Migration Of Substances Research Articles

Safety Risks of Plant Fiber/Plastic Composites (PPCs) Intended for Food Contact: A Review of Potential Hazards and Risk Management Measures.

Plant fiber/plastic composites (PPCs), with the benefits of low cost and easy processing, have been widely used in the production of various food contact products. They are generally considered to be economical and environmentally friendly because of their natural raw materials (plant fibers) and recommended to be one of the ideal alternatives to traditional petrochemical-based plastics. However, in addition to plastic resins and plant fibers, some indispensable additives are involved in the production process of PPCs, which may pose food safety risks. To date, excessive migration of hazardous substances (such as melamine) has been reported in some products made of PPCs, and the safety and applicability of PPCs as food contact materials need to be further studied. In this paper, the main raw materials of PPCs used for food contact are taken as the pointcut to analyze the possible hazards, sources of hazards, and existing risk management measures in various countries. The conclusion shows that PPCs used for food contact may have potential safety risks at present. However, systematic research on migration methods and safety assessment are still insufficient, and further studies are needed regarding the main safety risks and migration patterns.

Analysis of Selection of the Best Refrigerant Using the WASPAS Method

Every nation is working to stop ozone depletion and global warming as climate changes have just become apparent on a global scale. According to the prevailing theory behind ozone depletion, free chlorine radicals first eliminate ozone from the atmosphere before chlorine atoms continue to turn more ozone into oxygen. The migration of substances containing chlorine is what causes chlorine to be present in the stratosphere. This behaviour is common across a wide class of compounds called hydro chloro fluoro carbons (HCFCs) and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). The world's consumers and industries employ these substances in a variety of applications, particularly as refrigerants in air conditioning and refrigeration systems. The optimal refrigerant was chosen in this study using the WASPAS approach. In this paper R152a, R1234yf, R1234ze (E), R1233zd (E), R290, R600a, R744 and R1270 are used as an alternative for refrigerants. Vapour density, Latent heat of vaporization, Thermal conductivity of liquid, Critical Pressure and Saturated pressure are used to evaluate the performance of refrigerants. Rank of refrigerants R152a is third-ranked, R1234yf is ranked fifth, R1234ze (E) is ranked first, R1233zd (E) is fourth ranked, R290 is fourth-ranked, R600a is ranked eighth, R744 is second and R1270 is seventh-ranked. The result of the analysis shows that the best refrigerant is R1234ze (E) with a coefficient value of 0.634741 followed by R744 with a coefficient value of 0.517734.

Identification of recycled polyethylene and virgin polyethylene based on untargeted migrants

With increasing attention to recycled polyethylene (PE), its safety as a food contact material has become non-negligible. In this study, we report an untargeted gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometer (GC-MS) analysis combined with multivariate data analysis for discriminating recycled PE from virgin PE. 80 (semi-)volatile migrants were identified, including 10 hydrocarbons, 29 esters, 3 aldehydes, 9 alcohols, 2 ethers, 4 acids, 4 benzene derivatives, 4 ketones, 3 amides, 2 piperazine derivatives and 10 unknowns. The hydrocarbons in virgin samples showed a greater variety and abundance than those in recycled samples. Based on orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) and non-parametric test, 38 markers were selected to establish a classification model to identify recycled and virgin PE. These markers mainly derived from additives, daily chemical products related and food related input pollutants, most of which were rich in recycled samples. Furthermore, in classification models, linear discrimination analysis (LDA) showed higher stability and predictability than soft independent modelling of class analogy (SIMCA). The average accuracy of training and prediction set reached 100% and 92%, respectively, in LDA model. The identification of recycled PE and virgin PE based on migration of untargeted substances is feasible.

