Migration Balance Research Articles

Демографічні аспекти вимушеної міграції українців до Чеської Республіки після російського повномасштабного вторгнення

The paper examines the scale and dynamics of Ukrainian forced migration to the Czech Republic following the Russian full-scale invasion of Ukraine, the demographic characteristics of Ukrainian war migrants, and the impact of this migration wave on the demographic situation in the Czech Republic. The study aimed to analyze the specific features of migration caused by the full-scale war, its reflection in demographic statistics, and to define the demographic profile of Ukrainian war migration to the Czech Republic. The research utilized statistical data provided by the Czech Statistical Office (Český statistický úřad) and applied methods of systematization and generalization, structural-logical and comparative analysis, statistical methods of structure and dynamics analysis, graphical data representation, and others. This type of study regarding Ukrainian war migrants to the Czech Republic has been conducted for the first time. Among European countries, the Czech Republic ranks third in the number of forced migrants from Ukraine, accumulating 8.4 % of the total number of Ukrainian war migrants in the European Union. It was found that the reflection of this migration wave in demographic statistics is influenced by organizational and accounting circumstances, such as the terms and procedures for extending temporary protection for war migrants, and the lack of specific “markers” in the statistics of demographic events for persons under temporary protection. Ukrainian war migration in the year of the Russian full-scale invasion led to a record increase in positive migration balance in the Czech Republic and increase in the share of individuals with Ukrainian citizenship in this country. The forced war migration wave in 2022 affected the demographic composition of both individuals with Ukrainian citizenship and the entire population of the Czech Republic through an increased share of women, who predominate among war migrants, and a slight slowdown in ageing and an increase in the share of the working-age population for two consecutive years. Among Ukrainians under temporary protection in the Czech Republic, there is a particularly high share of women aged 35 to 45 and boys aged 17—18, and also high proportion of children aged 10 to 14. During the years of the full-scale war, the number of marriages registered between Ukrainians in the Czech Republic has increased. In 2022—2023, due to the wave of war migration, the number of newborns with Ukrainian citizenship in the Czech Republic significantly increased, and their share in the total number of births among foreigners rose (by almost 30 percentage points in two years), although the total fertility rate of Ukrainian women was noticeably lower than the national average. The number of deaths among individuals with Ukrainian citizenship also increased due to the influx of war migrants, but this had a negligible impact on the level of mortality.

Income level as a differentiating factor in assessing the impact of migration on economic growth

Aim. To study the nature of the impact of migration on economic growth depending on the level of gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and the direction of migration flows.Objectives. Study of theoretical approaches to the research of the impact of labor migration on economic growth; analysis of factors that differentiate the assessment of the impact of migration flows on economic growth indicators; collection and analysis of statistical information for the development of econometric models for assessing the impact of migration on economic growth.Methods. The authors used general scientific methods of research, such as deduction, analysis, synthesis. Statistical methods of data analysis were applied, linear regression models were built.Results. The research shows that the impact of migration on economic growth in countries with different levels of GDP per capita is due to different factors. For developed economies, the positive factors of the impact of immigration on economic growth are replenishment of scarce labor resources; improvement of labor force quality due to structural changes caused by the transition of the permanent working-age population to new professional fields. For countries with a low level of GDP per capita we can identify a number of positive factors of the impact of emigration (with a negative balance of migration growth) on economic growth. In particular, the outflow of excess labor force creates conditions for reducing unemployment; remittances of migrants support effective demand in the consumer market, contribute to the development of the banking system and investment in the country of origin; the expansion of social ties leads to the development of human capital, increasing the potential for innovation.Conclusions. The value of correlation coefficients in the constructed regression models indicates that there is a weak correlation between the variable characterizing the volume and nature of migration in the country (the ratio of migration balance to population) and the variable characterizing economic growth (GDP per capita at purchasing power parity) only for the group of high-income countries. There is little statistical dependence of these variables for other groups of countries. With regard to econometric modeling of the impact of migration on economic growth, this means that it is necessary to develop separate models for each group of countries depending on the level of GDP per capita and the direction of migration flows.

Evaluation of Population Projections for Serbia 2011-2041 after the 2022 Census Results

Following the 2022 Population Census, the first assessment of Serbia's official population projections based on data from the 2011 Census and other vital statistics and migration sources has become feasible. According to the Census results, the population of Serbia in 2022 is approximately 2.3% below the projected values for that year, according to the closest projection variant – the constant variant. This paper explores the differences in terms of projected and realized values of fertility, mortality, and migration balance. Hypotheses regarding the total fertility rate and the number of live births were largely confirmed. However, a notable deviation was observed in mortality rates, primarily attributed to the COVID-19 pandemic period, during which life expectancy decreased by nearly two years. Apart from the pandemic's effect, the deviation between projected and realized population values is also due to the assumption of a positive migration balance for the period 2011-2022. Contrary to this optimistic assumption, the vital statistics method reveals negative external migration during this period.

