Military Affairs Research Articles

China's Political Influence in Turkey and Iran during the Cold War: A Comparison of the Revolutionary Organization of the Tudeh Party of Iran and the Proletarian Revolutionary Enlightenment Movement

This study analyses the ideological influence of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) over the non-state political domains in the Middle East during the Cold War. It offers a comparative analysis of the two largest pro-Chinese leftist political groups in Turkey and Iran during the period between 1960 and 1980: the Revolutionary Organization of the Tudeh Party of Iran (ROTPI) in Iran and the Proletarian Revolutionary Enlightenment Party (PRE) in Turkey. It analyses these movements by focusing on their similarities and differences. This study claims that the pro-Chinese leftist political movements in Iran developed closer military and financial relations with the PRC than did their Turkish counterparts. In doing so, the study contributes to the literature on comparative political thought on the Cold War era, which largely tends to focus on the Soviet influence over the domains of politics and its impact on the international relations of Turkey and Iran. Moreover, this work critically challenges the debates over the relations between the PRC and the Middle East, expanding the academic focus beyond trade relations and military affairs towards political ideology debates. By the same token, it aims to scrutinize alternative political instruments of the PRC during this era.

THE BIOMIMETIC FIN PERFORMANCE EVALUATION FOR AN EFFICIENT AUTONOMOUS UNDERWATER VEHICLE (AUV) TO SUPPORT THE REVOLUTION IN MILITARY AFFAIRS (RMA) IN UNDERWATER DEFENSE

<div><p class="Els-history-head">The world is facing the global trend of Industry 4.0 in the manufacturing sectors. The concept of the Internet of Underwater Thing (IoUT) presents the trends in the underwater region. The Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) as a data collector and transmitter becomes the central component in the connected system of the IoUT. The efficiency of the platform is crucial to lengthening the range and duration of the mission. The biomimetic method of utilizing the caudal fin propulsion could enhance the efficiency of the small and low-speed AUV. From the defense perspective, there is a concept of Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA) that supports technological modernization for defense purposes. Technically, this study aims to combine the technical aspects of mechanical engineering and the defense concept of RMA in the technological advancement of AUV for the advanced and efficient defense strategy in the underwater region. The evaluations involved numerical simulation with Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method. The simulation results show that the fully tapered flexible fin enhances the efficiency by 25%, while the narrow flexible fin enhances the efficiency by 30%. These results indicate that a flexible tapered fin should be the primary consideration in designing the high-efficiency biomimetic fin. The visualization of the force vectors shows that the flexibility of the fin acts as a thrust vectoring factor that directs more force vectors in the thrust direction. This study supports the RMA concept implementation by technological modernization, such as efficient biomimetic AUV development, to develop doctrines in the State's defense in the underwater region.</p></div>

Industri Pertahanan Prancis dan Inggris Dalam Penguatan Aliansi Kekuatan Militer pada Perang Dunia I

World War I took place on the European continent between the Allies and the Central powers. In this war, the warring parties did not only rely on the troops quantity, but also their own technology. In addition, both sides had maximally empowered their strategic industries in building military forces for war. The article identifies the factors that supported the victory of France and Britain in World War I, thus encouraging the development of war technology and strategic industry which continues to present day. In that arena, France and Britain had the upper hand in the use of technology and industrial support for war. The theories used for this discussion are Carl von Clausewitz's theory of war, Morgenthau's balance of power theory, Liddell Hart's strategy theory and the theory of revolution in military affairs. The discussion was carried out using qualitative methods with an exploratory and historical approach which ultimately showed that the Allied defense industry had so far gained technological advantage from the influence of the victory in World War I.

Historical and Research Review of the Scholarly Position of Syedina Hazrat Ali (RA)

The fourth pious caliph of Islam Hazrat Ali Bin Abu Talib R.A is considered a remarkable personality of Islam. He accepted Islam in his early age when he was only ten and had become a very close companion of the Prophet (PBUH). He remained caliph after the Martyrdom of Hazrat Usman Ghani in 36 A.H. Hazrat Ali R.A was also great scholar. Apart from political and military affairs, Hazrat Ali has a high academic status. All the great companions of the Prophet were appreciative of his erudition. That is why people like Hazrat Ayesha, Abdullah bin Masood would not give any opinion after their opinion. He was proficient in Quran, Hadith, principles, rules and language. He had a unique position based on his high academic status. This research article highlights the status quo within his personality.

