Military Affairs Research Articles

ФИЗИОЛОГИЯ БАРАБАНЩИКА. ИНДИВИДУАЛЬНЫЙ ПОДХОД К ВЫБОРУ ТЕХНИК И ПОСАДКЕ ЗА БАРАБАННОЙ УСТАНОВКОЙ С УЧЕТОМ ФИЗИОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ОСОБЕННОСТЕЙ МУЗЫКАНТА

The drum is one of the most spectacular instruments that unites musical com-position, filling it with rhythm, drive and dynamics. Historically, the drum was the instrument of communications and warnings about danger, part of military affairs. Some issues of physiological work in forming an effective technique for holding sticks, sitting of the performer and his footwork have arisen when using drums in everyday practice and in training drummers. The article con-siders the key directions of work at the class of percussion instruments: vari-ants of locks and techniques for holding (German and French) percussion sticks, features of sitting at the drum kit and the technique of playing with feet that allow to form the musician’s correct sitting excluding physiological clamps of the apparatus.

The Study of the Logistics Ontology by the Historical-Genetic Method

The objective of the study is to establish the origin and evolution of the term «logistics», understood as management of material flows and stocks. The historical-genetic method and content analysis were used in the study of available sourcesThe inconsistency of assumptions about the origin of the name «logistics» in the modern interpretation from ancient Greece and the Byzantine Empire is shown. There is also no connection between the mathematical logic developed by Leibniz and the content of logistics in economics and military affairs. The illegitimacy of explaining the evolution of the term «logistics» by random coincidences of words that are homonyms and related to different historical eras and countries has been established.The priority of G. V. Jomini in formulation of the principles of logistics in his works on the art of war, written after emigration to the Russian Empire, is confirmed. Due to the spread of Jomini’s works in the countries of the world, logistics began to develop in its modern form, initially in the military sphere, and then in economic activity.The reasons that led to intensive development of logistics during the Second World War and in the post­war period are systematized. Differences in priorities during these periods in the countries of the world are studied. Two main trends were identified, one of which was to use the competitive advantages of logistics in a market environment, and the other to ensure spatial connectivity and transport accessibility of territories.

Evolution of China's interaction with Middle Eastern countries under the Belt and Road Initiative.

The Middle East holds a critical strategic position in global politics, economy, and military affairs, serving as a pivotal hub for the advancement of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) through both land and sea routes. Since the proposal of BRI, China's cooperation with Middle Eastern countries has steadily deepened. Consequently, examining the evolution of China's interaction with Middle Eastern nations over the past decade is of paramount significance for future development. This study utilizes the GDELT database to construct formulas for measuring event impact and bilateral relationship intensity. It analyzes the temporal development and spatial patterns of China's interaction with Middle Eastern countries while also examining the types of interactive relationships between China and individual countries in the Middle East under the principle of reciprocity. The findings indicate that the overall interaction between China and Middle Eastern countries remains stable. Cooperative relationships have transitioned from a "single cooperation" approach to a "dual cooperation" model involving Iran and Saudi Arabia. Moreover, the development trajectory has shifted from an imbalanced "north-high, south-low" pattern towards equilibrium, resulting in a general decline in conflict relations and a decrease in inter-country disparities. The prevalent type of interaction between countries is characterized by balance.

Drones have boots: Learning from Russia’s war in Ukraine

ABSTRACT Before Russia’s 2022 invasion of Ukraine, security studies scholars were myopic about small drones’ enabling functions and tactical benefits. They were preoccupied with drone impacts on international security and the ethical dimensions of counterterrorism drone strikes. Similarly, literature on the revolution in military affairs has examined emerging drone technologies based on their strategic advantages. “Low-tech” drone innovations have received less attention. The war has highlighted the collective magnitude of these omissions. At first, scholars followed extant predictions by concluding that large drones did not revolutionize warfare, proliferated slowly, and were too costly and complex to operate. Yet, one year into the war, thousands of drones—scouts, loitering grenades, drone bomblets, and suicide drones—are defying the field’s assumptions of their uselessness sans air superiority. Contrary to most theoretical expectations, small drones in Ukraine are changing battlefield dynamics from lower airspace. Scholars must begin to study drone diversity in modern wars.

МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ ДВИЖЕНИЯ БЕСПИЛОТНЫХ ЛЕТАТЕЛЬНЫХ АППАРАТОВ

The relevance is due to insufficient knowledge and development of movement patterns for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), which include all possible drones and, in particular, various copters in mobile and turbulent atmosphere. Unmanned aerial vehicles are used both in civilian industries and in military affairs [1 – 4]. When operating UAVs in real conditions, their movement is affected by disturbances from air masses [5, 6], which are generally random in nature. At the same time, the operator is faced with inadequate UAV behaviour caused by disturbances, which makes it difficult to control. The aim of the article is to simulate the complex movement of UAVs, mainly quadrocopters, in space to understand the dynamics of UAV flight under the influence of several forces. The models are based on kinematics and dynamics of a material point, in the form of which the UAV is represented, involved in complex relative and translational movements. Kinematic models of drone movement patterns based on coordinate transformation are de-scribed. Planar and spatial trajectories of UAV movement are presented.

"YOU STUDIED HISTORICAL BOOKS TELLING ABOUT THE GREAT MILITARY VICTORIES OF THE HELLENES AND ROMANS DILIGENTLY...": TO THE 130TH ANNIVERSARY OF MIKHAIL JAKOVLEVICH SJUZJUMOV AND THE 85TH ANNIVERSARY OF VLADIMIR VASILIEVICH KUCHMA

In 2023 marks the 130th anniversary of the birth of the outstanding Soviet historian Mikhail Jakovlevich Sjuzjumov (1893-1982). The anniversary of the largest Russian Byzantinist of the twentieth century coincides with the 85th anniversary of the birth of his student, Doctor of Historical Sciences Vladimir Vasilievich Kuchma (1938-2011). Close attention has been paid to the scientific biography of M.Ja. Sjuzjumov in recent years. However, the question of his scientific interaction with students who left Sverdlovsk, but continued their research on Roman (Byzantine) history, is little studied. The article examines the scientific contacts of Professor Sjuzjumov with V.V. Kuchma after defending his candidate thesis and moving to Volgograd. The article for the first time publishes documents from the State Archive of the Sverdlovsk region and the Archive of the Ural Federal University, the most valuable of which are the letters of the Volgograd historian to his supervisor. The analysis of archival materials shows that V.V. Kuchma, who was engaged in the study of Roman (Byzantine) military affairs, relied on the M.Ja. Sjuzjumov’ theory of dialectical continuity. This was expressed in V.V. Kuchma’s doctoral thesis, as well as in his publication of Byzantine military treatises.

ON THE COVERAGE OF MILITARY ISSUES ON THE PAGES OF THE SOVIET PROVINCIAL PRESS OF THE 1920s (based on the materials of Simbirsk Governorate)

The author focuses on the Red Army of the 1920s. The history of the Armed Forces of our Fatherland in an environment declared as a special military operation in modern Russia seems relevant both for specialists and for everyone interested in military history. The author explores certain aspects of the Red Army’s activities in the context of implementing the military policy in the USSR in 1923–1925. After the end of the Civil War (1918–1922) in Soviet Russia, the Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Army (Red Army) objectively needed to be seriously reformed. The very mediocre financial situation in the state did not allow the Soviet authorities to keep under arms a significant number of military personnel who remained after the war. Reformation of the Red Army began in 1923. At first, its number was brought up to 600 thousand people. In addition, in June 1923, the People’s Commissar for Military Affairs L.D. Trotsky decided to transform part of the army into militia units. The fifth part of the Army’s divisions had to undergo this experiment. Thus, eleven divisions received the name of territorial ones. The decree dated August 8, 1923, together with the organization of territorial divisions, determined the order of workers’ military training. Thus, the Red Army began the transition to a territorial-militia system. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that the historical analysis of these events is carried out at the regional level, in particular, on the materials of one of the governorates of the Middle Volga region, which was previously absent.
 