Urban–rural migration in Germany: A decision in favour of ‘the rural’ or against ‘the urban’?

For many years, the debate on internal migration in Germany focused on rural out-migration. Since the early 2000s, large cities have had positive migration balances. Almost unnoticed, however, in the early 2010s the patterns of internal migration started to shift towards rural locations. It was only the COVID-19 pandemic that drew attention to these changing tendencies and the apparent new appreciation of rural living.In this paper, we will first shed light on the changes in internal migration between 2000 and 2021. We divide this period into three phases and show that the overall pattern of population centralisation transformed into a process of decentralisation. This trend further intensified during the first two years of the COVID-19 pandemic. Secondly, based on a German-wide population survey, we present findings on the reasons why households moved from urban to rural areas between mid-2015 and mid-2020, with personal, employment-related and housing-related reasons being the most relevant. To better understand urban-rural migration (or ‘counterurbanisation’), we pay particular attention to how respondents experienced cities and urban housing markets and which residential characteristics they ascribed to the rural destination. We show that urban-rural migration is a multifaceted decision in which the structural impediments of urban housing markets lacking affordable housing play a relevant part. In conclusion, we argue that research on urban-rural migration needs to more systematically pursue the idea of a complex and contingent decision that is driven by both structural factors and personal preferences. Extending the long-standing counterurbanisation debate beyond a mere residential choice for ‘the rural’ is all the more important to adequately interpret future findings on post-pandemic patterns of internal migration.

Exploring rural futures through spatial‐temporal migration balance changes in a North‐Caucasian rural basin

AbstractA better understanding of spatial‐temporal demographic changes in rural regions can contribute to envision potential rural futures and improve regional planning. This research aimed to analyse the migration balance and its spatial‐temporal changes in a rural basin in the Russian Federation's North Caucasus District. The basin was divided into water functional zones to examine the environmental conditions and relate them to possible future anthropogenic pressures and threats to population well‐being. Two migration balance indicators (on total population and working‐age sector) were calculated in settlements to classify them as attractors, expellers or stable population entities in two census data (2014 and 2020). The spatial‐temporal changes were assessed by testing two hypotheses: one related to population concentration and rural depopulation trends; the other focused on working‐age migration and workforce availability. Moreover, a foresight tool employed migration balance indicators in 2020 to explore population trends and possible trajectories. Findings revealed that in this rural basin, a small number of settlements served as attractors in the upper functional zone where two urban centres are found, potentially intensifying soil erosion and pollution. In the middle and lower functional zones, most rural and small urban settlements showed unfavored migration balances, leading to population and workforce decline. Negative environmental factors like declining water quality and increased wind erosion could worsen this trend. The migration challenges by functional zones highlight the growing regional disparities. The combination of spatial demography with the basin approach provided improved information to foster collaboration in a shared basin and effectively address undesirable rural outcomes at regional level.

Демографическое старение Республики Коми по новому пенсионному возрасту и экономические аспекты его повышения

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of demographic ageing of the Komi Republic according to the new economic threshold of old age. The relevance of the study is conditioned by the gradual increase of the retirement age in Russia and the preservation of the favourable retirement age in the region. The regularities of population ageing in the republic in different intercensal periods have been revealed. The migration inflow ensured a more than twofold lower percentage of older-aged people until the end of the 1970s. The Komi Rebublic has been characterised by a negative migration balance from the second half of the 1980s. The rate of ageing significantly exceeds the national average in spite of the increased birth rate and decreased life duration. The level of ageing approaches the national Russian average and even exceeds it remarkably taking into account the favourable pension legislation. The retirement-age increase contributes not only to the reduction of demographic pressure but also to the decrease of age discrimination in the area employment, favours realization of the resource potential of the older generation and the conception of healthy and active longevity. The employment level of pensioners, the average pension rate and its correlation to the average wage in the Komi Republic is higher than those in the whole country, which partly compensate for the high living cost in the North.

Развитие демографического потенциала сельских территорий в целях обеспечения их социально-экономического развития (на примере Новосибирской области)