REVOLUTION IN MILITARY AFFAIRS: EMERGING AEROSPACE COMBAT TRENDS IN SOUTH ASIA

Technology dictates everything in the modern world but nothing is more technical than the human mind. It always gears up to explore new dimensions of the universe. Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA) is the brainchild of a critical human mind that never relies on knowledge at hand and strives for more. Aerospace potential and capabilities have become crucial to modern forces in an age of global reach and South Asia is not an exception in any sense. It is argued that RMA in South Asia is likely to be employed more in aerospace to outmanoeuvre each other (India and Pakistan) in order to carry out rapid offensive operations against the enemy. 
 This paper examines the emerging trends in aerial combat and military use of space simultaneously with a focus on on-going developments in South Asia. At first, this paper explores the emergence of aerospace potential for military means among major powers during the cold war. Following emerging global aerospace trends, it focuses how it encouraged a shift in strategy and doctrines of India and Pakistan because of drastic change in weaponry and how it created more space for the aerospace domain. Moreover, this paper analyses the defensive potential of arch-rivals India and Pakistan and explores the prospects of the aerospace industry in Pakistan.

DEFINING CYBER WARFARE

Technological advancement is always a disruptive process; its impact on society, economics, politics, military and strategic affairs are profound but it takes a certain amount of time before the effects are visible. Cyberspace has been termed as the battlefield of the 21st century. It is considered the most potent threat to international security. With the speed of technological advancement, its wide-ranging affects, and its potential weaponization, a comprehensive study to reconcile the international legal paradigm and cyber warfare is warranted. This article is a discourse analysis to examine the unique nature of cyberspace, the taxonomy and role of cyber operations in the modern-day strategic sphere, and how international law interprets different kind of cyber operations.

FEATURES OF THE FORMATION OF MILITARY TERMINOLOGY IN ROMAN LANGUAGES (ITALIAN AND FRENCH)

Statement of the problem. In recent decades, linguistics has seen a significant increase in interest in the study of special vocabulary. When preparing military translators, the task is to teach special vocabulary as part of the military sublanguage. This article is devoted to the consideration of the issue concerning the features of the formation of military terminology. Accuracy in the translation of military terminology is of paramount importance, since strategic decisions depend on it, the error in the adoption of which can be fatal. Knowledge of military terminology is the main component of training a military translator, which is reflected in the qualification requirements for training specialists in the field of "Linguistic support of military activities" and the corresponding professional competencies. Consideration of the features of the formation of military terminology in Italian and French from the point of view of an analytical comparison of methods of education in closely related languages is aimed at identifying both general trends and specific features due to cultural, historical and intra-linguistic reasons. Results. As the practice of training translators at the Military Training Center of Voronezh State University in 2008 - 2020 shows, training in the military language and special military terminology is at the heart of the training methodology for military translators. The search for solutions and methodology for the semantization of military vocabulary is designed to facilitate its assimilation and adequate translation. Since the development of military affairs in all countries is more or less the same, then military terminology is largely unified in different languages. An analysis of the methods of forming the military terminology of the Italian and French languages revealed their general properties and methods that do not depend on the language, as well as specific national features that are reflected in the military vocabulary. This study is based on official military-related materials issued by the Ministry of Defense of the French Republic, which are used in military translation classes, as well as materials from the Italian Ministry of Defense, electronic media related to military cooperation and international security. Conclusion. Summing up, it can be argued that overcoming difficulties in the assimilation and translation of military terminology can be achieved through regular practice and exercises developed in the form of a methodological guide - a logical continuation of this study. Professional military translation is impossible without mastering special vocabulary. The development of military terminology can take place, among other things, by studying the features of its education in different languages. The common characteristic features of the formation of military terminology in Italian and French are the original lexical fund, the frequent use of various abbreviations and a small number of foreign borrowings. In the compared military terminological systems of the Italian and French languages, there are also cases of discrepancies in the degree of detailing of military concepts. There are discrepancies in the terminological nomination, which are associated with belonging to the branch of the army, the peculiarities of the conduct of hostilities, etc. Thus, the French military vocabulary is full of eponyms of French origin, while the Italian language prefers borrowed ones.

