Military Affairs Research Articles

Investigation of means of counteracting optical channels of information leakage using UAVs

The article provides a brief overview of systems for detecting and countering unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), which can be used, among other things, to intercept information via an optical channel. Currently, small UAVs are widely used for unauthorized surveillance of important objects, carrying out terrorist attacks and sabotage, carrying prohibited goods, as well as in military affairs. In this regard, the task of countering UAVs, especially small UAVs, has been updated. The problem of countering UAVs, in particular, small UAVs, is multifaceted and has not yet been effectively resolved. An analysis of publications shows that there are quite a few analytical articles in this area, especially in the Russian-speaking segment. Most of the works are dominated by overly optimistic conclusions regarding the effectiveness of countering UAVs with existing means. Objective. Research and review of systems for countering and suppressing UAVs, as well as an assessment of the distance from which it is possible to recognize information of a different nature. Results. The article presents the results of the analysis of various systems for countering and suppressing unmanned aerial vehicles. Analysis of the sources made it possible to identify the basic principles of operation of UAV countermeasure systems. To date, the Russian segment of the market has quite effective countermeasure systems that allow combating UAVs without damaging the infrastructure of the protected facility. Also in the course of the research, theoretical calculations were made of the range of recognition of text and a person's face using a camera that can be installed on a mini-UAV.

Emerging Cyber Security Threats: India’s Concerns and Options

It has been believed that cyber power, along with conventional aspects such as economic resources and political will, is becoming a key component of national power. According to this logic, the country that can best lead and control cyber power would be more powerful than others. Cyber terrorism has arisen as a new phenomenon in India and investigations about terror attacks revealed the cyber terrorism trials. Furthermore, the reliance of government organizations, businesses, economic operations, and military affairs on Information and Communication Technology (ICT) demands the inclusion of cyber technology in strategic calculations. So, this essay recons to building cyber power capacity may be used as a tool of Indian foreign policy, leveraging the experience and human resources in the area, as well as enhancing local and global cyber cooperation.

A Review on Wire-Driven Flexible Robot Manipulators

Background: At present, with the rapid development of technology in medical treatment and rescue, how to reduce the operation complexity caused by limited space has become one of the hot topics. For example, in search and rescue, it is difficult for people to enter these high-risk areas due to various restricted geographic environments. During some medical treatment processes, minimally invasive surgery is difficult to operate because of its small incision. In order to solve these problems, a kind of Wire-Driven Flexible Robot Manipulator (WDFRM) has been developed. The WDFRMs have better flexibility and greater degrees of freedom (DOF) than the traditional rigid manipulators, and play an important role in these extreme operation fields. Objective: The paper aims to report the latest progress in the studies of the WDFRMs, and provides a reference for readers in this field. Method: By summarizing various productions and patents related to the WDFRMs, the structural characteristics, differentiations, applications of the WDFRMs are proposed. Results: Different types of WDFRMs are compared, analyzed, and classified according to their structural characteristics and supporting mode. The technical problems of the WDFRMs are pointed out, and the future development direction of this research field is predicted. Conclusion: According to their structural characteristics, the research shows that WDFRMs can be divided into Wire-Driven Serpentine Flexible Robot Manipulators (WDSFRMs) and Wire-Driven Continuum Flexible Robot Manipulators (WDCFRMs). WDFRMs will have more applications in medical treatment, rescue, and military affairs. The structure, stiffness and accuracy of the WDFRMs still need to be improved continuously.

Challenges of Nuclear Deterrence Stability in South Asia

The interplay of several international, regional, and local factors poses daunting challenges for deterrence stability in South Asia. The emerging revolution in the military affairs compounded with prolonged crises vis-à-vis the absence of any conflict resolution mechanism between India and Pakistan; the nuclear deterrence is budding a fragile relationship between the two nuclear-armed pugnacious belligerents of South Asia. The Indian aspirations to accumulate maximum power based on its strategic partnerships with the technologically advanced countries in the world are characterized by the classic Indian strategic thinking to establish its leadership in the region. At the same time, Pakistan’s reliance on China in its quests for acquiring military hardware required for the deterrence equation seemingly remains insatiable within the framework of the stability–instability paradox. Without a holistic analysis of the political and strategic challenges, casus belli of the crises, and nuclear command and control systems dynamics between the two, it would amount to a petitio principii to draw theoretical assumptions. Therefore, this study attempts to comprehensively explain the phenomena by analyzing the challenges of nuclear deterrence stability in South Asia at different levels.

