Migration Processes In Ukraine Research Articles

Emigration from Ukraine to Germany in the Context of the Russian-Ukrainian War

A new topic is submitted in the article, namely the study of changes in the social structure of modern Ukrainian society, in particular, forced migration processes in Ukraine and abroad, caused by the active phase of the Russian-Ukrainian war started on February 24, 2022. The adaptation mechanisms in Germany, where the second in number largest group of the forced migrants stay are considered in the work. The main issues include granting a residence permit in Germany with refugee status, state support, housing, material and medical assistance, educational services, employment, etc. Also the activities of Ukrainian public organizations in FRG, in particular diplomatic, confessional, volunteer, scouting, etc. are described. The paper is aimed at the conducting an analytical ethnological study of socio-cultural aspects, systematization of the statistical data on the emigration of the population from Ukraine to Germany from various sources (scientific literature, Internet resources, mass media, own field notes and illustrative materials from the participants of these processes, etc.). The main researcher’s attention is paid to the adaptation period of the war refugees, their adjustment to the new realities of life in Germany and the negative consequences of migration processes for Ukraine, both demographic, economic and ethnopolitical, ethnocultural. The emigration problem is extremely important and sensitive for modern society, requiring constant statistical updates, analysis and generalisation, therefore its relevance is obvious and timely. The general scientific methods and special ethnological ones are used in the study: system analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, classification (to reveal the subject of the article, structure it and summarise information in a single semantic wholeness). Interviews and audio recording of field material are used among the special methods (to replenish the factual base and clarify the current state of the problem). The method of critical discourse analysis has been used to analyse the interview texts. It provides the most complete picture of the migrant’s condition and adaptation in foreign and unusual surroundings. The scientific novelty of the submitted topic lies in the generalised analysis of statistical and demographic data on the scale of forced emigration of Ukrainians, which has and will continue to have a negative impact on the gene pool of our country.

SPATIAL FEATURES AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROBLEMS OF FORCED INTERNAL DISPLACEMENT IN THE ODESA REGION

Problem Statement and Purpose. In today's context, migration is becoming one of the most important issues for Ukraine. The socio-economic disparities in each region of the country are largely influenced by large-scale forced internal migration, which has both positive and negative aspects. Timely identification of problems and development of solutions to them makes it possible to bring the situation under control. Odesa region is a leader among the southern regions of the country in terms of the number of registered internally displaced persons (IDPs). The relevance of the study of this type of migration is due to its impact on the socio-economic status of communities and the level of integration of IDPs in the region. The article presents a structural, dynamic and regional analysis of the movement of internally displaced persons in Odesa region. In the course of the study, the trends in the distribution of internal migrants and the factors that influence it were identified. The positive and negative factors of this type of migration on the socio-economic status of the region's communities are analyzed. Ways to solve these problems were proposed. Data & Methods. The study of the processes of forced internal migration of the population was based on a documentary analysis of the legislative framework and policy on migration processes in Ukraine. For the statistical analysis, data from the official websites of the relevant executive authorities of the country, the administration of Odesa region and the International Organization for Migration in Ukraine were used. To achieve this goal, the following methods were used: dialectical, empirical, modeling, and comparison. Results. The study of the movement of forced internal migration in Odesa region found that the rapid growth of new population is affecting the economic, environmental, and socio-cultural spheres of the region. The analysis of migrants' settlement in the region showed that the settlement is uneven. The leader in terms of the number of registered migrants among the seven districts of the region is Odesa district with the regional center of Odesa, with 93524 people registered as of January 2023, which is 67% of the total number of registered IDPs. This indicates that IDPs choose settlements with developed infrastructure, high economic and social standards of living of the local population, and a larger number of support programs from local governments aimed at solving problems and supporting IDPs. The overwhelming majority of migrants come from Mykolaiv and Kherson regions, due to the territorial proximity of these southern regions. The study identified the factors of influence of forced internal migration on the socio-economic situation in Odesa region. Among the main positive factors are: increased production and attraction of new investments in the communities of the region. The following negative factors were identified: unregulated control of registered migrants, burden on the economic, educational and medical funds of the region, and increased anthropogenic impact on the environment. As a result of the analysis of the identified problems and needs, ways to solve them were proposed, namely: to increase investments to improve infrastructure in each district of the region, which will allow developing programs for the uniform resettlement of the population, improving the system of social and financial programs for different groups of migrants, and increasing the level of patriotic education among the local population. All this will help internally displaced persons to adapt better in new communities, and the local population will improve their living standards and reduce discrimination in the region.