ASKERÎ HAREKÂTIN EVRİMİ VE İSTİHBARAT, GÖZETLEME, KEŞİF FAALİYETLERİNİN DEĞİŞEN ARAÇLARI

Bu çalışmada, askerî harekâtın değişen yapısı ve koşulları çerçevesinde istihbaratın en temel fonksiyonlarından olan istihbarat, gözetleme ve keşif (İGK) faaliyetinin vasıtalarında ne gibi bir dönüşümünün yaşandığı incelenmiştir. Çalışma, teknolojinin askerî harekâtlarda yaratmış olduğu dönüşüm ile istihbarat görev ve sorumluluklarındaki değişime nasıl bir etki sağladığının İGK özelinde anlaşılması açısından önem arz etmektedir. Harekâtın yapısı ve karakteristiği değiştikçe istihbarata olan ihtiyaç paralel olarak artmıştır. Bu ihtiyacın giderilmesinde yine teknoloji önemli bir rol üstlenmiş ve istihbaratın vasıta ve fonksiyonlarında genişlemelere neden olurken, onun doğrulanabilirliğini, zamansallığını ve değerini artırmıştır. İGK faaliyetlerinin istihbarattaki yeri ise gelişen teknoloji ile bütünleşik ve kapsamlı bir anlayış kazanmıştır. Çalışmada nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden faydalanılarak mevcut teknolojilerin gelişim süreci tarihsel bir perspektifte incelenmiş, uzay ve hava boyutunda İGK unsurlarının ne gibi bir gelişme yaşandığı ve bu unsurların nasıl avantajlar/dezavantajlar sunduğu sorularına cevap aranmıştır. Bu sorulara bağlı olarak İGK faaliyetlerinin de araçsal olarak harekât yapısıyla paralel bir değişim yaşandığı bulgusuna ulaşılırken, yeni istihbarat vasıtalarının ortaya çıkması ile günümüz açısından en çok İHA’ların İGK konseptinde kullanılabilir olduğu değerlendirilmiştir.

Revolution in Military Affairs: The United States and Its Big Competitors

The term “Revolution in Military Affairs” (RMA) has been one of the most significant areas of study for international relations scholars during the last seventy years. Its interpretation is debatable. This paper, after approaching the matter theoretically, seeks to underline the main weaknesses of the American RMA along with their implications against the efforts of its main competitors, Russia, and China. The two, in the age of information technology, try to undermine their competitor’s advantages and manage to accomplish their own breakthrough in the field, with each displaying its own unique approach to the matter. Going full circle, some recommendations are suggested for the United States at the end.

PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS OF THE MILITARY‐TECHNICAL REVOLUTION OF THE XXI CENTURY

At the beginning of the XXI century the term military‐technical revolution (MTR) was increasingly used. The article presents its philosophical analysis and the history of its appearance, gives main features of revolutions, substantiates their number relying on analytical research in the field of hilosophy of society and in the field of philosophy of war, both domestic and foreign experts. The connection between revolution and technical and technological structure of society, on the one hand, and changes in the nature of modern warfare, terms and scale of the development of hostilities, on the other, is shown. Proceeding from traditional philosophical thoughts on philosophy of technology, author focused on transformations characteristic of modern warfare, the importance of ontological and anthropological factors in modern military affairs. Author relies on a wide illustrative material that made it possible to show changes in the sixth military‐technical revolution. As an example (a kind of Case study method), author examines nature of the use of unmanned aerial vehicles and robotic military systems in modern warfare. Based on specific material, author proves that the character of modern warfare is hybrid in nature, but hybridity itself is heterogeneous in nature. The latter made it possible to assert the existence of a transitional period between the sixth and the seventh military‐technical revolutions.

Evolusi Doktrin Pertahanan Indonesia sebagai Negara Maritim

Indonesia's foreign policy in the era of President Joko Widodo's administration focused on national maritime awareness. With its strategic geographic and geopolitical potential, it is realized that there are also potential threats. By using qualitative research method and the concept of Revolution on Military Affairs, this article discusses the increase and adjustment of national maritime defense posture, and also the changes in military doctrine that followed by strategic policies supporting the Revolution on Military Affairs in Indonesia as a maritime country.

In Battle and in Bed: Wanton Women and Women Warriors in Muslim and Christian Crusade Narratives

AbstractThis article analyses the parallel representations of enemy warrior women as sexually profligate and inappropriately martial in selected Latin and Arabic texts from the period of the first three crusades (late eleventh to late twelfth centuries). Cross‐cultural comparison of depictions of fighting women demonstrates that both cultures portrayed the other side as dominated, and thus undermined, by women who were unnaturally assertive in both sexual and military affairs. Both Muslim and Christian authors sexualised and militarised the bodies of enemy women in order to define which men were the strongest, best and most deserving of battlefield victory in the holy wars of crusade and jihad.