THE ROLE OF INTELLIGENCE IN MAINTAINING COMBAT POWER DURING CONTEMPORARY MILITARY OPERATIONS

The contemporary security environment is undergoing periodical radical changes in which more and more diversified threats are emerging, determining that the age in which we live is marked by crises of a different nature. That is why the use of intelligence has become a concern of military and political decision makers, especially in terms of its integration into combat functions to ensure and maintain a high combat capability and thus the combat power necessary to achieve objectives / mission. The peculiarities and specific features of modern / contemporary military conflicts, as well as the influence of technological evolution or, as specialists call it, the revolution in military affairs has led to changes including in the field of military intelligence, which is essential to keep up with the present and anticipate the future. These changes have led to changes in the place and role of military intelligence in the military phenomenon, changes in doctrines, techniques, tactics and procedures, and the readjustment of requirements to the changes applied. Military intelligence structures must be conceptually integrated and not only with the other collection capabilities of the National Defence System, Public Order and National Security.

A Study on the Multi-Domain Environment and Revolution in Military Affairs of the Korean Military

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact of the technology of the fourth industrial revolution on the changes in the operational environment, and present the operational employment concept and military buildup related directions of the Korean armed forces in accordance with the changed operational environment in terms of revolution in military affairs. Method: The existing studies of domestic and foreign academics on combat domain, fourth industrial revolution, revolution in military affairs, and joint operations, etc., and the literature focused on research papers published by the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Army were explored. Based on which, the historical evolution process of technology and domain was examined, and after deriving the evolutionary direction of the field that the fourth industrial revolution will bring, an exploratory approach was attempted to present the joint operational concept and military buildup related direction in line with the characteristics of the new domain. Results: The impact of the fourth industrial revolution across all sectors of society is reflected in the military field as well, fundamentally changing the concept of weapon systems and military operations. The advancement of military science and technology is creating a multi-domain environment by expanding the cross domain. In such a multi-domain environment, joint operations ought to include not only the integrated operation of traditional military types, but also the integrated operation of the domain at the same time. Furthermore, it was confirmed that in order to secure cross domain capabilities appropriate for the multi-domain environment, it is necessary to review the basic concept of joint operation, develop a new paradigm for the appropriate allocation of capabilities, and set a variable point of equilibrium for efficient operation of capabilities. Conclusion: Revolution in military affairs is a process which dramatically amplifies combat effects by developing a new power system by applying the new military science and technologies, and innovatively developing and harmoniously operating joint operational concept and the organizational structures related thereto. Hence, approaching the multi-domain operation (MDO) of the US Army in terms of revolution in military affairs rather than operational aspects will offer useful implications for the Korean armed forces.

Teoretikalaspekts of the fundamentals of military law in the context of the stady of prevention and military crimes prevention

The article examines the concept * and criminological nature of Military crime as a social phenomen, examines the basics of military law, including from the perspective of the general system of prevention and prevention of military crimes. The causal relationship of military crimes, legal regulation in the field of military affairs, the possibility of applying a comprehensive legal approach to building a crime prevention system in the armed Forses of the Republic of Kazakhstan have been studied. The author pays attention to the basic construction of a system of crime prevention and offenses with synchronization of the activities of other support systems in field of defense and military servise. The practical implementation of the studied issues is considered in the context of building a system of prevention and prevention of the commission of military crimes, organization and legal support for the activities of the Armed Forces of the Republic of the Kazakhstan.