Migration of substances from unplasticized polyvinylchloride into drinking water. Estimation of conservative diffusion coefficients

Migration modelling has become an increasingly accepted method to test the compliance of polymer articles with the existing national or European standards for drinking water contact. In the first part of this work, the diffusion/migration of six organic substances from height additivated unplasticized polyvinylchloride (PVC-U) samples was investigated to derive the diffusion coefficients of these substances in the polymers. In a first series of experiments, five types of samples were immersed in deionized water and the migration of four organic substances in this liquid was determined experimentally at 23 and 60 °C. In a second series of experiments, the diffusion of two well-known phenolic antioxidants from three other types of PVC-U samples into low density polyethylene (LDPE) films was investigated at 60 and 75 °C. In all these diffusion/migration experiments, time dependent diffusions/migrations were observed. The diffusion coefficients derived from the results were in good agreement with diffusion coefficient data for PVC-U published in the literature in the last five decades.In the second part of this work, the diffusion coefficients mentioned above as well as other ones in PVC-U compounds, compiled from literature, were used to develop a statistical approach to estimate without any further experimentation, conservative diffusion coefficients for any organic substance, with a molecular mass ranging from 50 to 1000 g/mol, diffusing in PVC-U at 23 and 60 °C. In the framework of the German Environmental Agency requirements, these are the temperatures for testing the compliance of polymer articles intended to be used in cold and warm drinking water, respectively. Pipes, fittings and other articles made of PVC-U are widely used in the production, transportation and storage of drinking water. Thus, the new approach to estimate conservative diffusion coefficients for organic substances present in PVC-U articles is a key achievement for an efficient and reliable use of migration modelling with this material.

Incorporation of Natural Blueberry, Red Grapes and Parsley Extract By-Products into the Production of Chitosan Edible Films.

The aim of the research was to produce edible packaging based on chitosan with the addition of various concentrations of extracts of blueberry, red grape and parsley marcs. Packaging was made from extrudate extracts, which were subsequently analyzed by physicochemical methods: zeta-potential, gas barrier properties, thickness, water content, solubility, swelling degree, textural properties, total polyphenol content (TPC), polyphenols by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), antioxidant activity, attenuated total reflectance Fourier-Transform spectroscopy (FTIR), antimicrobial activity and determination of migration of bioactive substances. The results indicate that a higher content of plant extracts have a statistically significant (p < 0.05) influence on properties of experimentally produced edible films. Edible films produced with the highest concentrations of red grapes marc extracts showed the most advantageous properties since antimicrobial activity against E. coli were the highest in this kind of produced film. The physical properties of edible films were also improved by the addition of extracts; gas permeability toward oxygen can be defined as advantageous, as can swelling degree, which decreased with higher concentrations of extracts. The research emphasized the possibility to use plant foodstuffs by-products in the production of edible/biodegradable films, helping in the overall sustainability and eco-friendliness of food/package production.

Accumulation of Heavy Metals by Soil and Agricultural Plants in the Zone of Technogenic Impact

Background: The transformation of natural elements, the migration of soil substances used in industry most often refer to metals, as a result of which “metallization” of landscapes occurs in industrial regions. Methods: The article proposes an analysis of studies, conducting agroecological monitoring of soil and plants in the zone affected by the action of Ryazan power plant in 2015-2019. Experiments included the analysis of the soil and climatic conditions of the area, sampling in the zone of five rings of the pipe of the polluting enterprise, the analysis of the content of some trace elements in the coal during combustion and the products of their combustion, as well as heavy metals in the biomass of the main types of plant communities in the zone of influence and mobile forms of metals in the soil of the zone, depending on the main directions of influence. Result: According to the results, the greatest distribution of mobile forms of heavy metals in the impact zone of Ryazan State District Power Plant (RGRES) was observed in the southern and southeastern directions in radii from 2.5 km to 30 km, in the southwest direction it was in radii from 500 m to 7 km and in the northern and northwestern directions it was within a radius of 500 m to 2.5 km from the station.