Kinematic projection in modern technologies

The trajectories and coordinates of unmanned aircrafts spatial location determination is researched with the help of kinematic projection means. The methodology offered below considers the formation of two mobile and independent kinematic projection centers raised into the air by drones. The electromagnetic radio waves emitted by them, penetrating an unknown aircraft object, form two independent projecting rays intersecting at the searched aircraft location point. In this case, the searched object spatial location instantaneous (at a certain point in time) point will be placed on an imaginary “picture plane” on a line connecting the points projections generated by drones interceptors projecting rays. As far as all of the projection objects in this case are movable, all the moving trajectory projection of the searched aircraft will be displayed on the monitor. The introduction of another “picture plane”, perpendicular to the main one, will help to build an axonometric mapping not only for projections, but also for the aircraft spatial movement trajectory itself. Each point of this trajectory gives an information about the “instantaneous” coordinates of the aircraft spatial location. The method of application of kinematic projection for display of a trajectory of movement and search of coordinates of moving objects is described. In kinematic projection, all its key components, namely the object, the center of projection, the image plane and the projecting rays, are in continuous motion with certain speeds and accelerations. Kinematic projection deepens the field of practical application of descriptive geometry. This is confirmed by the example of practical application of kinematic projection presented in the article for improvement of remote control of tillage equipment in automated land treatment complexes. The main technical support for the practical application of kinematic projection are stationary radio towers or unmanned aerial vehicles (BPLA), such as drones. They are equipped with video cameras and electromagnetic radiation devices. This equipment serves as a center of kinematic projection. The projecting rays generated by the projection center will be received by a stationary command post (center). It is equipped with a radar system (radar) and modern computer equipment with appropriate software. This equipment, in this case, performs the function of a “picture plane”, which will reflect the trajectory of agricultural machinery. Actuators and controls of the movement of tillage equipment are equipped with receivers of control radio waves and means of automated control. The use of kinematic projection helps to improve the quality of tillage. This is ensured by the fact that its use is carried out automatically and eliminates possible errors of operators. Kinematic projection can also be used in military affairs to detect enemy drones in the airspace. In this case, use a kind of kinematic projection with its two centers of generation of projecting rays. This is an example of the solution of the so-called “inverse problem” of kinematic projection, which provides the ability to search for the coordinates of the motion of the projected object at a known trajectory of its motion. The main advantage of kinematic projection is the ability to identify and display an object on a computer screen not only in a flat view, but also taking into account its spatial coordinates.

La industria española de defensa ante los nuevos conflictos: capacidades a aportar

Conflicts such as Nagorno-Karabakh, the Donbas, Libya, Syria and Yemen have shown that even in such different scenarios, the diffusion of the key advances that were at the heart of the Revolution in Military Affairs is a fact. Moreover, most of these advances are so well established that they are now in daily use not only by many states, but also by their proxies and even by transnational terrorist and criminal groups. This phenomenon is intimately associated with the erosion of US military superiority, a country that is seeing how the People's Republic of China or the Russian Federation, but also North Korea or Iran, are capable of challenging the former superpower. In this scenario, aware of the need to compensate for the advances made by the other players, the US has launched a series of initiatives, such as the Third Offset Strategy, aimed at achieving new technological and arms developments that could lead to a new Revolution in Military Affairs or, perhaps, a full-fledged Military Revolution. In this complex context, in which conflicts fought with inherited means will converge with new weapons, systems and platforms and with the entry into service of developments that we cannot yet imagine, the Spanish defence industry will have to struggle to survive, knowing that its main customer - the Spanish Ministry of Defence - is in a very delicate situation in terms of facing this new stage.

Emerging Technologies: Innovation, Demassification, Effectiveness, Revolutions In Military Affairs

Abstract While emerging technologies are generally incipient technologies, still under development, whose competitive impact is expected to be quite high and may have long-term strategic significance, by replacing current technologies with the potential to become key technologies, “emerging destructive technologies”designates the set of emerging technologies that are meant to be destructive and be used as methods, systems and techniques specific to war. And, since the great powers do not seem too willing to bury the hatchett of war, but use it in all geopolitical discourses, the destructive component of emerging technologies has become a catalyst for the innovative efforts of companies and states, which leave open great prospects for success in the lucrative business. The practice of emerging technologies so far has led to a change in the paradigm of warfare for many countries, to the conduct of remote warfare, to simultaneous and rather complicated hybrid actions, to the transformation of radio and television into modern instruments of psychological warfare. Emerging technologies with a destructive role are in the process of triggering new revolutions in the field of military affairs, resulting in the privatization of quality ideas incorporated in the means of combat, but also to dominate the market competition. Emerging technologies with a destructive effect propose for political decision makers: the decrease of human density on the battlefield, a modular articulated army with the possibility of ad-hoc summoning, a modern vision of the super-soldier, robotization and miniaturization of combat technique.