The program of the world oligarchy

Analysis of facts from various fields of human activity (economics, finance and banking, military affairs, etc.) convincingly shows that in the modern world, a world oligarchy has formed, which seeks to establish global domination. In order to understand where society is heading, it is first necessary to find out whether the world oligarchy has a certain program of action, and if so, what it is.
 The article presents the main elements of the program of the world oligarchy, its features and possibilities of achievement in the conditions of latent organizational war. The stages of realization of the program of world domination of the global oligarchy in different historical epochs are considered.
 This program, in particular, provides for the concentration of property and economic levers of influence in the hands of a small group of people for the purpose of total control over the world; free trade (globalization, liberalization); destruction of "weak" nations and states; imposing destructive doctrines and myths, shaking the foundations of traditional cultures; division of the population into class groups and incitement to hatred between them; enslavement of the population due to deprivation of livelihoods and opportunities to work properly; propaganda of anti-culture, which contradicts the basic principles of human society, the introduction of the idea of ​​elite race and inferior nations; uniting the interests of the world oligarchy with the tendency to form a single capital and "world government".

Polska racja stanu i legalizacja przez Józefa Piłsudskiego przewrotu majowego 1926

THE POLISH REASON OF STATE AND THE LEGALIZATION OF THE MAY 1926 COUP D’ÉTAT BY JÓZEF PIŁSUDSKI
 Having unconstitutionally seized power in the military coup of May 1926, Józef Piłsudski lacked an immediate legal framework that legitimized his rule. This crisis of state not only raised the specter of civil war, but also raised doubts among the countries of Western Europe that Poland could continue as a bulwark of Western civilization and a barrier against Russia. In these circumstances, Józef Piłsudski launched a wide-ranging campaign that included high-ranking government ministers to convince the people of Poland and Western European governments of the legality of the new regime. The campaign was broadly successful. Having rejected the possibility of direct dictatorship in favor of representative government, Józef Piłsudski recognized the marshal of the Parliament, Maciej Rataj, as the interim president of Poland, rejected the idea of imposing military commissioners, and worked with Parliament to establish a new government, at the head of which sat Prime Minister Kazimierz Bartel. Józef Piłsudski himself assumed the portfolio of minister of military affairs after rejecting the National Assembly’s efforts to elect him president. All these steps convinced Polish society and many foreign governments that the regime established as a result of the coup of 1926 was legitimate.

Theoretical and practical views of political integration in Central and Eastern Europe

The objective of the work was to analyze integration theories such as federalism, functionalism, neofunctionalism, the multilevel governance model and the interstate concept. Using the systemic-integral method, we analyze the main interpretations of modern integration models. The study also used special methods typical of international relations theory. The interstate concept is the most effective, because without denying the importance of integration, it focuses on the preservation of cultural and economic diversity. The experience of Poland, the Czech Republic, and the Baltic States, in particular Latvia, is a valuable integrating example for Ukraine. The results summarize that the countries analyzed received several advantages for the economic and military spheres through integration processes. It is concluded that in the experience of integration of the Balkans and the central-eastern countries, the importance of European integration processes is evident. The comparison of Ukraine and Latvia showed the importance of being a member of the North Atlantic Alliance for security guarantees and political consolidation. At the same time, the Czech Republic's accession to NATO has contributed to the reform and modernization of military affairs.

Dialectical features of I. Bazhansky's diary-chronicle “War”