THE CONSEQUENCES OF A FORCED MIGRATION SHOCK FOR THE ECONOMY OF A COUNTRY AT WAR: THE CASE OF UKRAINE

The full-scale war in Ukraine, which started with the Russian invasion in February 2022, has led to an unprecedented forced migration crisis not seen in Europe since the Second World War. The current Ukrainian forced displacement, which has no analogues in terms of its scale, geographical coverage, quantitative indicators and timeframe, represents an exceptional case to study in terms of its impact on the economic environment of the country of origin. The purpose of this paper is to identify and analyse the short- and long-term effects of the forced migration shock on the economy of a combatant country in the context of a full-scale war in Ukraine. Methodology. To address the task of classifying the economic consequences of a forced migration shock from the perspective of the country of origin, the publication uses the matrix diagram method. The matrix developed is based on two key characteristics that indicate the durability of the impact (short-term or long-term) and the nature of the impact (explicit or implicit). The analysis of the short-term and long-term effects of forced migration on the Ukrainian economy is based on macroeconomic statistics (key macroeconomic indicators, labour market indicators, public finance indicators, external sector statistics) in the pre-war period, the war period since 2022, and forecasts for 2024-2025. Results. Unlike regular labour migration, forced migration has a predominantly negative impact on the economy of a country of origin, both in the short and long term. The explicit effect of forced migration on the economic system of the country of origin is to damage the labour market. The implicit effects include a decrease in remittances, a reduction in production facilities, an increase in the budget deficit and regional budget imbalances, an increase in the level of external and internal debt, increased dependence on international aid, a decrease in consumption, investment and GDP growth rates. Practical implications. The practical results provide a basis for further research into policy measures to address the negative aspects of increasing migration processes in Ukraine, particularly with a view to the country's future post-war reconstruction. Value/Originality. The matrix developed to assess the impact of the forced migration shock provides a deeper understanding of the multifaceted effects of this phenomenon on the socio-economic system of a country at war.

The migration state of the working population in ukraine during the conditions of war

The article aims to study the modern features of the migration of the working population in Ukraine, which are caused by the war and crisis phenomena in the economy. The following main tasks were solved to achieve the goal: the theoretical aspects of labor migration were investigated; the state of migration of the able-bodied part of the population in Ukraine in modern crisis conditions was outlined and analyzed. Approaches to understanding the essence of the definition of "migration of the population", the identification and grouping of factors that influence the processes of migration, as well as the analysis of the processes of migration of the working population in Ukraine caused by the military aggression of the Russian Federation, were studied. The work defines the main essential features of population migration, namely objectivity, systematicity, voluntariness, or compulsion (depending on the factors that provoke it) and focuses on realizing individual interests. The factors that provoke migration processes are identified and grouped into classification groups, namely political (political situation, martial law), economic (living standard and material capabilities of the population, level of employment and unemployment), social (social status of the individual, quality of life, possibility of self-realization ), cultural (lifestyle, motivational and value orientations, stereotypes) and environmental (favorable or unfavorable natural conditions, environmental disasters). It has been proven that migration processes in Ukraine, which until 2022 were caused primarily by economic reasons, the desire of Ukrainians to improve their financial situation significantly increased after the full-scale invasion of Russia, and the main reason for emigration was the need for security. An analysis of the state of population migration in Ukraine during the war was carried out, as a result of which the following conclusions were drawn: uneven distribution of refugees by recipient countries (the leading positions in European countries are occupied by Poland and Germany); by sex and age structure, the majority of Ukrainian refugees are women of working age with higher education (47%; most aged 35-64) and their children; an increase in the specific weight of men in 2023, compared to 2022. It has been proven that an increase in the period of stay abroad increases the danger of a significant loss of the workforce, which requires decisive measures for the return of Ukrainian refugees. Key words: migration, working population, recipient country, forced migration, factors of migration.

Migration processes in Ukraine during a period of full-scale war: security guarantees and legal opportunities

