Military Affairs Research Articles

THE CHANGES IN ENSURING THE MILITARY SECURITY ACTIONS

The security and military-strategy landscape of countries worldwide is undergoing significant changes. Following these changes, traditional hard power policies have evolved in terms of content and manifestation, giving rise to the concept of a "New cold war." This new approach utilizes information technology, economic actions, and political pressure methods and tactics, significantly decreasing the budget and costs associated with traditional warfare. The new Cold War approach emphasizes the use of new technologies, information space, and political and economic actions. As global defense costs rise, the strategy's content and objectives are constantly evolving. The traditional hard power policy has evolved into a new Cold War. This article will specifically consider the new trends in the changes in military affairs and I will provide my opinion and conclusions. The initial phase of the emerging Cold War is primarily unfolding in the realm of information in cyberspace. It focused on strategically targeting social and political arenas with goal of the weakening the societal and economic structures. The countries around the world view basis of the potential threats as information warfare, psychological operations, economic coercion, internal governance challenges, transnational criminal organizations, and environmental degradation influenced by external factors. In this reason, the military strategy and security policy will prioritize anticipating and preventing risks. The science of security has evolved to focus on potential challenges and risks, regulating development policies to ensure existence. Due to these evolving factors, the field of security has transformed into a science of Security of existence, with a greater emphasis on anticipating challenges and risks and shaping development policies.

Перелом в войне за испанское наследство 1701-1714 гг.: Дунайская военная кампания 1704 года

The purpose of this article is to identify the peculiarities of Western European military affairs as illustrated by a particular campaign of the War of Spanish Succession (1701-1714). The article is of interest in light of comparing military affairs of Western Europe and Russia at the beginning of the 18th century, military art during the War of Spanish Succession (1701-1714) and the Great Northern War (1700-1721). Scientific novelty: the study presents an episode of Western European military history not yet reflected in domestic historiography, combat operations between Franco-Bavarian troops and the allied army under the command of John Marlborough on the Danube theater of war in the summer of 1704. The study is carried out with wide use of memoir, epistolary and documentary sources. During the 1704 campaign on the Danube and in Bavaria, such typical features of the military art of the 18th century were manifested as excessive dependence on supplies and logistics, positional expectant nature of hostilities, their indecision and false methodism. As a result of the study, the author came to the conclusion that the Franco-Bavarian coalition was more inclined towards the canons of the military strategy that had developed by the beginning of the 18th century. It operated within the framework of positional maneuver tactics, enthusiasm for fighting on communications, demonstrating wait-and-see and passivity. French marshals were distinguished by their adherence to the template and therefore were predictable and expected. Unlike the enemy, John Marlborough and Eugene of Savoy managed to break out of the generally accepted tactical canons. During the 1704 campaign, they showed swiftness and offensive character, imposed a decisive aggressive struggle on the enemy, the culmination of which was a resounding victory at Blenheim on August 13, 1704.

Research on the Image Shaping of Members of the Communist Party of China in Red Star over China from the Perspective of the Other

The Red Star Over China written by Edgar Snow is the first book written by a foreign author to record the Red Army in the Soviet area. This book not only truthfully and objectively portrays the image of the communists during the Yan'an period through Snow's perspective as the other, but also serves as an effective medium for propagating the real Chinese Communist Party and its members from the other's viewpoint during the period of the Anti-Japanese War. From the perspective of others, Snow used the transformation of narrative perspectives and contrast to show the characteristics of CPC members in political ideology, military affairs, daily life, and other aspects, and creates a series of unique communists who are different from the old and other parties. Male CPC members are firm in faith and invincible in courage, female CPC members are as powerful as men, "red devils" have strong self-esteem and strong ability, and leaders are both wise and brave and empathic with their subordinates. Snow, because of his own unique characteristics and value judgment, creates an objective, real and vivid three-dimensional image from the perspective of the other.