 The purpose of this article is to investigate the coverage of military issues in the provincial periodical press of the first half of the 1920s on the materials of Simbirsk governorate.
 
 Materials and methods. The author uses problem-analytical and chronological research methods, the source base of the work is Simbirsk newspapers dated 1923, as well as memories of the participants to the events.
 
 Study results. The author points out that the largest military unit of Simbirsk garrison was the 2nd Simbirsk Rifle Regiment, which was located in the so-called Uhlan barracks. In one of September issues of the newspaper “Proletarskii put” which is analyzed by a researcher, we find an article about the beginning of conscription in 1923 already under the new rules. The author pays special attention to some aspects in the activities of Simbirsk school of Command Staff (Red Banner Infantry Military School), which carried out a lot of work on recruiting cadets in order to attract working and peasant youth to the Red Army. At the same time, the author tells about the first post – war graduation of the Red commanders in 1923.
 
 Conclusions. The researcher, using the example of Simbirsk governorate, claims that the provincial periodical press of the first half of the 1920s regularly actively discussed military issues. Articles about military reform and everyday life of the Red Army soldiers were systematically published on the pages of leading Simbirsk publications. For example, the daily life of Simbirsk School of command staff very often appeared on the pages of newspapers. We learn a lot of interesting things from the life of the Red Army from publications about combat training in the 2nd Simbirsk regiment. The pages of Simbirsk newspapers also give information on military units located in other regions of the country, in particular in Moscow and the Moscow region, on the Black Sea.

Bipartisanship on China in a polarized America

In recent years, the need for the United States to compete with and counter an increasingly assertive China has become a rare point of agreement between Democrats and Republicans, leading to a boom in China-related legislation with bipartisan support. This study asks two questions: first, whether this new China consensus is substantive or, as some analysts argue, superficial; and second, why bipartisan cooperation on China has emerged despite America’s intense political polarization. We address these two questions through a systematic analysis of China-related legislation and U.S. legislators’ messaging about China on social media. We find that the new consensus is substantive, with many bipartisan bills mandating meaningful action on trade, technology, diplomatic and military affairs, and human rights issues. Moreover, we argue that the new consensus emerged largely in 2017–2018, in response to several developments indicating China’s growing threat—geopolitical, economic, and ideological—to U.S. predominance in the international order. This study provides fresh insights on U.S.-China relations and contributes theoretically to the study of when external threats induce bipartisanship and when they do not.

Artificial intelligence in modern enterprises and marketing campaigns: effective tools and development prospects

The aim of the article. The purpose of the article is to analyze the current state and prospects for the development of artificial intelligence in the modern enterprises and marketing campaigns, as well as to develop proposals in the context of their effective use as a priority for ensuring the innovative development of enterprises. Analysis results. The article examines the current problems of artificial intelligence creating and practical application in the modern enterprises. It has been proven that artificial intelligence technologies, the spread of which is based on the mass use of digital information and the rapid computer computing power growth, leave the sphere of purely theoretical research and become one of the world market segments, which can lead to truly revolutionary results. The prospects for artificial intelligence technologies development and the possibility of their integration into various enterprise activity spheres, in particular, into the field of marketing, have been studied. Current areas of artificial intelligence application for the Industry 4.0 implementation are considered. Effective trends and development prospects related to the use of artificial intelligence in various marketing segments and their transformation for marketing sectors are summarized. It is noted that for the effective operation of industrial enterprises, full-fledged information support is necessary at all stages of management decisions design and formation. It was concluded that artificial intelligence is considered today as the most important factor that determines the overall growth of the Ukrainian economy, the future of each country and its position on the world stage in general. The article develops modern approaches to the use of artificial intelligence for the Industry 4.0 implementation, in particular in marketing. A model of artificial intelligence introducing at the enterprise strategy is proposed. The obtained research results can be used in the context of robotics policy and industrial enterprises digital systems future development in order to accelerate innovative, technical and economic development in the long term. Conclusions and directions for further research. The advanced countries of the world are on the revolutionary changes verge in many economy sectors due to the intensive development of intelligent technologies and artificial intelligence. The world’s most influential companies are actively investing in order to increase economic and social benefits from the implementation of technologies in the main artificial intelligence development areas: deep learning technologies, integration technologies, machine learning and cognitive data. In this context, based on the structure and state of the Ukrainian industry, it can be assumed that the indicated industrial robotization trends will persist for a long time. The release of workers as a digital technologies development result will occur, first of all, not in production, but in the sphere of services, management, finance, due to the office worker’s reduction. However, practice confirms that the most important results of artificial intelligence development are not only the increase in productivity and the displacement of live labor from production, but, above all, the transformation of social relations system, including their organization forms, the interaction between people forms, between the state and the population. It is important to determine the place of artificial intelligence in these systems and its potential as a means of regulatory influence on society. At the same time, in order to secure technological development and free society from prejudice and risks, it is necessary to formulate and strengthen the current legislation in this field. This will create an ethical and legal environment for the development of innovations. Artificial intelligence also has significant potential in the field of marketing. This intelligence is changing the way brands and users interact with each other. Since the data growth far outstrips the ability of people to process this data, Marketing 4.0 must align with Industry 4.0 technologies, introducing IT knowledge to their professional competencies. In the direction of further research, proceeding from priorities, there are proposals for the introduction and development of innovations in military affairs in order to protect our country from Russian armed aggression, based on the three key components of military technologies: artificial intelligence, the use of "big data", Internet management technologies production and territorial systems (Internet of things).