The subject of the research is security guarantees and legal opportunities of Ukrainian migrants in the conditions of Russia's wars against Ukraine. The purpose of the study is to determine the elements of the phenomenon of Ukrainian migration processes in the conditions of Russia's aggression against Ukraine. Research methods. In order to solve the research tasks, a systematic approach, methods of generalization, analysis, and synthesis were used, which made it possible to ensure the conceptual unity of the research. The results of the work: The article substantiates the phenomenon of Ukrainian labor migration to European countries in the period preceding Russia's full-scale aggression against Ukraine; it was determined that the risk was, and in the period of 2022-2023, the problem of non-return of Ukrainian citizens to their homeland became even more apparent. The system of compliance with security guarantees by European countries for Ukrainian refugees, in accordance with the norms of Council Directive 2001/55/EC of July 20, 2001 on the right to residence, medical services and education, was analyzed. The phenomenon of large-scale assistance to Ukrainian refugees in accommodation, legal and financial protection has been determined; attention was paid to assistance in finding a job, learning the language of the country of residence, and providing educational services to the children of forced migrants. Attention is drawn to the deportation phenomenon applied by Russia in relation to the Ukrainian population of the occupied territories, especially children. Conclusions. Migration, as a person's willingness to move due to the contradiction between needs and opportunities, has become so acute that the phenomenon has manifested itself in the number 12-16 million people and the form of manifestation: internally displaced people and refugees to other countries. If before the beginning of the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine, the main motives were: dissatisfaction with the level of well-being, insufficient respect and recognition, the impossibility of self-realization in a permanent place of residence, then during the war the priority became the need for survival. The phenomenon was manifested in the level of acceptance of Ukrainian refugees in the world, especially European states: humanitarian support, provision of shelter in private homes, formation of housing challenges for relatives, friends, acquaintances and, even, foreign Ukrainians; assistance of the Ukrainian diaspora; joint rallies to condemn the war against Ukraine; financial assistance for the treatment of seriously injured Ukrainians... The very process of movement of Ukrainian refugees across the border during the beginning of the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 became a phenomenon of this time: the introduction by the European Union of the Directive on temporary protection in the event of a mass arrival of people; approved EU plan for ensuring preparedness for migration and crisis situations; operation of transport and information centers and temporary registration platforms, protection of children during displacement, development of a joint plan to combat human trafficking... All actions take place within the limits of legal guarantees.

Правове регулювання вирішення питань біженців та обміну населенням в Україні ХХ ст. : історична ретроспектива та сучасне бачення

XX century was marked by large population migrations – in the world in general, in Europe, which survived two world wars, and in Ukraine in particular. Unfortunately, these migration processes were accompanied by a large number of refugees. Significant groups of the population have been leaving their usual places of residence semi-voluntarily, as a result of optation. It is obvious that in most cases these movements of thousands of masses of the population did not happen without the interference of state institutions with the appropriate regulatory and legal basis – both of international legal and domestic origin. The paper studies the migration processes in Ukraine, primarily during the two World Wars. Both international legal documents which regulated the choice of citizenship (Soviet-German agreements of 1939–1940, agreements with the post-war Polish and Czechoslovak governments, etc.), as well as legislative provisions which regulated migration at the «internal» level, were considered. The article notes that in certain cases migrations of the population were not regulated by relevant interstate agreements, which left large enclaves of Romanian (Hertsa district in Bukovyna) and Hungarian (Berehove district and other lands of Zakarpattia) within modern Ukraine. The latter circumstance in some way complicates relations between our state and Hungary, which is governed by the great-power government of Viktor Orban. The author expresses the view that the historical experience of the XX century is mechanically inapplicable to modern conditions, but certain aspects can be considered by domestic legislators when settling the consequences of the Russian aggression of 2014–202? against sovereign Ukraine.

Вимушена міграція в надзвичайних умовах російсько-української війни та її негативні наслідки для генофонду України

The article covers an exclusively new topic – forced migration processes in Ukraine and abroad, provoked by the current hot phase of the eight-year Russian-Ukrainian war. The immediate negative impact of this phenomenon on the demograph-ic situation in Ukraine and future consequences for the gene pool of the population of the Ukrainian state are studied for the first time. The features of forced migration in the extraordinary conditions of this war, such as quantitative indicators of migrants and emigrants, age and gender of their subjectivity, directions of migrants running within Ukraine and emigrants abroad, problems faced by migrants in the country and abroad, etc. are investigated in the article. The aim of the study is to show the huge and unexpected impact of large-scale military operations launched by the occu-pying Russian regular army on the lives and fate of peaceful and innocent people of Ukraine. A quarter of them has become forced refugees and displaced persons. The figures and facts also show the tragedy of millions of families and individuals who have been forced to leave their homes, leaving all the benefits acquired during their lives. The relevance of the work is justified by the necessity of immediate generalization and study of the latest statistical and demographic data on the current forced migration crisis in the extraordinary conditions of the current Russian-Ukrainian aggressive war. The methods of research include general and specific historical: analysis and synthesis (in the course of working with sources); objectivity (determining the scale of internal and external migration provoked by the hot phase of the eight-year Russian-Ukrainian war); generalization (to understand the real state of forced migration processes in Ukraine and abroad and to draw conclusions); statistical (for the use in the work of quantitative indicators of migration and emigration various in nature and importance); chronological (to present the material in sequential chronological order); synchronous (during the comparative characterization of the situation of internally displaced persons in Ukraine and abroad). The scientific novelty of the article is a comprehensive analysis of new statistical and demographic data on the unprec-edented scales of the 7 million forced resettlement movement within Ukraine and the forced emigration of almost 6 million inhabitants and the extremely negative impact of these phenomena on our state gene pool. The practical value of the work comes down to the fact that the factual material, the author’s views and conclusions can be used to prepare works on modern history of Ukraine, some foreign countries and the Ukrainian diaspora.