List of wounded soldiers of Abraham Leslie's Regiment as a source for the history of military affairs and medicine mid-17th century

List of wounded soldiers of Abraham Leslie's Regiment as a source for the history of military affairs and medicine mid-17th century

View for a future of UAVs in military applications

One of the most stable trends in recent years is the increase in the number of robotic equipment and complexes, primarily complexes with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The purpose of the work is to conduct a study of the prospects for military use of UAVs. The directions of the use of UAVs in military affairs are presented, as well as a list of scientific studies that need to be carried out for more effective use of UAVs. The presented material can be used to form programs for the development of military UAVs.

The Real and the Ideal: The Field of the Asia Minor Expedition as Memoryscape and the Politics of Collective Memory

Abstract: In the summer of 1921, the Greek armies had succeeded in occupying part of Greece's claimed territories in Asia Minor. Although the outcome of the Greco-Turkish war had yet to be decided, the Greek minister of military affairs proposed that a public war memorial park be constructed in Athens, a park-monument where the Asia Minor locations under Greek control would be presented metonymically. The project, visualized on a detailed map, foresaw the transport of ancient Greek antiquities from Asia Minor and their selective positioning in the park so as to create a spatio-temporal miscellany. In the proposed memorial park, space, time, and Greek antiquity were to produce a new locus, a memoryscape, that went beyond existing frontiers and outside experienced time. The plan to create a cultural mnemonic marker monumentalizing the Asia Minor Campaign sought not only to shape the national identity but also to proclaim and promote Greece's demand for annexation of the Asia Minor territories.

Determining of correlation relationship between angular elements of external orientation

The current state of development of science and technology definitely influenced the introduction of UAVs in various areas of economic development and military affairs. And this trend, since it brought positive results, will continue to grow. Therefore, the study of UAV capabilities, both design and operational, is a necessary component. The authors proposed a new algorithm for processing the results of digital shooting and determining the dependencies of the influence of the angular elements of the external orientation (EEO) of the images, which will make it possible to significantly improve the accuracy of the searched terrain coordinates. One of the main requirements for aircraft-type UAVs used in aerial surveying is absolutely horizontal flight. That is, maintaining the minimum angles of inclination of the external orientation of the images. And so, the idea arose to find the correlation coefficients between them when modeling the angles of inclination α and ω relative to the fixed angle ϰ (since this angle is actually compensated with the help of an aero device). So, if there is such a dependence, then based on the values of these values, it is possible to introduce a correction in the design of a micro-UAV and thereby increase stability during horizontal flight. Everything will depend on the value of the correlation coefficient: the larger it is, the more significant the possibility of improvement in the design of the UAV. Such modifications can be the displacement of the center of gravity of the structure, the profile and quantitative parameters of the plane, the shape of the fuselage, etc. The application of this direction will lead to the determination of the exact parameters of the EEO, since the installation of an accurate stabilization system and the determination of the angular EEO images (INS) on these devices is not possible, since there are often restrictions on the loading of UAVs. Regarding the determination of linear EEO, the issue can be solved by installing a dual-frequency GPS receiver on the UAV, which will allow obtaining the coordinates of the projection centers with an accuracy of 1–2 cm. The refinement of the EEO of digital images leads to an increase in the accuracy of the spatial coordinates of object points.

Crusade, Culture, and Conflict: The Evidence of Monastic Miscellanies

Abstract “Later” crusading has become a vibrant field in recent years, with a concern for our core theme, “patterns of conflict and negotiation,” at its center. Often, and rightly enough, those patterns have been focused on matters of high politics and diplomacy, military affairs, papal propaganda, and more. The approach adopted here complements these efforts by modulating their perspectives. This article explores patterns of conflict and negotiation as they played out in the realms of crusading experience, culture, and memory in the wake of the fall of Constantinople (1453) and the siege of Belgrade (1456). It does so through the lens of those particularly rich, but also challenging, fifteenth-century manuscript sources known as “miscellanies.”