Captain Botsis’ Odyssey: On the Biography of the Russian Naval Commander

Referring to archival data of the RGADA (Relations with Venice Fund), this article provides new information about the little-known period of life (1700–1703) of Ivan Botsis related to his transition to the Russian service and directly preceding it. Until now, there is no full-fledged biography of the outstanding associate of Peter the Great, and this study supplements the information about his life full of dangers. Botsis played a significant role in Russia’s success in the Baltic Sea during the Northern War, so filling the gap in his biography is of particular interest. Based on the information introduced into scholarly circulation, the author draws information about his activities immediately after the Morean War (1684–1699). Although he is primarily known as a Russian naval commander, based on the data studied, one may conclude that in his homeland, he proved himself to be a loyal subject of his new homeland, the Venetian Republic, in military affairs. And after the end of the conflict and the conquest of the Peloponnese by Venice, showered with honors, he tried to succeed in a peaceful profession, trading business, and not so much as a merchant but as a coordinator of the commercial activity of his compatriots for private and public benefit. At the peak of his career, the enterprising and even adventurous nature of the Greek captain led him to a conflict with the Venetian and Ottoman authorities, and the hope for the Russian tsar as the deliverer of the Greeks from Turkish rule and sympathy for his military enterprises during the Northern War made him abandon a privileged position in his homeland and embark on a perilous journey to Russia to serve Peter I. The details of his risky escape, described in a petition addressed to the tsar, resemble an excerpt from an adventure novel. The appendix of the article contains previously unpublished documents, i. e. a petition of Captain Botsis and an excerpt of a decree of Tsar Peter on the allocation of his salary.

Challenges of Application of Artificial Intelligence in Military Affairs

Originality: In the simplified film imagination, artificial intelligence is most often depicted through humanized robots that in the distant future occupy the planet and destroy the human race. However, in the background of this terrifying scenario is an advanced technology that is already widely applied for countless useful purposes and whose level of development will largely shape life as we know it today.
 
 Theoretical reference: The beginnings of artificial intelligence appear with the development of cybernetics and automation, and its development was initially focused on machines and robots, primarily in space technology.
 
 Research implications: The emergence and mass application of digitalization led to a strong expansion of artificial intelligence and extended its field of action to practically all areas of human life.