The article examines the linguistic features of the diary-chronicle “War” by I. Bazhansky, in particular the dialect vocabulary. The language of I. Bazhansky's works is valuable because it allows to draw conclusions about the peculiarities of the Ukrainian language of the early ХХ century on the territory of Bukovina. The relevance of the research is determined by the need of studing of dialectical features of the diary-chronicle“War” by Bukovinian teacher and writer Ivan Bazhanskyi. Exploring the linguistic features of the diary-chronicle requires a comprehensive analysis to make an effective communicative influence on the reader. The aim of scientific work is to analyze phonetic, lexical, word-forming, morphological and syntactic dialectisms in the Ivan Bazhanskyi diary-chronicle “War”. The novelty of research is conditioned by the fact that in the Ukrainian linguistics dialectal phenomena of the Ivan Bazhanskyi diary-chronicle "War" has been explored for the first time. Research methods. In the article as the main general scientific methods of induction and deduction are used, as well as linguistic – descriptive and structural methods. Conclusions. Phonetic and morphological dialectisms recorded in this literary text reflect the basic phonetic and grammatical patterns of Bukovinian dialects. Word-forming dialectisms in modern Bukovinian dialects are obsolete. Among the lexical dialectisms we distinguish the actual lexical and semantic dialectisms. Lexical dialectisms of the diary-chronicle “War” by I. Bazhansky are classified by lexical-thematic groups: LTG of military affairs, LTG of economic sphere of use, abstract names, nominations of a person, names of clothes, nominations of people, etc. Each group includes specific Ukrainian words and borrowed names.

Visualizing Tanks

Abstract Rapidly changing technology transformed not only military affairs in the half century before 1914 but also the printing industry. In particular, images of all kinds became available to the public on an unprecedented scale. This allowed governments to call on artists both to propagandize the war effort and record the world-historical events. In the images they created during the Great War, official war artists did much to shape the public perceptions of such novel technologies as the tank. Especially in the robust war art programs of Britain and France, artists emphasized the blank menace of machines without evidence of human agency. Images of implacable machines rearing over blasted landscapes appeared in salons, books, magazines, newspapers, and in the new medium of film. The images sank home. During the interwar period, military mechanization incorporated tanks into armored forces that projected that same menace and invincibility on a larger scale, the very characteristics that commended tank forces to totalitarian regimes.

The Invention of the Coin, Mentoring Literature and Philosophy: the Economism of Axial Time and the Social Problems of Antiquity

The subject of the study is the relationship between the parallel development of the processes of the invention of the antique coin, mentoring literature and the formation of the worldview of Axial time. The object of the research are review works devoted to various aspects of the social problems of the ancient era: the relationship of coin making and military affairs, the relationship of world religions and mentoring literature, the economism of urbanisation of the polis type and the genesis of classical philosophy. The relevance of the research is determined by the fact that the realities that appeared in the era of interest to us: world religions, coin money and mentoring literature – still exist. The secret of the duration of their existence is an urgent problem for social philosophy and historical sociology. The purpose of the study is to consider the possible reasons for the social dynamics recorded in the history of Eurasia, which Karl Jaspers called "Axial Time", but in conjunction with the development of monetary systems and mentoring preaching. In the study of the research problem, general scientific methods were used: analysis, synthesis, comparison. As a research method, the classical (qualitative) analysis of the document was taken as a basis. The comparative analysis revealed a certain connection between the above–mentioned phenomena and the growth of social problems of the ancient civilization - a polis-type civilization against the background of the aggravation of the contradictions of urbanization. The result of the study was the hypothesis of the creation of coin money as a tool to reduce the level of violence within ancient societies. Money in the form of coins became a kind of form of social protection of ancient communities, although it was originally intended to finance organized violence. The practical significance of the study is to form the basis for practical recommendations on adapting the conclusions of the article for the purposes of social policy of modern states.

On the issue of socio-cultural specifics of the development of running practices in Russia