Research on the Relationship between Ideology and Social Governance

This study delves into the complex relationship between ideology and social governance, particularly in the context of modern society. Using Emperor Justinian I of the Byzantine Empire as a case study, it examines the role of ideology in social governance and the underlying strategies and motivations. Analyzing the circumstances of Justinian I's reign, the study uncovers clues in his decisions across the domains of art, military affairs, governance, and religion. Through the use of art, Justinian I constructed an image of imperial supremacy, employed military strategies to ensure national security, enacted legislation to strengthen central authority, and promoted religious unity to foster national cohesion. These strategies reflect the shaping and maintenance of social governance through ideology while revealing how social governance influences ideology, resulting in a complex and mutually influential dynamic relationship. This research offers several recommendations for further exploration of the intricate connection between ideology and social domination. It advocates a deep understanding of relevant theories, historical case studies, and contemporary societal analysis. Interdisciplinary, comparative research with various methodologies and active participation in academic discourse are encouraged. The critical reflection is emphasized to maintain academic objectivity. By comprehensively analyzing the historical case of Justinian I, this study provides valuable insights for contemporary discussions within the realms of society and politics, especially in the current landscape marked by ideological divisions, populist movements, and global political challenges. Understanding the dynamics of ideology and social governance is of paramount significance in the modern world.

Implementation of the emerging and disruptive technologies as the key to technological superiority in modern warfare

The relevance of article is due to the fact that in the conditions of confrontation between countries different in terms of resources, strength of the army and number of weapons, military superiority over the enemy are achieved by using asymmetric and hybrid actions with using innovative high-tech weapons and C4ISR. The search for innovative approaches to the management of troops, new methods of using both traditional types of weapons and new ones created onunconventional physical principles, the introduction of the emerging technologies is an urgent need for the development of the Ukraine defense capabilities - the key to technological superiority in modern warfare. Today, most of the developed countries pay considerable attention to scientific research on the emerging and disruptive technologies, strive to maintain advantages in this field. Based on this, the research of promising scientific and technical trends and determining the potential of their application in military affairs is an important scientific and practical tasks that must be solved. The leading approach to solving this problematic issue is the use of the results of the analysis of scientific publications, reports of leading international security institutions, the use of statistical methods of scientometric and patent analysis, as well as the assessment of the level of attention or expectations. The article presents the results of a systematic analysis of existing technological trends, the most significant new and breakthrough technologies, as well as an assessment of their impact on the sphere of security and defense. A certain author's view on the possibilities of using such technologies is offered. The materials of the article are of practical significance for specialists who are responsible for the formation of directions of scientific and scientific-technical activity, the introduction of innovations and the emerging technologies in the activities of the defense-industrial complex.

Possibilities and Preparations for AI Driven Revolution in Military Affairs

Possibilities and Preparations for AI Driven Revolution in Military Affairs

Cross Domain Deterrence in Asia Pacific and Indian Ocean Region

Deterrence as a concept is deeply rooted in human nature and for a considerable time it was contested and jilted, yet it resurfaced in one way or the other. Nuclear weapons became the backbone of the concept of Deterrence. Due to the inherent dynamism of Revolution in Military Affairs, the supremacy of Nuclear is being challenged with the advent of the latest technologies which are acting as enablers and disruptors. The concept of Cross DomainDeterrence emerged a decade ago, took shape, and entered the strategic lexicon. It has enablers and drivers, while a gradual shift in this direction is visible. While remaining within the ambit of complex interdependence theory given by Robert O Keohane and Joseph S Nye. This article examines the applicability of Cross-Domain Deterrence in the Asia Pacific and Indian Ocean Region focusing on the US, China, India, and Pak to identify the need to look beyond the horizon and embrace the change.

A STUDY OF THE IMPACT OF RUSSIA-U.S. RELATIONS AFTER THE RUSSIA-UKRAINE CONFLICT FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF CHINESE SCHOLARS

Since the outbreak of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict, the complexity of the conflict between Russia and the West has become more and more serious, with far-reaching effects on global politics, economy and military affairs. As a direct and indirect participant in this conflict, Russia and the United States, the Russia-Ukraine conflict has an important impact on their relations. Chinese scholars are very concerned about the impact of the Russia-Ukraine conflict on the direction of Russia-U.S. relations, and discuss the post-cold war period, the reasons why the Ukraine issue affects the development of Russia-U.S. relations, and the prospects for the development of Russia-U.S. relations after the Russia-Ukraine conflict. It is believed that the structural contradictions existing in the post-cold war period in Russia-US relations, mainly manifested in the competition between Russia and the United States for the dominance of Russia's neighboring regions, the difference in the development path between Russia and the United States and the security dilemma; the geopolitical significance of Ukraine, the post-cold war period of Russia and Ukraine Cold War thinking continued to influence the Russian-Ukrainian conflict on the Russian-US relations is of great significance; as well as the strategic goals of Russia and the United States, etc., the impact of the Russian-Ukraine conflict on the Russian-US relations after the conflict. The impact of Russia-Ukraine conflict on Russia-U.S. relations is analyzed and researched.