Black Sea Basin Geostrategic Region from History to Modern Times

For Black Sea its geostrategic importance has become increasingly evident in recent years, as major powers have become more aware of its potential benefits and risks. The region's location at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and the Middle East makes it an important trade route and strategic point, connecting different regions and cultures. Its natural resources, such as oil, gas, and minerals, have also attracted the attention of major energy producers and consumers. In addition, the Black Sea has become an important arena for diplomacy, cultural exchange, scientific research, and military affairs. Major powers such as Russia, Turkey, and the United States have increased their presence and influence in the region, seeking to promote their interests and secure their strategic goals. These efforts have included political and economic partnerships, military alliances, and cultural initiatives, among others. These issues require collective action and cooperation among all stakeholders in the region.

The excellent microwave absorption properties of the composite structure of 3D flower-like layered double hydroxide derivatives and multi-walled carbon nanotubes

The control of electromagnetic pollution and military affairs both heavily rely on the absorption and attenuation of electromagnetic waves. NiO/Co3O4 obtained by pyrolysis of NiCo-layered double hydroxides retained the structural framework of the precursor and introduced a porous structure in the pyrolysis process, which effectively enhanced the multiple reflections and scattering of electromagnetic waves. Furtherly, multi-walled carbon nanotubes were embedded into bimetallic oxides to create a conductive network and introduce polarization groups, resulting in a reflection loss of −56.90 dB and an absorption bandwidth of 6.19 GHz. Compared to traditional metal oxides, the NiO/Co3O4-MWCNT composite greatly improved the wave absorption effect. Such a new structure provided a new idea for the application of LDH in the field of wave absorption.

Tensor decompositions for temporal knowledge graph completion with time perspective

Facts in the real world are often tied to time, such as the spread of diseases, and the state of military affairs. Therefore, knowledge graphs combined with temporal factors have gained growing attention. In the temporal knowledge graph, most researchers focus on the original facts and pay attention to their changes over time. The temporal factors are only used as auxiliary information for representation learning. In this paper, we try to observe from the perspective of time and find some interesting properties of temporal knowledge graph: (1) Simultaneousness. Various facts occur at the same time; (2) Aggregation. The facts may aggregately occur for a certain individual, organization, or location; (3) Associativity. Some specific relations tend to occur at specific times, such as celebrations at festivals. Based on the above three properties, we add a simple time-aware module to the existing tensor decomposition-based temporal knowledge graph model TComplEx (Lacroix et al., 2020), which obtains impressive improvements and achieves state-of-the-art results on four standard temporal knowledge graph completion benchmarks. Specifically, in terms of mean reciprocal rank (MRR), we advance the state-of-the-art by ＋24.0% on ICEWS14, ＋13.2% on ICEWS05-15, ＋31.9% on YAGO15k, and 4.7% on GDELT.

TGH. M. Zainuddin, AM: The Most Influential in the XX Generation Among the Sasak People

TGH. M. Zainuddin Abdul Majid is a highly respected figure, both in the fields of education, politics, the general public, and military affairs, as well as in the realm of peer-to-peer cooperation. This article will discuss how TGH. M. Zainuddin Abdul Majid became the most influential person in the Sasak community. Since many of the articles in this series use statistical data, the statistical derivation that is used is the statistical derivation. This text confirms that TGH. M. Zainuddin Abdul Madjid succeeded in becoming the most influential person in the Sasak community. This is demonstrated by the following: first, a large number of madrasahs and mesjids built in the pulau Lombok; second, a large number of Tuan Gurus who are Muslim scholars who teach the Islamic teachings of Ahlussunnah wal Jamaah; and third, a large number of Sasak people who identify as Muslim women who live in the desa-desa of Lombok.

Military training of Ukrainian “sichovi striltsi” at the military training as a relevant component in the the new Ukrainian army formation