Weapon Sets of the Kushulevsky III Burial Ground of the Pyanobor Archaeological Culture

One of the important directions in the study of military affairs of the Pyanobor culture is the study of weapon sets. A set of weapons means armaments in a specific closed complex. Their study allows us to understand the degree of the population’s armament, its diversity, the demand for certain types of weapons. The problem of the research lies in the fact that such conclusions were made on the basis of an analysis of complexes with weapons from only one burial ground. It was for this reason that the decision was made to analyze the larger-scale necropolis of the Pyanobor culture, in which the number of those buried with items of weapons significantly exceeds those previously studied. This was the Kushulevsky III burial ground. The purpose of this article is to identify and analyze sets of weapons for male burials at the Kushulevsky III burial ground. It is also necessary to compare the data obtained on the weapon sets of the Kushulevsky III burial ground with the necropolises already studied in a similar way: the Okhlebininsky Kara-Abyz culture and the Yuldashevsky Pyanobor culture. It will be fundamentally important to identify the types of arrowheads from the burials of the Kushulevsky III burial ground.An explanatory model for reducing the number of horse bridle sets in military burials of the Pyanobor culture is also presented. In the specialized literature, these theoretical conclusions are described for the first time, which determines the novelty of this work. This work was made possible by the use of statistical calculations, the comparative historical method, as well as the methods of chronology and typology. The use of these techniques made it possible to establish the number of weapons items, their types, types of weapon sets, chronology, etc. The result of the work performed was a demonstration of the proximity of the weapon sets of the Pyanobor and Kara-Abyz cultures. In some cases, certain categories of weapons predominate, for example, bone arrowheads. In bladed weapons, the single-edged combat knife is the most used. In the same category of weapons, there is an electiveness and singularity of swords hitting the drunken population. The combination of a combat knife with a bow or spear forms a standardized complex of weapons of the Pyanobor culture.

“The condition most habitual with him, work”: David’s Portrait of Napoleon in His Cabinet at the Tuileries

Abstract In Napoleon in His Cabinet at the Tuileries (1811–1812), Jacques-Louis David designed a new portrait type wherein the emperor appears to have been up all night working for the welfare of his subjects, furthering the legend of an indefatigable administrator. This essay explores the relationship between Scottish patron and French artist in the fulfilment of a commission, the process of working through post-revolutionary consular and imperial modes of portraiture, the references to civil and military affairs meant to affirm public reports about the emperor’s administrative accomplishments, and the conversation about the relative value of status and money as compensation appropriate for the achievement of a new portrait identity. Despite the brilliant subtlety of David's conceit, Napoleon was content to continue to subsidize the overblown imperialist rhetoric of François Gérard and others.

Shooting for the Stars: Collaborative Design for Space Education

This paper demonstrates how the purposeful application of design thinking, as a participatory research method for envisioning and developing education, can shape important educational outcomes. A diverse team of scholars and practitioners used the design process to research, create, present, and re-research Professional Military Education (PME) with the newly-formed U.S. Space Force (USSF) as the community partner. As an emerging skillset in military affairs, design thinking was used to meet the USSF’s current environmental and organizational challenges, to develop and support innovators, and to emphasize key mechanisms for maintaining continuous advantage. Over ten weeks, the interdisciplinary team used a design research approach to form, develop, and refine space education concepts and systems with rapid iterations of search and research, sketching and discarding, redistributing, and incorporating community feedback. This paper presents the theoretical advantages to a design approach, challenges identified in existing PME, and how a design research process is well suited to meet the specific challenges of complex, interdisciplinary, and rapidly evolving research areas. The bulk of the paper outlines how the Research Lead assembled the Design Research Team, the rinse and repeat of the furiously-paced research process, the “undisciplined” approach to ideas, and how the Team engaged with stakeholders and the Community Partner. The case study provides a “nuts-and-bolts” account of how to successfully build a team-of-teams from networks of scholars and practitioners and, in a short amount of time, provide community partners with well-researched, stakeholder-informed, viable options for innovative education. Insights from the design research process include the lesson that strategic innovation is possible and an inherently human-centered endeavor. Furthermore, partnering with academic and practitioner networks allows community partners to focus their scarce resources on their most pressing needs. Finally, the design process is ideal for community-engaged research; however, the design process can be uncomfortable for participants accustomed to working alone, with longer timelines, or with more institutional direction.