Introduction. The article considers opportunities to improve demographic potential as a critical factor influencing the socio-economic development of rural areas.Materials and methods. To study the actual demographic situation in the Novosibirsk region and the regions of the Siberian Federal District, statistical analysis methods were used - index, tabular methods, etc. The empirical basis for this was the data of the Federal State Statistics Service, including the Territorial Authority for the Novosibirsk Region, on demographic processes in the Novosibirsk region for the 2010-2023 period (population size, structure, natural increase, migration increase, migration balance, total population growth rate, birth and death rate, average life expectancy).To analyze the implementation of the strategy for sustainable development of rural areas in the Russian Federation, a retrospective method was used, with the help of which the persistence of negative demographic trends in rural areas was shown.To work out recommendations for the development of corporate social policy directions for large organizations of the agro-industrial complex, the authors relied on strategic and systemic analysis methods to identify the potential and develop measures of corporate social policy of agricultural producers in the Novosibirsk region.Results. Consideration of the all-Russian situation regarding the development of rural areas showed that it is necessary to pay more attention to the development of the demographic potential of these territories. At the level of the Novosibirsk region, an analysis of the legislative framework allowed us to conclude that it is necessary to actively attract young people to rural areas, retaining them in agricultural enterprises, providing efficient employment and at the same time promoting the socio-economic development of rural areas.Discussion. Ensuring sustainable development of rural areas is impossible without solving demographic problems based on a regional demographic policy considering the interests of young rural families, and corporate demographic policy implementation at the level of agricultural enterprises.

მიგრაციის სოციალურ-ეკონომიკური გავლენის ანალიზი

The expansion of the boundaries of globalization in itself leads to the facilitation of the movement of people from one country to another. As the reality of past decades has shown, this could be voluntary or involuntary movement, which is caused by the need to find jobs. Over the years, the migration of these flows of people between countries has acquired a large scale and has become a pressing challenge. Migration is among the most important global challenges, which is accompanied by not only social, unsustainable, and severe economic problems, but also creates many difficulties in many countries throughout the world. One of the major reasons for present-day human migrations is due to socio-economic problems. The analysis of the migration balance showed us that in the first decade of independence (1994-2002), the negative migration balance was particularly high (25-190 thousand people). In 2022, as a result of the migration changes caused by the Russian-Ukrainian war, the positive migration balance amounted to 56,509 people. The analysis of these migration flows in terms of age, in 2022, has shown that the number of immigrants in all age-groups was higher than the number of emigrants, which is also the result of the migration changes caused by the Russian-Ukrainian war. As expected, emigrants and immigrants (economically active population) between the ages of 16 and 64 have the highest specific share, which made up 84% and 86% of their total number, respectively. Given the increased opportunities for international mobility and the driving factors of migration, a reduction in emigration flows is unlikely to occur in the near future. In our opinion, it will be important to bring these flows into a safe and legal framework, as well as to strengthen relations with the large Georgian diaspora living abroad and to involve them in the socio-economic development of the country. It should be noted that today, remittances continue to play an important role in the lives of migrant families remaining in Georgia. As studies show, despite their relatively high amount, remittances have little impact on the country's economic development. Thus, it is important to establish a migration policy in Georgia that will contribute to the reduction of irrational, intensive emigration, the legalization of migration, the increase of the efficiency of migration, the return of migrants and their socio-economic reintegration in their homeland, the harmonization of the migration policy of Georgia with the measures taken by the countries of immigration, and the normalization of immigration processes.

Demographic Problems in the Northern Regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan

This article aims to analyse demographic and migration processes in Kazakhstan, focusing on identifying their impact on society’s economic, political and social aspects. The work methodology is based on comparisons and system-structural methods, such as control, generalization, systematization, logical analysis, and synthesis. The study used two main groups of indicators for 1990-2021. The first group included comparative indicators, such as the relative size of the population structure, the intensity and relative proportions of the structure, and the proportions of the urban and rural population. The second group included migration indicators, such as the number of arrivals to the settlement, the number of departures from the settlement, and absolute migration growth or balance. The study results reveal regional differences, especially in the context of migration processes. There is a negative balance of internal migration and high rates of population decline in the northern regions. In comparison, the southern regions are experiencing population growth, which poses new economic and social challenges. It is predicted that by 2050, the population of the south of regions will increase significantly. The authors emphasize the importance of an integrated approach to solving demographic problems, including improving well-being, providing affordable health care and developing effective demographic policies. In conclusion, it is noted that successfully overcoming demographic challenges requires balanced economic and social measures.

Regulation of labor migration in rural areas

Goal – the article examines the process of outflow of highly qualified specialists from rural areas, its reasons, since this trend is relevant for the Republic of Kazakhstan and the world community. Methods – retrospective analysis, demographic and economic statistics, index, graphic, comparisons and generalizations. Results – the main directions of Kazakhstan’s migration policy are considered. The authors analyzed data on the number and share of the urban and rural population in the republic, based on statistics. The balance of interregional migration is presented, since demographic and economic results affect the economy regardless of its level of development. Conclusions – attention is focused on the process of urbanization in the context of globalization, which negatively affects the number of rural residents. Internal migration is interconnected with international migration, the possibility of moving to other states. Currently, migration processes in the country have undergone changes, due to the transformation of values and migration factors, which represent specific results of the current stage of socio-economic and political development of Kazakhstan, which is confirmed by analytical information from 2013 to 2023. Government measures, reflected in resettlement programs, are aimed at stimulating national economy, quantitative transformations of the ethnic composition in the receiving areas, as well as modifications in the structure of labor market. Current issues of labor migration: labor shortage, natural and migration population decline. Tracking these indicators is difficult due to the unorganized labor market, labor intensity of this work and the need for significant financial resources.