ON EDUCATIONAL INNOVATIONS IN TRAINING COMMAND MILITARY PERSONNEL IN THE 12th ULYANOVSK RED BANNER INFANTRY SCHOOL DURING THE MILITARY REFORM OF 1925 (based on the local press)

The author’s research focus is on the Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Army (Red Army) of the mid-1920s. After completion of the Civil War in 1922, the Soviet Union began a series of major transformations of the military sphere of the society, caused not only by defense, but also by socio-economic reasons. The supporters of building a new socialist society in Russia, who won the long-term armed confrontation, resolutely refused to maintain a large and expensive conscription army and gradually, from 1923, began to move towards creating an army based on a territorial militia system of recruiting troops. The military organization formed in this way made it possible to spend significantly less financial and material resources on its maintenance than earlier. In January 1925, the outstanding Soviet military commander M.V. Frunze was appointed the chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR and People’s Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs; continuing the reform initiated by his predecessor L.D. Trotsky, M.V. Frunze paid special attention, in particular, to making changes to the system of training the command personnel of the Red Army. The purpose of the study is to analyze the features of training and educating the command personnel for the Red Army in 1925 on the example of the 12th Ulyanovsk Infantry school of command staff (hereinafter – the 12th Ulyanovsk twice Red Banner Infantry school named after V.I. Lenin). Materials and methods. The author uses problem-analytical and chronological research methods; the source base of the work is primarily Ulyanovsk newspapers of 1925. Study results. The author points out that by the mid-1920s, the system of training command personnel did not meet modern requirements of the Red Army command at that time. With the beginning of the military reform in 1925, the military educational institution under study was actively involved in the updated military pedagogical process and very often became a place for the introduction of new solutions and the implementation of pedagogical innovations. Conclusions. During the reform, the 12th Ulyanovsk Infantry School was a military educational institution where educational, military-scientific and party-political work was actively carried out. At this, the school sought to improve the academic performance of military students, and also paid attention to the pedagogical training of the command staff. In 1925, in the practice of its activities, educational innovations that were original for their time appeared; new forms and methods of training and educating the command personnel were formed.