Особливості процесів міграції населення України

The article analyzes the main indicators that characterize the population of Ukraine, in particular unemployment, mobility by region, birth rate and mortality, in particular, the forecast of the population of Ukraine and in terms of two categories such as ages 0–14 years and 65 years and older. The information on the experience of Ukrainians working abroad by regions during 2002 and 2020, trends of international migration for the period 1990–2020 and migration of the population from Ukraine are given. As it shown, the lowest figure was in 2010 and amounted to 5.4 million people living outside the country. The decline in the number of Ukrainian labor migrants abroad has doubled in the last 15 years, in 2010 - due to the global economic crisis and the emergence of problems with employment of migrants abroad and in 2020 – declining trends directly depended on global restrictions and lockdown citizens lost their jobs and were forced to return home. The factors of the international migration of the population and determine its global trends, scale and directions and the main typical causes of migration of Ukrainians, which have the greatest impact on the process of change of the country, were determined. Sometimes it is difficult to determine the main reason for moving and mostly migrants are driven by a combination of reasons and factors. Many foreign countries declare their interest in Ukrainian labor migrants and are ready to introduce additional measures to attract and retain foreign workers in the market. The countries that have significantly weakened the living conditions for Ukrainian labor migrants in order to attract them more, including Poland, Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Germany and other countries, have been identified, and the main measures implemented have been described. The migration processes in Ukraine that took place after February 24, 2022 and are related to martial law are also described. As of April 22, according to official figures alone, nearly 13 million Ukrainians had been forced to flee their homes, including about 7.7 million internally displaced persons and more than 6 million people crossing the border into Ukraine. This is almost 32% of the population of Ukraine.

Migration processes and socio-economic development: interactions and regulatory policy

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to test the developed methodical approach to analyzing the relationship and impact of the population migration and socio-economic development of the state, as well as to identify migration factors that affect key parameters of the national economy and vice versa – social and economic indicators that determine the intensity of migration, the substantiation of conclusions on this basis for the state policy of the regulation of migration processes for the preservation and development of the human resources of Ukraine.
 Methodology / approach. The research methodology involves ten successive stages: (1) selection of indicators that characterize the socio-economic development of the state by 5 sub-indices: socio-demographic stability; social development; labor market and employment; quality of life of the population; sustainable economic development; (2) formation of a database under the values of indicators by the regions of Ukraine for the period 2010–2020; (3) division of indicators into stimulators and disincentives and their rationing; (4) formation of homogeneous time series; (5) determination of the dynamic weighing coefficients of indicators and their groups (sub-indices); (6) calculation of weighted coefficients of indicators; (7) construction of weighted coefficients of the sub-indices of socio-economic development; (8) calculation of the integral coefficient of the socio-economic development of Ukraine; (9) calculation of migration indicators (border crossing balance by Ukrainians and foreigners) of the population by regions and in Ukraine as a whole; (10) construction of time series of the integral indices of migration and socio-economic development by years and regions, assessment of the strength and direction of the relationships between migration indicators and the indicators of socio-economic development, as well as between the indicators of migration and arrival from other regions; from abroad (including per 10 thousand population), in urban settlements, in rural areas of Ukraine in 2010–2020. 
 Results. The development and testing of a methodical approach to assessing the impact of migration processes on the socio-economic development of Ukraine and its regions allowed identifying the strength of the relationships between migration, social, and economic indicators, the impact of these processes on the human resources in Ukraine. The greatest interdependence between the socio-economic environment and stationary emigration is found in terms of the disposable income of the population, average monthly nominal wages, the unemployment rate, average state social assistance, housing and crime rates. Concerning immigration, close relationships are found with the economic indicators of regional development, small business performance, the unemployment rate, average monthly nominal wages, informal employment, the volumes of budget funding for social protection goals, and the disposable income of the population. One of the dominant factors of immigration is education, which confirms the untapped potential of attracting foreigners for employment.
 Originality / scientific novelty. The novelty of the research results is in the development of methodical approaches to analyzing the interaction of migration and socio-economic processes with the formation of an algorithm of integral assessment by the components of socio-demographic stability, social development, employment, quality of life, sustainable economic development. The author’s methodical approach to assessment is offered, which allows carrying out empirical modeling and the assessment of the impact of socio-economic development on the intensity of migration processes, substantiating priority areas of the state regulation of migration potential (including wages, personal and state security).
 Practical value / implications. The practical significance of the research results is in the considerable improvement of the information and analytical basis for the formation of an effective state policy for the regulation of migration processes in Ukraine. Using migration, the bodies of the State Migration Service of Ukraine and the State Statistics Service of Ukraine can analyze the impact (including potential, forecast) of different types (external / internal, stationary / labor, urban / rural settlements, etc.) of migration on the social-economic development of the state and its territories, as well as model the direction and intensity of migration, its structure depending on changes in the values of certain parameters of the socio-economic development of the country and its regions.