Migration and transformation routes of pharmaceutical substances in the aquatic environment

The paper considers the ways of migration and transformation of pharmaceutical substances in the aquatic environment. It is shown that the main source of pollution is insufficiently treated domestic wastewater. The occurrence of pharmaceutical substances is characterized by spatial and temporal variability. Some correlations in the distribution of certain groups of pharmaceuticals in water, sediments and suspensions are presented.

Hygienic Aspects of the Use of Desalinated Sea Water for Drinking and Household Purposes: A Literature Review

Background. Uneven distribution of fresh water sources on the land surface encourages a search for effective techniques of potable water preparation by desalination of seawater. Hygienic issues of such desalination methods as distillation, reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, and ion exchange have been investigated by now and appropriate limitations, requirements, and additional measures to ensure safety of desalinated drinking water have been established. Objective. To summarize and systematize the results of studying characteristics of various methods of seawater desalination for its further use for drinking and household purposes. Materials and methods. We conducted a systematic review of studies published in Russian and in English, found in the PubMed and Web of Science databases, and selected 40 literary sources containing an empirical assessment of effectiveness of seawater desalination and preparation of drinking water. We also scrutinized regulatory documents and guidelines of domestic sanitary legislation. The research results were systematized by the main desalination methods. Results and discussion. We established that the use of seawater for the preparation of fresh water for drinking and household purposes is becoming increasingly widespread around the world. Drinking water obtained from seawater, in all cases, requires additional treatment and measures to optimize its mineral composition and protect against microorganisms. Conclusion. The main challenges of ensuring sanitary and epidemiological wellbeing of the population when using desalinated seawater for drinking and household purposes include selection of a source, arrangement of sites of water intake properly protected from natural and man-made pollution, substantiation of techniques and modes of preliminary preparation of source seawater adequate to its composition, basic desalination, ensuring safety of products of destruction and migration of toxic substances from reagents and materials of desalination plants, additional conditioning with the necessary elements and disinfection of the prepared water, as well as environmental protection from desalination waste.

Impact of a Hydrocarbon Surfactant on the Retention and Transport of Perfluorooctanoic Acid in Saturated and Unsaturated Porous Media.

The transport and retention behavior of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in the presence of a hydrocarbon surfactant under saturated and unsaturated conditions was investigated. Miscible-displacement transport experiments were conducted at different PFOA and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) input ratios to determine the impact of SDS on PFOA adsorption at solid-water and air-water interfaces. A numerical flow and transport model was employed to simulate the experiments. The PFOA breakthrough curves for unsaturated conditions exhibited greater retardation compared to those for saturated conditions in all cases, owing to air-water interfacial adsorption. The retardation factor for PFOA with a low concentration of SDS (PFOA-SDS ratio of 10:1) was similar to that for PFOA without SDS under unsaturated conditions. Conversely, retardation was greater in the presence of higher levels of SDS (1:1 and 1:10) with retardation factors increasing from 2.4 to 2.9 and 3.6 under unsaturated conditions due to enhanced adsorption at the solid-water and air-water interfaces. The low concentration of SDS had no measurable impact on PFOA air-water interfacial adsorption coefficients (Kia) determined from the transport experiments. The presence of SDS at the higher PFOA-SDS concentration ratios increased the surface activity of PFOA, with transport-determined Kia values increased by 27 and 139%, respectively. The model provided very good independently predicted simulations of the measured breakthrough curves and showed that PFOA and SDS experienced various degrees of differential transport during the experiments. These results have implications for the characterization and modeling of poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) migration potential at sites wherein PFAS and hydrocarbon surfactants co-occur.

Electrical resistivity tomography at the “roll along” profile in comparison with geochemical testing of the tailing dump (Salair, Kemerovo region)

Mining tailings are the source of a wide range of chemical elements in the environment. One of the main mechanisms of substance migration is the filtration of solutions into groundwater and the river network. In this paper, we consider the results of geophysical studies along the side of the tailings mine production (Salair, Kemerovo region) by the method of Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT). The aim of the research was to identify the leakage of industrial water from a hydraulic structure, as well as to compare the geoelectric parameters of the environment with the geochemical testing of solutions near the tailings. It was found that the direction of the underground fluid flow from the tailings can be traced using geophysical methods, as well as to show the exact anomalous drainage zone on the profile of ERT.