Military affairs in the Golden Horde and Turan: a comparative analysis

The purpose of the article is a historical reconstruction of the most important components of the military affairs of the Golden Horde and Turan, their comparative analysis, establishment of common features and differences, as well as clarification of the social and military-technical reasons that led to the military defeat and subsequent decline of Ulus Juchi. The research methodology, in addition to observing the principles of objectivity and historicism, consisted in the consistent application of the historical comparative method, its heuristic, analytical, descriptive functions and the function of identifying borrowings and influences. The scientific novelty is contained in the systematic application of a comparative analysis of the military affairs in Ulus Juchi and in the state of Timur, revealing the effectiveness of transfers and durability of elements of the military art of the Mongolian and Turkic ethnic communities. Conclusions. The author has found the military affairs of the Genghisids to be based on Mongolian military traditions and experience. Decimal system and the left-right arms and the center structuring underlay the military organization of the countries. Golden Horde and Ulus Chagatai preserved general military duty. Mobilization resource comprised hundreds of thousands of prepared warriors called horse-soldiers. The paper has identified that the would-be reinforcement training was naturally held in professional and living environments of the Nomads. It was battue hunting that played a significant role in military organization and tactics. The armies of Golden Horde and Turan consisted of light and heavily armed cavalry. The article has demonstrated that the Tymur’s infantry was of great importance and performed special vital urgent tasks but supporting role. Being a general, Tymur among the followers of Mongolian war principal was the first to take notice of the new tendency in military affairs. The army of Golden Horden was proved to successfully know the Nomads’ basic tactical techniques – “round dance”, “crow’s flock”, “shiuchi” and “tulgam”. “Tulgama” known as bypassing the enemy from one or two flanks and getting behind his lines when battling, was the most effective tactical military instrument of the Genghisids states. The Turan army lead by Tymur, was able to contrast “tulgama” with their own organizational and tactical innovations. Tymur covered cavalry corps of the left and right arms were by “canbulas” – protective corps with the number no less than the main divisions. Their clear task included to prevent the enemy’s cavalry from going around from the flanks. They fought together with the vanguard corps. The most important Tymur’s innovation was introducing a powerful rearguard – a corps of patches of twenty koshuns. Unlike the Golden Horde warriors, Tymur enriched the Mongolian art of war with systemic use of reserves. The paper has found that military organization of Golden Horde and Turan was tightly connected with the social structure. In the middle of the 14th century Ulus Dzhuchi survived the political crises “Great Confusion” that provoked increasing of centrifugal motion. After political anarchy, uluses were assigned to the Juchid clans. Bekliarbek (a stoker) position creation was a sign of feudalization and central power weakening in Golden Horde. The way Khan Tokhtamysh had distributed suurgals (patches) in order to increase the number of his adherents, didn’t bring power consolidation, but loose it contrariwise. In the Tokhtamysh army it was revealed with commanders (oglans and beks) betrayal. The Tymur’s state was in the ascendancy; allowance of uluses and suurgals was developed with establishing clear and definite military duties. Feudalization tendency hadn’t appeared clearly in Turan yet. That lead to more solidarity and motivation of the Tymur’s army in his resistance with Tokhtamysh.

Organizational and methodological principles of orienteering competitions within the framework of the Shoulder-to-Shoulder All-Ukrainian School Leagues project

The article systematizes materials related to the organization and conduct of orienteering competitions in the conditions of a modern school. The authors focus on the fact that orienteering has a wide range of applications in various spheres of activity: sports, education, travel, military affairs. Special emphasis is placed on the practicality and accessibility of the use of this sport in competitions among schoolchildren. For the first time, an algorithm for organizing and conducting school orienteering competitions was developed.
 It is noted that the organization and conduct of orienteering competitions in wartime conditions has a number of peculiarities. Observance of safety measures, lack of methodical materials, as well as insufficient level of material and technical support of schools made it necessary to find available forms of organization of orienteering competitions. The result of the search was the development and approval of unified tasks that can be used at any location, even in the absence of a special map or scheme for orienteering. In addition, the authors suggested using the existing infrastructure (sports hall, school building, school yard) for orienteering competitions.
 Thanks to this research, a wide range of possibilities regarding the organization of trainings and competitions of the participants of the Shoulder-to-Shoulder All-Ukrainian School Leagues project was revealed. In addition, the developed methodical materials became the foundation of the educational and methodical film “Orienteering. The elementary level of education”, which was released in the second half of February 2024. This made it possible to expand access to methodological materials for a wide audience of specialists in the field of orienteering and physical education teachers.

Military Education and Military-Physical Training of Schoolchildren in the Chkalovsk (Orenburg) Region During the Great Patriotic War

The relevance of studying the problem of military education and military physical training of schoolchildren of the Chkalovsky (Orenburg) region during the Great Patriotic War has scientific, practical and cognitive significance, since the study of this topic reveals the regional aspect of the problem.The purpose of the study is to study military education and military physical training of school students of the Chkalov (Orenburg) region during the war as a scientific problem.The objectives are a systematic analysis of military training and military-physical training of schoolchildren in the region during the war period, revealing the difficulties and complexities of solving this problem.The methodology of the work is based on following the principles of historicism, consistency and objectivity. Both general scientific methods of cognition (analysis, synthesis) and special historical methods were used: problemchronological, comparative historical.Results. During the Great Patriotic War, the issue of organizing military-physical training of high school students on a large state scale became particularly acute. It was thanks to the purposeful and coordinated work of all authorities to solve this problem in the schools of the country, including the Chkalov region, that relatively prepared reinforcements arrived in the troops.Conclusion. With the outbreak of the war, there was a practical need for students to undergo military training while still at school, since many after graduation entered the active army. Although this work was launched in the prewar years, but in the conditions of the Great Patriotic War it took on a full-scale character. The country's leadership was able to build in extreme conditions a fairly effective system of training young people for military trials, as close as possible to combat. However, the solution to this problem has caused a number of difficulties in the Chkalov region: incomplete staffing of schools with military instructors and teachers of military affairs; low general education and pedagogical training of some of them; staff turnover; insufficient material provision of schools with sports, gymnastics and military equipment. However, these problems were gradually resolved over the course of the war.