PACULARITIES OF TRANSFERS OF EMPLOYEES: IMPACT ON THE ECONOMY OF UKRAINE

The potential for migration for development is closely linked to remittances, savings and investment intentions of migrant workers. However, the question of how the human, social and financial capital of migrant workers can be better used for the development of Ukraine is becoming increasingly important. What can the authorities do at the national, regional and local levels to increase the positive impact and remittances of migrant workers on Ukraine’s future development? Based on the analysis results the following conclusions were drawn. Situation on the labor market of Ukraine, low level real wages, a decrease in the number of enterprises, rising unemployment, leads to the fact that Ukrainians are looking for work abroad. As a result, remittances from migrants are growing. The study is devoted to the analysis of remittances and migration processes in Ukraine. The data on the volume of private remittances of migrants are analyzed, the data on the distribution of the volume of remittances from abroad by channels of receipt are considered. The shares of private remittances to Ukraine by main countries were determined. The systems of transfers that are the most popular in Ukraine are compared. The structure of the volume of remittances from abroad by sources of formation is analyzed. An assessment of the impact of remittances and savings on the socio-economic development of Ukraine was made, as well as the provision of relevant data to support evidence-based recommendations to promote stability and sustainable socio-economic development in Ukraine. The consequences of migration processes are ambiguous, but their impact on the socio-economic and political development of Ukraine is growing. The degree of this influence largely depends on the effectiveness of the state’s migration policy.

Україна в процесах міжнародної трудової міграції

The purpose of the article is to study modern migration challenges for Ukraine and the problems of re-immigration of Ukrainians in the post-war period. The processes of globalization and integration of the world economy have their share in the growth of the dynamism of the international labor movement. International labor migration helps to overcome cultural, ethnic and traditional borders, but simultaneously creates risks regarding the development of the economies of recipient countries. In the history of migration processes in Ukraine in the twentieth century and up to the present one may allocate six stages of external labor migration. The current period includes two waves of forced migration: as a result of obtaining a visa-free regime with the EU and the russian invasion of Ukraine (2014 and 2022), as well as a wave of decline in the number of migrant workers due to pandemic restrictions during 2020–2021. The problem of labor migration existed in Ukraine even before the start of a full-scale russian intervention, because of the unregulated and imperfect legislation, low wages, and the lack of a policy of re-immigration of Ukrainian workers. The growth of external labor migration of Ukrainians can lead to an outflow of labor force, which is especially risky in the context of a demographic crisis. A higher level of wages in European countries creates a risk of Ukrainians losing their desire to work in Ukraine. This is true of both the recipients of remittances on our territory and those who have decided to change their country of residence forever, which may become an obstacle to the post-war recovery of the national economy. Therefore, already now, even in the conditions of wartime, the government should begin to implement measures for the re-immigration of Ukrainian labor. The implementation of the experience of other countries in similar situations in full is impractical due to the outdated approaches, other location, behavior of the authorities, reputation of forced migrants, etc. Thus, Ukraine should develop its own re-immigration policy with the involvement of European countries, international organizations and its own migrants.