The importance of research on the national specifics of running practices is due to the fact that in a global context, they allow us to identify the most effective of the proven forms of using running to ensure human well–being, and in an ethnic perspective - to better understand the cultural characteristics of a particular society. The subject of this study is the socio-cultural conditionality of diverse running practices that existed earlier and are still inherent in the population of Russia. The author defines their determination by various ideological complexes, social processes and actors, and also analyzes the variations and semantic transformations inherent in running activities in the dynamic field of national culture. The main conclusions of the study are: 1. In the mytho-religious public consciousness of antiquity (pre-Petrine era), legs as part of the bodily bottom had a negative connotation, which caused mainly negative labeling of running as an attribute of evil spirits. Competitive and ritual running practices were condemned as a manifestation of pagan games and ways to "appease" evil spirits, in carnival folk culture running was associated with the lower levels of the social hierarchy: children and women. 2. The Westernization of Russian society (the period from the reforms of Peter I to 1917) led to the applied use of running practices in military affairs and pedagogy. At the end of the XIX century, running in Russia became a kind of amateur sport, used for health-saving mainly by women, and in a competitive form it exists mainly in the male environment of the Western-oriented intelligentsia of large cities. 3. During the formation and development of the USSR, sports and wellness running was used by the state as an element of eugenics, a way of developing productive forces, a means of cultural construction and agitation. In the post-Soviet period, there is a commercialization, massization and humanization of amateur running in Russia against the background of the crisis of high-performance sports running.

“Twice the Citizen”: How Military Attitudes of Superiority Undermine Civilian Control in the United States

Civilian control of the military is central to the making of security policy, ensuring that civilian officials and the elected leaders that appoint them oversee and decide military affairs. This paper exposes a challenge to civilian control in the United States that originates in the disparaging attitudes military personnel hold toward civilian society. We argue that when military personnel view military culture as superior, they are more likely to view civilian political leaders as illegitimate and in turn to favor actions that undermine civilian control. We develop a typology of civilian control in which military officers can constrain, contest and limit civilian authority. Our empirical analysis provides strong and consistent evidence of the corrosive effects of military superiority on civilian control across three surveys of U.S. military personnel: the 1998-99 TISS survey of 2901 military officers, a 2014 YouGov of 275 veterans, and an original 2020 survey of 770 West Point cadets.

The strategy of indirect actions in educational technologies

The article deals with modern educational technologies, analyzes approaches to their classification. In particular, it considers such a classification criterion as the features of cognitive activity management. It is noted that the cognitive activity management in a number of educational technologies can be characterized as a «strategy of indirect actions». The term of «indirect action strategy» was introduced by B.G. Liddell Hurt, an outstanding military theorist and historian. This term was previously used in military affairs and related to interstate relations, not in pedagogy. However, this term best describes goal setting in many educational technologies. As applied to educational technologies, the «indirect action strategy» is that the student consciously pursues one goal, but actually achieves another one. The goal that seems to the student to be the most significant in the educational process, in fact, is of a subordinate, service nature. This shows such a common property of hierarchical systems as the ability to form system inversions. In the case of system inversion, the lowest, subordinate element in the hierarchy takes on the dominant value, while remaining in its former low hierarchical position. In other words, there is a contradiction between the formal position of an element in the system and its actual role in it. For example, this situation develops when using game educational technologies. The learner, immersed in the learning game, does not perceive and is not aware of anything other than the game itself; however, in this game he acquires a number of important professional skills. This is due to the very nature of the game activity, in which it is not the external goal that is crucial, but the game process itself. A similar situation develops when using problem-based learning. The student solves the educational problem, which in the course of activity seems to him something very important. However, it is not the problem itself that is really important, but the competencies that the student acquires in the process of solving it. Similarly, the strategy of indirect actions is manifested in the application of the project method, as well as in the use of case study technology.

THE CONCEPT OF MULTI-DOMAIN OPERATIONS AND ITS MULTINATIONAL UNDERSTANDING

The international competition on emerging technologies rises a new and very dangerous threat for global and regional security because of the easy access to the procurament of very high-tech and sensitive defence material. The race for who will control some domains from the future operating environment is between the United States, Russia and China, but several other state and non-state actors have reconsidered their high-tech strategies, already. It is about India, Iran, Japan, Israel and the European Union as a whole, as well as transnational terrorist and organised crime organisations or multinational companies. At the same time, the last technological developments have created a huge discrepancy in the Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA), especially because of letting far behind doctrines and the organisation of military structures for combat. This anacronism is evolving with the intent of gradually replacing regular fighters and current formations in the modern battlefield with robots/androids and joint human-machines teams. As a result, it has become imperative to develop new concepts/strategies for future conflicts that brings together all elemnts of advanced technologies and coordinates their joint acions on any potential adversary, in order to achieve a total and quick victory. This material will analyse the US Army’s concept of Multidimensional Operatios and how it is understood at the Allied level.

