analyzed. The thesis is put forward about the existence of a special "Siberian" school of weapons studies, the founder and leader of which can rightfully be considered Yu. S. Khudyakov. It is established that a distinctive feature of the research of representatives of this scientific school is the application of the complex analytical model of the study of military affairs of nomadic ethnic groups and cultures developed by Yu. S. Khudyakov and the principles of classification of weapons corresponding to this model.

Data Analysis of Board Games’ Fashion Trends and Relationships between Their Successes and Attributes

From the tic-tac-toe, an ancient chess game, which was invented thousand years ago, to modern wargames that take weeks to finish, board games have long been defined as a tool to create a platform for entertainment, education, and training of strategy in fields such as military affairs and economics. Development of technology is worthy of a rapier to the field of board games, both bringing new-published board games to tables worldwide and replacing them with more convenient entertainments such as video games or computer games. Towards this end, this thesis presents an analysis-driven review of board game domains and play-related attributes based on data from the world’s largest board game website - BGG. The analysis expects to make a clear view of the changes in users’ favors by comparing recent and former board games. And further investigate the relationships between their successes and inner attributes.

Armies of Arabia: Military Politics and Effectiveness in the Gulf

Armies of Arabia: Military Politics and Effectiveness in the Gulf

A Bounded Near-Bottom Cruise Trajectory Planning Algorithm for Underwater Vehicles

The trajectory planning algorithm of underwater vehicle near-bottom cruise is important to scientific investigation, industrial inspection, and military affairs. An autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) often faces the problems of complex underwater environment and large cruise area in a real environment, and some robots must hide themselves during the cruise. However, to the best of our knowledge, few studies have focused on trajectory planning algorithms for AUVs with multiple constraints on large-scale maps. The currently used algorithms are not effective at solving length-constraint problems, and the mainstream trajectory planning algorithms for robots cannot be directly applied to the needs of underwater vehicle sailing near the bottom. Therefore, we present a bounded ridge-based trajectory planning algorithm (RA*) for an AUV to go on a near-bottom cruise. In the algorithm, we design a safety map based on a spherical structure to ensure the safe operation of the robot. In addressing the length-constraint problem and large-scale map planning problem, this paper proposes a two-stage framework for RA*, which designs map compression and parallel computation using a coarse-fine planning framework to solve the large-scale trajectory planning problem and uses a bounded search method to meet the trajectory planning requirements of length constraint. In this study, experiments based on the virtual ocean ridge are conducted, and the results validate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed RA* with MCPC algorithm framework.