The article describes the process of creation and military training of the USS Legion at the military training (vyshkil) of the “sichovi striltsi” (Sich archers). The importance and professionalism of training instructors, who taught the basics of military affairs in a short time and formed actuall qualities in recruits that saved lives and taught them to win victories in future combat operations, were characterized in proposed article. Research methods. General scientific and special historical research methods were used in the article. Among general scientific are such as analysis and synthesis. These methods made it possible to conduct a productive evaluation of the studied historical sources and literature. And such methods as chronological and historical-analytical made it possible to present the material in a clear sequence and logical completeness, to highlight certain aspects of the. The use of the biographical method made realises considering the contribution of specific individuals to the preparation of the University as a necessary component in the Ukrainian struggle for independence. Scientific novelty and practical significance of the obtained results. The topic of the Ukrainian “sichovi striltsi” is relevant today, as the Sich Riflemen made a great contribution to the formation and formation of our country. With the help of their hard work, the independent Western Ukrainian People's Republic was established. The Ukrainian “sichovi striltsi” were the first, who tried to organize a Ukrainian national army that could defend Ukraine from invaders. Therefore, it is important to know exactly how it have been explored the training at the university of Ukrainian “sichovi striltsi”. Questions related to the research of the role of USS attracted and continue to attract the attention of many scientists and historians. Features of the Vyshkil USS were described by M. Lazarovych, M. Lytvyn, O. Boyko, K. Naumenko, Yu. Tereshchenko, S. Ripetskyi and B. Hnatevych. Conclusions. In the study was analyzed the reason of the creation, history of formation and development of the Ukrainian “sichovi striltsi”. It was concluded, that from the beginning of its functioning the USS legion became the first unprofessional and untrained military formation of Ukrainians, but as a result of the activities of the Vyshkil, they became a well-trained forces, the basic formation of the future Ukrainian army. At the end of the battles for Mount Lysonya, the training camp of the USS legion was located in Rozvadov and Verin, where the rest of the Army of USS and sergeants moved. The legion mainly consisted of young pupils of the sports and social organization “Sokil”, the fire brigade – “Sich”, and the student and school organization – “Plast”. Ukrainian “sichovi striltsi” use to be the essence of its era, its ideas corresponded to the revolutionary period in which it grew up and developed. And it should be considered and evaluated today on the basis of an historical descussion’s objective.

The effect of a reduction in irrational beliefs on Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), depression, and anxiety symptoms in a group treatment for post-9/11 Veterans

ABSTRACT Previous research has indicated that a Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)-Informed Group focused on changing irrational beliefs to address comorbid depression and anxiety (as well as anger and guilt) in a combat Veteran population diagnosed with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) demonstrated significant reductions in depression and PTSD symptoms at posttreatment. However, mechanisms of change associated with improvement have not been evaluated. REBT theory suggests that a decline in irrational beliefs predicts a decrease in PTSD, depression, and anxiety symptoms. This study aimed to test this tenet of REBT theory in a naturalistic treatment setting. Participants (N = 86) were post-9/11 combat Veterans, engaged in the REBT-Informed Group between October 2016 and February 2020. Results of hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicated that a reduction in irrational beliefs predicted notable decreases in PTSD, depression, and anxiety symptoms controlling for several covariates. This study extends previous research demonstrating the success of the REBT-Informed Group with combat Veterans and gives support to REBT theory regarding the effect of a decline in irrational beliefs. Future directions include replication of findings with Veterans who experienced military sexual trauma (MST), pre-9/11 Veterans, those at other military or Veterans Affairs (VA) medical centers, and civilians to determine generalizability.

Beyond the neoconservative legacy in American counterterrorism policy: from George W. Bush to forever war

More than two decades after the 9/11 attacks, the militarised approach to counterterrorism initiated by the George W. Bush Administration remains firmly in place. Growing frustration with these actions has prompted debates on ‘forever war’. This article traces the origins of ‘forever war’ to the interplay of neoconservatism and conservative nationalism in the George W. Bush Administration, which aimed at preserving American primacy through the cultivation of overwhelming military power. The Administration’s support for the revolution in military affairs contributed to the development of a more remote counterterrorism approach, which helps explain the continuities in US counterterrorism policies across the latter Bush administration as well as the Obama and Trump presidencies. By helping embed a ‘common sense’ understanding that further 9/11-style attacks could only be prevented by enduring and aggressive military action against transnational terrorist organisations, neoconservatism shaped the evolution of American counterterrorism policy. The specific influence of neoconservatism must be qualified and contextualised, however, because the strategic commitment to primacy had wider support within the Bush Administration.