Revolution in military affairs - The operation mole cricket 19 as a case study for the technological race during the cold war

The article reviews the development of the modern idea of Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA) whose buds appeared after the First World War, matured during the Cold War and demonstrated in 1982 in the First Lebanon War by the Israeli Air Force, and in 1991 in the Iraq War by the American Army. After analyzing the essence of RMA, with reference to the concept of both evolution and revolution of military technologies and doctrines, the article suggests that two types of revolutions should be distinguished. The first is a revolution in military affairs in the broadest sense in which a paradigm shift in the nature of war is occurred, and it is possible to apply it mainly by superpowers. The second, is a limited revolution that is essentially an approach of solving a military problem, suitable for small countries. The article examines these ideas and shows that Operation Mole Cricket 19, in which Syrian missile batteries made in the USSR were destroyed by the Israeli Air Force in 1982, is a revolution in military affairs of the second type.

A method for solving the problem of optimizing the distribution of an integer resource

The problem of optimizing the distribution of an integer resource (funds) by tasks (activities, goals) is investigated. The methods investigating this problem relate to the field of combinatorial optimization, namely, to the tasks of assigning goals. The known methods for solving this problem are numerical, selective, approximate, require a large number of iterations, do not involve checking the conditions for the existence of an integer solution, in some cases they can produce a solution not only far from optimal, but also violating the range of acceptable values of variables. The purpose of this work is to develop a new analytical method for solving the problem of the distribution of integer resources by the method of indefinite Lagrange multipliers. To do this, the allocated resources are represented as the sum of the integer and fractional parts of the number. The conditions are formulated and proved when the fractional parts of the variables of the solution of the problem are zero, that is, it is an integer. A theorem (criterion for the existence of an integer solution) is proved, which determines the necessary and sufficient conditions under which the solution of the problem exists and is found according to the algorithm developed in the article. Such conditions include the homogeneity of resources, as well as additional conditions (restrictions on integers and positivity of additional derived formula conditions of the problem). It is shown that the obtained solution of the problem corresponds to the maximum of the objective function. An algorithm for finding an integer solution to the problem of resource allocation by the method of indeterminate Lagrange multipliers is developed and a specific example is analyzed. The method described in this article can be used for the allocation of resources in industrial production, agriculture, organizational management systems, educational process, solving issues of target allocation in military affairs, building information systems, techno sphere security, emergency response, creating systems for the protection of objects and alarm systems. In this case, it is necessary to adapt it to the problems and tasks under consideration. It can also be used for the distribution of life-supporting resources: food, clothing, heat, electricity, gas, water supply.

The Military Campaign of 1703 in the Netherlands according to the Correspondence and Memoirs of Its Participants

The article studies the military campaign of 1703 in the Netherlands of the War of the Spanish Succession of 1701– 1714. The presented campaign, still undervalued by military historiography, is the most typical of the European military art of the early 18th century. The article shows the activities of the Anglo-Dutch and French command in the planning and organizing of military operations. Based on the correspondence of Louis XIV, Duke of Marlborough, French Marshals Villeroy and Bouffler, the article traces the course of the fighting in Flanders and Brabant in the summer and autumn of 1703. At the same time, the war is considered as a combination of careful maneuvering and rapid marches, false demonstrations and decisive strikes, methodical sieges of fortresses and unexpected breakthroughs of fortified lines. As a result, the little-known stage of the War of the Spanish Succession of 1701–1714 is studied in detail.On the example of the above-mentioned campaign, the article reveals such features of Western European military affairs as the limited operational goals and plans, positional nature of strategy, rejection of decisive forms of struggle, commitment to siege warfare and maneuver tactics, increasing role of engineering and fortification and rear services, communications and logistics.