Соціологічний вимір міграційних процесів в сучасному українському суспільстві

The article examines the migration processes of modern Ukrainian society using sociological methodology. The paper analyzes the disposition of migration processes in the first years of Ukrainian independence and the phenomenon of positive migration balance, which was recorded in Ukraine in the period from 1991 to 1994. The article analyzes the main reasons and channels through which migration took place in the first years of restored Ukrainian independence. Using the methodology of structural functionalism, the process of forming the historical social memory of Ukrainians through the prism of difficult and unsuccessful socio-economic transformations of young social institutions and their dysfunctional crisis is described. The article examines the role of labor migration in the framework of active migration processes throughout the period of restored Ukrainian independence and its main causes and vectors. The article examines migration processes that intensified in 2014 after the annexation of Crimea and anti-terrorist operation and environmental protection operations in some Donetsk and Luhansk regions and the role of internally displaced persons in social institutions and social processes of modern Ukrainian society. The current sociological research on migration issues is analyzed and conclusions are made and forecasts are made on the further development of migration processes in Ukraine, in particular, the relevance of propensity and possible emigration among young people is studied. The article analyzes the trend of immigration to Ukraine of citizens of developed countries of the Arab world and authoritarian countries of the post-Soviet world. The article proposes social mechanisms for equalizing the migration balance in the short and medium term, which focus on the formation of medium and long-term national migration policy and raising social policy standards in the country and implementing an active national migration policy. Key words: migration; migration balance; fourth wave of Ukrainian migration; social institutions; sociological analysis of migration processes.

ВИМУШЕНА МІГРАЦІЯ УКРАЇНЦІВ: ВИКЛИКИ ТА ОЧІКУВАННЯ

The article highlights the topic of migration processes in Ukraine and summarizes the preliminary results of sociological monitoring of forced migrants from Ukraine abroad, which were provoked by the full-scale invasion of Russia on the territory of Ukraine. Quantitative indicators of migrants, their sex-age structure, directions of migrants' follow-up, problems they face abroad are studied. The scientific novelty of the article consists in a comprehensive analysis of new sociological and demographic data regarding the scale of forced resettlement within Ukraine and abroad, and as a result − a negative impact on the gene pool of Ukraine.Population movements within Ukraine and abroad are unprecedented, the most massive in Europe since the Second World War. These processes require scientific understanding, and the assessment of their scope and consequences is becoming extremely relevant. The authors of this article used the methods of generalization, analysis and synthesis, abstraction, forecasting, objectivity, and the statistical method. The importance of the article lies in the possibility of using the author's reasoning and conclusions to assess trends and forecast the situation in demographic policy.The authors drew attention to the opportunities and assistance provided by the governments of countries receiving Ukrainian forced migrants in order to adapt them to new changes and living conditions, which in the future may cause Ukrainians to settle down and not return home. Taking into account the migration situation in Ukraine, there is a need not to prevent the emigration of Ukrainians, but to develop projects and plans for the re-emigration of Ukrainian citizens, since it is the development of such opportunities and prospects that can interest them to return.The relevance of the research requires a generalization of the modern forced migration crisis in the conditions of war. A correct assessment of the number, attitudes and experiences of forced external migrants requires the development of a comprehensive methodology that will take into account data from various sources and information support through surveys both in Ukraine and abroad.Keywords:forced migration, temporarily displaced persons, expectations and migration attitudes.

Legal regulation of combating illegal migration in Ukraine and the EU

Through a methodology of legal interpretation and analyze the stages of formation of migration policy and legislation in Ukraine since its independence. It was determined that in the initial stage the main elements of the legal regulation of migration processes in Ukraine were the development of the legal framework on migration, the initiation of international cooperation and the creation of organizational structures that address migration issues. The article also analyzes the extensive system of normative acts developed in Ukraine today, aimed at the legal regulation of migration processes and the fight against illegal migration. In this context, the details of the fight against illegal immigration in EU countries are described. Finally, the guidelines for EU migration policy in the field of combating illegal immigration are studied. It is concluded that, unlike Ukraine, where the fight against illegal immigration is mainly limited to the establishment of prohibitions and fines for illegal immigrants, the EU has developed a system of incentives and measures aimed at supporting third countries, among other aspects.