Transformation and kinetics of chlorine-containing products during pyrolysis of plastic wastes

Pyrolysis can not only effectively dispose of plastic wastes but also reclaim valuable chemicals and biochar. However, the production and release of second pollutants, particularly chlorine-containing products, have been neglected. The mechanism for the transformation of chlorine during the pyrolysis of plastic wastes remains unclear. Herein, a thermogravimetric Fourier transform infrared mass spectrometry technology was used to investigate the migration and transformation of substances during the pyrolysis of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic from 200 °C to 900 °C with heating rates of 5, 50, 100, 150, and 200 K min−1. Results show the first stage of weight loss is at 200 °C-360 °C, where the dehydrochlorination of PVC mainly occurred, accompanied by the formation of conjugated double bonds and a small number of hydrocarbon compounds. The second stage of weight loss is at 360 °C-550 °C, where the breakage and rearrangement of the long polyethene chain may occur. Kinetics analysis shows the higher activation energy value is in the second stage, which indicates that the second stage reaction is less likely to occur and the Flynn–Wall–Ozawa method is more suitable for the study of plastic pyrolysis kinetics. This study suggests that second pollutants can be minimized during controllable pyrolysis.

Migration of substances from food contact plastic materials into foodstuff and their implications for human exposure

The safety of food contact plastic materials, including PP, PE, PET, PCT, PLA, PBT and cross-linked polyester, was assessed with regard to migrated substances. The migrated concentrations of overall migrants (OMs), terephthalic acid, acetaldehyde, 1,4-butanediol and lead, were determined according to the standards and specifications for utensils, containers and packages in Korea. Food simulants of 4% acetic acid, water and n-heptane were used for the analysis of the substances. The dietary exposures of terephthalic acid, acetaldehyde and 1,4-butanediol were assessed using the dietary concentrations and the food consumption data. As a result, the dietary exposures were considered to be safe comparing to the health-based guidance values. In the case of lead, the margin of exposure (MOE) approach was applied. The MOEs calculated using the UB concentration and mean consumption data were ranged from 3 to 1000, which indicated low concern for health risk. Moreover, in this study, the dietary exposures were estimated by the Korean MFDS and U.S. FDA methods, respectively. As a result, the assessed risks were considered to be low in both cases. Based on the results of current exposure assessments, it could be considered that the food contact plastic materials are properly controlled by the regulatory authorities.

Проблемы агроэкологической оценки плодородия почв

The paper proves the need to clarify the agroecological assessment of soils, taking into account the migration of substances, the non-exchange fixation of biophilic elements by the soil, the relationship between the properties of soils, the intensity and speed of soil-forming processes, and the manifestation of the law of decreasing fertility. It is shown that on well-cultivated sod-podzolic soils of the Moscow region, the losses of elements with high water and ground water averaged 19.3 and 6.9 kg/ha of N-NO3, 0.7 and 1.2 N-NH4 in the crop rotation. Losses with surface-runoff waters were: nitrogen-2.2 kg / ha, potassium-7.0; calcium-11.0; magnesium-6.0; phosphorus-0.9 kg / ha per year. When the Ca/K ratio in the soil solution of this soil was 0.44±0.03 and 2.7±0.1, the content of water – soluble iron was 57.9±7.4 and 5.3±0.7 mg/l, respectively; manganese-2.3±0.4 and 1.1±0.2 mg/l. It is shown that plants consume biophilic elements from different soil horizons, which must be taken into account in the balance of biophilic elements. It is shown that the optimal soil properties differ depending on the hydrothermal conditions of the territory, the combination of soil properties. It is proved that in order to choose the optimal crops for growing on certain soils, it is necessary to take into account the alienation of energy with the crop. Keywords: SOIL FERTILITY, FERTILIZERS, BALANCE, ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY

HPLC-DAD and PARAFAC for the determination of bisphenol-A and another four bisphenols migrating from BPA-free polycarbonate glasses

Bisphenol A (BPA) is considered an endocrine disrupting chemical as it affects the human hormonal system and is widely used in polycarbonate (PC) manufacture. As the population is continually exposed to BPA, European regulations have limited its industrial use in cosmetics, thermal paper, toys and food contact materials. Because of these restrictions, other bisphenols are replacing BPA, but they show similar harmful effects as BPA.In this work, migration of five bisphenols (BPS, BPF, BPA, BPAF, BPZ) from BPA-free PC glasses into simulant B (3% acetic acid (w/v) in aqueous solution) has been determined by means of HPLC-DAD. For this task, twenty glasses were exposed to a migration test at 70 °C for 24 h, more severe conditions than the ones suggested in technical guides. Afterwards, PARAFAC (parallel factor analysis) decomposition, validation of PARAFAC models, and evaluation of CCα (decision limit) and CCβ (detection capability) were carried out.A study was performed by comparing the population results (concentration), obtained for analytical blanks (n = 40) versus the ones obtained for the migration test from BPA-free polycarbonate glasses (n = 40) by means of the corresponding probability density functions fitted for both populations.A statistically significant difference between both populations was only found for BPA. BPA migrated from PC glasses with concentration greater than 0.49 μg L-1, for probabilities of false positive (α) and false negative (β) equal to 0.05 and 0.07, respectively. However, the maximum amount of BPA migrated from PC glasses was 5.60 μg L-1, a value lower than the established limit for the specific migration of a non-authorised substance (10 μg kg−1).

Hubungan Pengetahuan Dan Sikap Mahasiswa Program Studi Tata Boga Universitas Negeri Jakarta Dengan Tindakan Penggunaan Plastik Untuk Minuman Panas

Plastics are organic materials formed into various shapes when exposed to heat and pressure. Plastics have weaknesses and are dangerous for the materials they pack, namely the possibility of migration or transfer of monomer substances from plastic materials into food and beverages. The aims of this research is to analyze the relationship between knowledge and attitudes of student’s to measure the use of plastic for hot drinks. This type of this research is survey with cross-sectional approach. The samples in this study are students of the Culinary Education Study Program at the Jakarta State University, with a total sample of 66 respondents using the disproportionate stratified random sampling technique. Data has been analyzed using descriptive analysis and inferential analysis. The results of this research show that the percentage of 66 students who have high knowledge about plastics is 54,5%, 95,5% of students have high attitudes in using plastic, and 78,8% of students have high action in using plastic. Meanwhile, the correlation test results showed a positive relationship between student's knowledge and attitudes with the use of plastic (r_count = 0.765 &gt; r_table = 0.244) with a determination coefficient of 58,5%. Based on the research results, it is expected that Culinary Education students will maintain their attitudes and actions in using plastic to avoid the dangers inflicted by plastic.

Migration of food contact substances into dry foods: A review

ABSTRACT A comprehensive review of the literature was performed on migration of substances from packaging materials into dry foods, specifically those with surfaces containing no free fats or oils. Historically, migration from food packaging to dry foods has been assumed to be minimal. However, several recent publications have reported concentrations of migrants into dry foods that are substantially higher than anticipated. The goal of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary of recent studies that examined migration to dry foods or dry food simulants, observe and assess common migrants, and report the highest migration values. Focusing on the packaging materials and migrants that exhibit the highest migration values, this review divided the studies into two categories: 1) analysis of food products in commercial packaging taken directly from grocery store shelves, and 2) analysis of food products and food simulants in contact with packaging or other material fortified with known quantities of a migrant. Discussions include the examination of migration testing methods, viability of different food simulants, and variables that affect migration behaviour. These include the physicochemical properties of both the migrant and food (i.e. volatility, molecular size, structure, food composition and particle size) and factors pertaining to the packaging material and the environment (i.e. temperature, humidity, and the presence of a secondary barrier). Information gaps and remaining questions are also identified and discussed.