Бій під Сидоровим 25 липня 1920 року: забута звитяга Армії УНР

The history of the Armed Forces of our country is fi lled with many heroic pages that testify to the indomitability of the Ukrainian spirit, the high military skill of commanders and ordinary soldiers, their courage, bravery, and willingness to sacrifi ce themselves for the sake of national interests. Th e battle with the Red Army, which took place near Sydoriv in Eastern Halychyna on July 25, 1920, has not yet become the subject of special research by domestic his- torians. The purpose of the article is to fi nd out based on mobilized sources and historiography, the prerequisites, course, and results of the battle of the Army of the Ukrainian People’s Republic with the Red Army on July 25, 1920, under Sydoriv, its signifi cance for the continuation of the Polish-Ukrainian-Soviet confrontation. Th e research methodology is based on the principles of historicism and objectivity. Th e use of such methods as analysis, synthesis, as well as problem- chronological, systematic, descriptive, statistical, and comparative methods, made it possible to fulfi ll the set goal. Th e scientifi c novelty of the research lies in the holistic, objective coverage of the prerequisites, course, and results of the mentioned battle, and its infl uence on the further development of the Polish-Ukrainian-Soviet war in the summer of 1920 in Pryzbruchchia. Conclusions. The military and political situation in June–July 1920 was not favorable for the Army of the Ukrainian People’s Republic; it was preceded by a long-forced retreat together with its Polish ally, under the blows of the overwhelming forces of the Red Army, to new defen- sive lines on the Zbruch River. Constant clashes exhausted the Ukrainian army, which followed the tactics of active defense. From time to time there were threats of a breakthrough of the front by the enemy, which had to be eliminated. The successful implementation of the idea was the victorious battle of the 3rd Iron Division and the Separate Cavalry Division with the advancing “Red” units on July 25, 1920, near Sydoriv, in which the enemy was completely defeated. Th e Ukrainians demonstrated the high military skill of their commanders, courage, heroism, and mature military training of ordinary soldiers. The counter-battle brilliantly conducted by the cavalrymen with the prevailing enemy cavalry, which in military aff airs is considered one of the most diffi cult types of combat, and the evasive maneuver that led to the encirclement and defeat of the enemy should be considered one of the brightest pages in the history of the Ukrainian army and the national military art of the modern era.

Реабилитация историками Крымского ханства в 5-томнике о крымских татарах

Author of the article analyzes the 3rd volume of the History of the Crimean Tatars, dedicated to the Crimean Khanate of the15th–18th centuries, published in Kazan in 2021, and resulted from the 2-year international research project aiming to produce the first academic History of the Crimean Tatars in a five volumes. This is a pioneering and valuable research covering the whole period of the Khanate history, from its formation in the first half of the 15th century to its annexation to the Russian Empire under the reign of Catherine the Great, who abolished the Khanate in 1783. The book discusses different aspects of the Khanate’s everyday life: its conquests and frequent raids against non-Muslim neighbors, foreign and domestic politics, Crimean Tatars’ economy, slave trade, spiritual and material culture, religion, military affairs, demography, their relationship with ethnic and confessional minorities of the Khanate and their Diaspora abroad, images of the Crimean Tatars as the Other constructed and later Orientalized by foreign travelers and observers from Western Europe, Ukraine and Russia. In fact, this book rehabilitates the Crimean Khanate, showing that it was not just a robber’s nest, living off raids on neighbors and the international slave trade, as the late Soviet literature argued. The study fills in a significant gap in contemporary historiography on the subject in the field of Oriental, Russian, Polish, and Ukrainian studies. It also contributes to comparative history of the northern Black sea area at the turn of the early modern times. It is noteworthy that the new series on History of the Crimean Tatars does not dismiss the legacy of the anti-Crimean Soviet literature categorically, but attempts to rethink it all creatively, starting with the pre-revolutionary classic study written by V.D. Smirnov. It resumes revisionist historiography of the Crimean Khanate from Perestroika to the present day proposing possible alternative readings of its history.