Preparation technics and application of expanded graphite

The research of application, preparation technics, structure and properties for expanded graphite were summarized, and their developing t rends w ere also expected in this paper. The preparation technics of low-temperature expansible graphite, non-sulfur expansible graphite and expanded graphite compound materials synthesized by chemical oxidation, electrochemistry, microwave, detonation or gaseous volatilization were introduced mostly. The investigation actuality and application foreground of expanded graphite materials were summarized and analyzed in their applied fields of airproof, flame retardant, lubricant, environment, catalysis, military affairs and medicine.

Центральное и местное управление в условиях военного времени: участие Перми Великой в формировании ополчения против тушинцев в конце 1608 – начале 1609 года

Introduction. The process of forming zemstvo militias in defense of Tsar V.I. Shuisky and the whole country in the Moscow state began in late 1608 – early 1609 at the height of the confrontation between the Moscow and Tushino political regimes. The article examines the role of the government of V.I. Shuisky in governing the state, in particular, Perm the Great, and the participation of this remote region in military affairs. Researchers have merely addressed this aspect and come to opposite judgments. Methods and materials. We have a large complex of zemstvo correspondence at our disposal, preserved in the archives of the Solikamsk district court. Many documents were published as early as the 19th century but their detailed analysis was not carried out. Clarification of the dating and reconstruction of information both about the documents that have come down to us and the documents only mentioned, the introduction of unpublished acts into circulation allows us to restore the true picture of events. A fund-by-fund study was carried out by the method of mutual correspondence of documents. Analysis. In the course of the research, it was revealed that the first of the initiative documents that reached the Great Perm about the support of Tsar V.I. Shuisky in military affairs were formal replies from Galich and Vologda. Perm clerks F.P. Akinfov and N. Romanov received them on December 15, 1608, and they were read by the whole world. Active gatherings of military men in Perm the Great began only after January 1, 1609, when a list with a sovereign letter was brought to the Galicians. At that time the territory of Perm the Great consisted of 3 counties: Cherdyn, Solikamsk, Kaigorod. By January 10, 1609, the first gathering ended and 20 military men of Soli Kamskaya left on the way to Moscow. In Kaigorodok they were robbed, carts and weapons were taken away, the headman and worldly people did not give new carts in the ship’s hut, as a result they could not continue their journey, and there was a delay. In February, together with 20 Kaigorod military men, they moved on. On March 1, 1609, 50 Cherdynians left Perm the Great. The war men of Perm the Great came to Vologda at the end of March 1609 and were assigned to further service in the militia. Results. The article shows that the complete blockade of Moscow in the fall of 1608 did not materialize. However, regular communication between Moscow and the cities of Pomorie was disrupted. For the period from January 1 to mid-April 1609 in Perm the Great on behalf of Tsar V.I. Shuisky received 5 decree letters from the Novgorod discharge order on the issue of collecting military men and sending them to Moscow to fight the Tushin people, and 3 executive orders from the Novgorod quarter order on the sovereign’s treasury and sending bread to Siberian cities for salaries to service people. These documents were direct orders of the supreme power and were perceived by the order people in Perm the Great as a guide to action. In addition to them, the zemstvo correspondence with the nearest cities made it possible to find out news about the military events taking place in the country. The clerk Fedor Petrovich Akinfov and the clerk Naum Romanov tried to carry out the orders of the tsar, but they did not always manage to do this as quickly as was expected of them. There is no reason to consider the resulting delay in the dispatch of the Perm military men as unwillingness of the orderly people appointed from Moscow for 2–3 years to participate in the support of Tsar V. Shuisky and the Zemstvo movement. The delay is more likely due to the lack of clear administrative management at the local level: if in Soli Kamskoy they quickly responded to the request and sent 20 military men, then in Kaigorodok they began to put up obstacles not only in the form of robbery, but also at the level of mundane self-government, not obeying the regional leadership.