Food packaging's materials: A food safety perspective.

Food packaging serves purposes of food product safety and easy handling and transport by preventing chemical contamination and enhancing shelf life, which provides convenience for consumers. Various types of materials, including plastics, glass, metals, and papers and their composites, have been used for food packaging. However, owing to consumers’ increased health awareness, the significance of transferring harmful materials from packaging materials into foods is of greater concern. This review highlights the interactions of food with packaging materials and elaborates the mechanism, types, and contributing factors of migration of chemical substances from the packaging to foods. Also, various types of chemical migrants from different packaging materials with their possible impacts on food safety and human health are discussed. We conclude with a future outlook based on legislative considerations and ongoing technical contributions to optimization of food–package interactions.

Physical and Chemical Technologies of Metal Mining and Water Resources

The article is devoted to minimizing the negative impact of mining on the water resources of the mining regions. An assessment is made of leaching technologies with the involvement of non-conventional reserves for traditional methods of mining, reducing costs and lowering the level of environmental impact, including water resources. A reference is given on the use of leaching technologies for the development of natural and technogenic deposits in Russia. The mechanism of contamination of water resources with reagents and products of ore mining and processing is described. The typification of the processes of water migration of substances and components of underground leaching solutions is proposed. The zones of interaction between mineral deposits and water resources are differentiated. Fundamental differences of technology are formulated by the criterion of impact on water resources. An example of preventing the mixing of clean water and industrial effluents by creating a barrier in practice of a mining enterprise is given. It is concluded that the use of technologies with leaching of metals from ores at the place of their localization is promising

On the Effect of Green Spaces on the Natural Risks Associated with Air Quality Decrease of the Urban Environment

Despite the high interest to the study of the effect of green spaces on the processes of substance migration in the system “lithosphere – biostrome – atmosphere”, the negative aspects of these interactions are not considered. A scheme of the circulation of heavy metals in this system is proposed; dependences for calculating the density of heavy metal flows between components are obtained. Methods are proposed and experimental studies of the dynamics of Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn concentration in each component of the system are carried out. A correlation between the processes of plant growing and the concentration of heavy metals in air was established. The flows of Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn in the system “lithosphere – biostrome – atmosphere” are calculated, graphic representations of their balance are proposed. The diagram analysis which made it possible to establish the fact of the influence of green spaces on their migration at a selected point was carried out.

Short-term frozen storage of raw chicken meat improves its flavor traits upon stewing

The effect of frozen storage periods (0, 2, 4, 6, or 8 wk) of raw chicken meat on its flavor upon stewing was investigated by analyzing the changes of free amino acids (FAAs), 5′-nucleotides, minerals and volatile compounds and by evaluating the taste and aroma profiles using an E-nose and a human panel. Results showed that the storage time of raw material improved its taste and aroma profiles upon stewing. The total free amino acid contents and the equivalent umami concentration (EUC) increased from 159.90 mg/100 g and 3156.58 mg/100 g to 292.81 mg/100 g and 4360.72 mg/100 g, respectively, although the 5′-nucleotide concentrations decreased upon stewing. With increased frozen storage durations of raw material, the contents of the mineral elements and total volatile compound increased firstly, then deceased. Results from the electronic nose and sensory evaluation indicated a progressive difference in the overall flavor profiles among samples. The meaty, umami and salty traits of stewed meat reached the maximum scores as frozen chicken meat was stored for 6 wk, which should be related to the enhanced migration of taste-active substances and retention of aldehydes. Overall, a limited frozen storage duration of raw meat can enhance its flavor upon stewing.