BEYOND OTTOMAN HISTORY: THE CARAMOUSSALS AND THE EARLY MODERN MEDITERRANEAN

The article is concerned with a class of early modern Ottoman vessels, known as caramoussals. It reveals an ignored aspect of their past by providing evidence for the fact that these ships were owned, traded and used outside the boundaries of the Ottoman world. While historians have so far used available sources to determine the part played by caramoussals in Ottoman economic and military affairs, this paper refers to several neglected sources revealing the acquisition and capture of these vessels by Western Christians in order to reuse them. This explains their presence on the sea routes linking Western Europe to the Ottoman Empire, as well as on the domestic routes of some of the Mediterranean maritime powers, such as Venice. The sources analyzed here emphasize the topic as being relevant not only to Ottoman maritime history, but also to the history of early modern Mediterranean. Thus, they serve as an incentive to a comprehensive study of caramoussals within the framework of Mediterranean maritime history..

Globalization and National Security: Unraveling the Multifaceted Nexus

Globalization, a complex process, introduced by Swapsy in 2006, is understood as being more than economic integration impacting political, social, and cultural dimensions at the global scale. The security at the national level is the main focus of this paper. The paper looks at the following issues including; state sovereignty, the dynamics of the military, economic stability, social unity, environmental sustainability and the controlling information. With modernity, the idea of sovereignty is put to test; states need to find the balance between their autonomy and global involvement. The interlink age of societies influence the dynamics of military affairs, economic security, social peace and stability, and environmental sustainability. Information crossing borders makes the question of national security; it causes trouble to control mechanisms. Economic globalization has created differences against developed and capital rich countries with the aid of the transnational entities. The main focus of the study lays on the necessity of hybrid strategy in order to respond to the shifting features of national security which are present in the context of globalized world. Keywords: Globalization, Security of a State, Sovereignty, Military Dynamics, Stability of Economy, Societal Integration, and Environmental Security.

Representation of the program model using predicates

The object of research in this article is the process of modeling programs and their subsequent development. The purpose of this article is to develop a methodology for describing and building software models in the form of nondeterministic finite automat. To achieve this goal, a task was set to improve the method for describing such models using predicates based on the MODEL CHECKING technology. The result of this article is a method for describing and presenting program models directly according to the chosen algorithm using predicates. If the program algorithm is chosen and described correctly, the resulting model should also be correct. The model will be a non-deterministic state machine that will not require further checking, as provided by the MODEL CHECKING technology. Structurally, the model will represent a special database, the processing of which will allow turning the model into a program in any procedural programming language. When developing parallel programs that are widely used for control in aviation, land transport, military affairs, etc., two additional states of the automaton are introduced into the model, which take into account the features of such programs. Therefore, a state monitor is provided for access to shared resources and a state protocol to process parallel branches of the program. To describe the algorithm of the program, we propose to present it in the form of a connected sequence of certain actions using predicates with the use of extended temporal logic. This description covers both the logic of the program and its branches and the specific actions at each location of the program model. With the help of this methodology, a program model of a stack algorithm was developed, which is the main component for the future automated system of processing the description of program models. The program which was created according to this technology, is currently in the testing and verification stage. The sequence of processing steps of such a model is shown in the example of a floating-point constant translation program. This program is also created using this technology in the target language assembly, has been fully tested, and has shown its functionality. This description covers both the logic of the program with its branches and the specific actions at each location of the application model. Conclusions: with a correct description of the program algorithm, an adequate model of it is built, with the help of which the program itself is created in the target procedural programming language. Note that in the conditions of the rapid development of management and control automation systems in various spheres of human activity, research on the creation of reliable based on the description of their models is an urgent problem.004.414.23:510.637