STIMULATION OF EFFECTIVE EMPLOYMENT IN THE CONDITIONS OF SOCIAL VULNERABILITY

The purpose. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the need to improve the modern state employment policy under the intensification of external migration of the population of Ukraine. Effective institutional-administrative, organizational-economic, and information tools of the state employment policy should be used to create and improve the quality of existing jobs, intensify employment in rural areas, eliminate shadow employment and wages, equalize imbalances in supply and demand in the labor market. Design/Methodology/Approach. To study the need to develop modern state employment policy in Ukraine, the authors used the following research methods - theoretical and logical explanation, statistical analysis, systematization and explanation, semantic analysis. The study was conducted within the framework of institutional economic theory, migration, and state regulation of the economy. Conclusions. The studies have shown that the containment of external migration processes by increasing the number and improving the quality of jobs, in connection with which the task of developing the state employment policy against the background of high migration activity of the population of Ukraine is relevant. It is substantiated that the main challenges of the modern sphere of employment in Ukraine lead to an increase in external migration, namely: formation of labor shortage in the national labor market, intensification of destructive changes in employment; low pay, especially for budget sphere workers, the spread of shadow employment schemes, which leads to a decrease in social protection of employees; strengthening of professional and qualification imbalance in demand and proposals in the labor market due to the mismatch in training the specialists for the needs of the economy. Other challenges are the unformed labor market in rural areas, preservation trends of open and hidden unemployment among the rural population, reducing the demand for labor in rural areas; lack of appropriate conditions for the development of inclusive labor market, the insufficient realization of opportunities and potential of the state employment services in ensuring the innovative development of employment. The objective necessity of realization of effective institutional-administrative, organizational-economic, and information tools of the state employment policy is proved, which largely depends on the natural containment of migration processes in Ukraine. The implementation of the presented tools is focused on economic stabilization of the situation in the country and regions by stimulating the de-shadowing of business and income, increase the welfare of the population, increase of opportunities for young people in employment, and the growth of aspirations of migrant workers to remigration and realization of own business goals on the territory of Ukraine. Originality/value. The value of the research lies in the development of the mechanisms to ensure the competitiveness of national and regional labor markets as a tool for regulating external labor migration, as well as for improvement of the state employment policy, especially the development of innovative and creative types of work.

INSTRUMENTS OF THE STATE POLICY OF IMPROVEMENT OF THE INSTITUTIONAL ENVIRONMENT OF DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL BUSINESS IN UKRAINE AS A FACTOR OF REGULATION OF MIGRATORY ACTIVITY OF THE POPULATION

The article points out the key problematic aspects of the functioning and development of the national economy of Ukraine in terms of intensification of migration processes, including external, labor. These are the loss of intellectual and human capital, the formation of a labor market shortage, the degradation of territories, the reduction of revenues to central and local budgets, the aggravation of social problems and the growing burden on budgets, and so on. The urgency of formation and implementation of an effective state policy focused on restraining the volume of external and using the potential of internal migration in Ukraine is substantiated. It is proved that one of the most effective tools of state regulation of the economy in this context is to ensure self-employment by starting and successfully running a private business. At the same time, this requires a significant improvement in the business environment in Ukraine. It is shown that one of the priority components of a quality business environment is the infrastructure to support entrepreneurship. Current proposals to improve the institutional environment to support small business development in Ukraine are substantiated. The priorities of the state policy of improving the associative and public infrastructure of entrepreneurial activity as an important area of ​​support for small and medium enterprises and thus curbing migration processes in Ukraine include: 1) development and increase of competencies of associative business organizations; 2) ensuring cooperation between civil society organizations and associative business structures; 3) strengthening the interaction of government, associative business structures and civil society organizations in the field of transaction cost management. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the substantiation of a new institutional form of stimulating the development of small business in the country, as an institutional tripartite partnership of government officials and collective organizations of business and society. The practical significance of the research results is to use reasonable proposals in order to improve the existing infrastructure in Ukraine to support private business.

CONCEPTUAL-STRATEGIC APPROACH TO STATE REGULATION OF MIGRATION PROCESSES

A new conceptual and strategic approach to state regulation of migration processes in Ukraine is substantiated. The content of the strategy in the practice of state regulation is determined with an emphasis on a certain sequence of actions. Analyzed the provisions of the Strategy of the state migration policy of Ukraine for the period up to 2025. A retrospective analysis of the strategic regulation of migration in Ukraine was carried out, which confirmed the long process of uncertainty of conceptual principles. A new conceptual approach to the strategic regulation of migration in Ukraine is proposed, which provides for the consideration of the management object of migration as a process. It provides for the allocation of tasks at the stages of capacity building and preparation for migration, relocation, adaptation and integration, re-emigration, integration of migratory capital, assimilation, acculturation, naturalization. The doctrine of strategy development should be socio-economic growth as a defining management principle. The aim of the strategy is the state regulation of migration processes on the basis of security, order and regulation with the establishment of migration as an asset of socio-economic growth. The main provisions of the Strategy of state regulation of migration processes of Ukraine for the period up to 2027 with the distribution of goals and objectives in the following areas: ensuring the positive impact of migration processes on socio-economic development; ensuring sufficient dynamics of socio-economic development to curb migration losses; ensuring sufficient dynamics of socio-economic development through selective immigration. The goals of the Strategy are highlighted: basic – accounting and statistical, protective, institutional and legal, information and infrastructure; stage – with a list of tasks in terms of stages of the migration process.

Internal Forced Migration in Ukraine: Legal Aspects

Abstract The article is devoted to the study of the problems of forced internal migration in Ukraine. Forced migration significantly affects the geography, structure and dynamics of the population of Ukraine and its regions, the level of development of productive forces in the regions, the state of the labor market and the socio-economic characteristics of living standards of different categories of the population. At present, migration processes in Ukraine are difficult to track, given that the last demographic census was conducted in 2001, and therefore it is difficult to establish the actual number of people in our country, and, accordingly, almost impossible to determine the number of internally displaced persons. According to the results of the study, the authors conclude that internally displaced persons (under current legislation) have the same rights and freedoms as other citizens of Ukraine permanently residing in Ukraine. However, in practice, internally displaced persons face restrictions on their rights and freedoms due to subjective factors. The basic rights that the state guarantees to internally displaced persons include: the right to employment, pensions, compulsory state social insurance, education, suffrage and economic rights. It is expedient to introduce tax benefits for enterprises founded by internally displaced persons, as well as to provide these benefits for enterprises that employ internally displaced persons.

Проблемні аспекти та напрями розвитку ринку міграційних послуг в Україні

At the present stage of development of migration processes in Ukraine, the problem of improving the domestic migration services market has been actualized, turning it into a system of socio-economic relations to meet the needs of the population in services related to the possibility and improvement of conditions for migration movements, obtaining related services related to migration, minimizing risks (both for citizens and the State) related to migration processes. The research is aimed at identifying problematic aspects, as well as substantiating the directions and means of the State policy for the development of the migration services market in Ukraine. The object of research is the processes of improving the State policy of functioning and development of the migration services market in Ukraine, legalization of its subjects and improvement of institutional-economic opportunities in relation to the provision of high-quality migration services. In the process of research, general scientific and special methods were used: synthesis and system analysis, logical generalization, strategic management, and comparative analysis. The article identifies the current systemic problems in the functioning and development of the migration services market in Ukraine, in particular in terms of the predominance of unlicensed subjects – providers of migration services; low level of satisfaction of migrants with intermediary services; limited practices of bringing to justice shadow intermediaries in the migration services market; low level of socio-economic protection of migrant workers, etc. The authors define directions and means of improving the functioning of the migration services market of Ukraine in the areas of: legalization and licensing of activities; introduction of a monitoring system for the migration services market; conclusion of intergovernmental bilateral agreements to protect the rights of migrant Ukrainians; implementation of the Concept for regulating the development of the migration services market in Ukraine. Prospects for further scientific research in the analyzed sphere concern the substantiation of directions and means of implementation of positive foreign practices for the State-based regulation of the migration services market in Ukraine.

MIGRATION PROCESSES IN UKRAINE: VOLUMES, REASONS, CONSEQUENCES

Introduction. Ukrainian migration is caused by the influence of global migration trends, however, it should be noted that there are internal causes in the country – crisis socio-economic factors and military conflicts that force citizens to seek residence and employment abroad. The dynamics of the population of Ukraine is studied, probable scenarios of its reduction are analyzed, it is established that one of the key problems of such situation is growing volumes of external labor migration caused by instability of social and economic environment, decrease of well-being and quality of life. The subject of the research is migration processes in Ukraine, determination of their volumes, reasons and probable consequences. The purpose of the study is to conduct a thorough study of the impact of migration processes on the economy of Ukraine; identification of probable demographic changes, reasons and main trends in the growth of external labor migration. Method (methodology). In the process of research in order to substantiate the provisions presented in the article, a set of general scientific and special methods was used: analysis and synthesis – to compare the main approaches to the interpretation of concepts and methods of determining the volume of labor migration; comparison and grouping – to assess the level of wages in Ukraine and EU countries; graphical method – to visualize the result of determining the amount of population decline and the number of citizens who have received residence permits in the EU-28; abstract – for theoretical generalization and formulation of conclusions. Results. It is established that the main reason for the rapid decline of the population of Ukraine should be considered the growing volume of external migration, which poses a threat to socio-economic development and national security. At the same time, it should be noted that the main reason for the growth of external labor migration is economic and related to the desires and intentions of migrant workers to earn more, that is why the main migration flows are directed to countries with higher levels of development and quality of life. In addition, it should be noted that a number of European countries encourage Ukrainians to work, as evidenced it may be mentioned the annual increase in the number of issued residence permits in the EU-28.