Mathematical Models of Migration Balance and Migration Attitudes in Armenia

The purpose of the study is to provide a quantitative explanation of the migration balance and migration attitudes in Armenian society. A linear regression model has been constructed to explain the dependence of the migration balance on variables at the macro level, including annual GDP growth, the internal and external political state of Armenia. Data from the Armenian Statistical Service on statistics of border movements and annual GDP growth were used. The foreign policy state is represented by a variable taking the values “Truce”, “War”, and “Intense War”. The internal political state is represented by a variable taking the values “Open conflict”, “Latent conflict”, “Balanced”, “Positive expectations”, and “High expectations”. Based on the model, an estimate of the migration balance for 2023 was calculated. According to a sociological survey conducted in November 2022 using the structural modeling method (Structural Equation Modeling), two models were built that explain migration attitudes in society through the socio-economic characteristics of the respondent and characteristics of his political culture, including: the presence of a labor migrant in the family, the age of the respondent, approval of the 2018 revolution in Armenia, the realization of expectations from the revolution, a sense of political competence, political subjectivity and patriotism. The results of the study can be used to forecast the migration balance and migration attitudes in the society, as well as strategic planning and management of migration processes in Armenia.

Development and causes of migration in lagging regions in the years 2017–2021: a case study of the Slovak Republic

Migration represents a process where people leave their homes for various reasons. The aim of the article is to evaluate the level and development of migration in Slovakia and to identify its causes in the Gemer region, which is among the least economically productive regions of Slovakia. We quantified the development and level of migration based on secondary data through selected analytical indicators of migration. We determined the motivations of the residents of the Gemer region to migrate using a questionnaire survey. Until 2004, Slovakia was an emigration country, but in recent years it has turned into a destination country. However, the situation is not the same for all regions of the country. A negative migration balance persists in the Gemer region, although restrictions related to the coronavirus pandemic have slowed this trend. We found that up to 21 % of respondents from the region migrate for work. Up to 45 % of respondents want to move out of the region, while in 64 % of cases the migration is motivated by economic reasons. The opinion on migration is influenced by the gender of the respondent but is not related to the level of education achieved.

Tailoring therapeutics via a systematic beneficial elements comparison between photosynthetic bacteria-derived OMVs and extruded nanovesicles

Photosynthetic bacteria (PSB) has shown significant potential as a drug or drug delivery system owing to their photothermal capabilities and antioxidant properties. Nevertheless, the actualization of their potential is impeded by inherent constraints, including their considerable size, heightened immunogenicity and compromised biosafety. Conquering these obstacles and pursuing more effective solutions remains a top priority. Similar to extracellular vesicles, bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) have demonstrated a great potential in biomedical applications. OMVs from PSB encapsulate a rich array of bioactive constituents, including proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids inherited from their parent cells. Consequently, they emerge as a promising and practical alternative. Unfortunately, OMVs have suffered from low yield and inconsistent particle sizes. In response, bacteria-derived nanovesicles (BNVs), created through controlled extrusion, adeptly overcome the challenges associated with OMVs. However, the differences, both in composition and subsequent biological effects, between OMVs and BNVs remain enigmatic. In a groundbreaking endeavor, our study meticulously cultivates PSB-derived OMVs and BNVs, dissecting their nuances. Despite minimal differences in morphology and size between PSB-derived OMVs and BNVs, the latter contains a higher concentration of active ingredients and metabolites. Particularly noteworthy is the elevated levels of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) found in BNVs, known for its ability to enhance cell proliferation and initiate downstream signaling pathways that promote angiogenesis and epithelialization. Importantly, our results indicate that BNVs can accelerate wound closure more effectively by orchestrating a harmonious balance of cell proliferation and migration within NIH-3T3 cells, while also activating the EGFR/AKT/PI3K pathway. In contrast, OMVs have a pronounced aptitude in anti-cancer efforts, driving macrophages toward the M1 phenotype and promoting the release of inflammatory cytokines. Thus, our findings not only provide a promising methodological framework but also establish a definitive criterion for discerning the optimal application of OMVs and BNVs in addressing a wide range of medical conditions.

CONTEMPORARY DEMOGRAPHIC CHALLENGES IN RURAL AREAS OF PODKARPACIE

The unfavorable phenomena accompanying demographic processes in the 21st century have serious social and economic consequences. They are spatially diverse, and their negative effects are particularly felt in regions characterized by low population concentration. Such regions include rural areas of Podkarpacie. The aim of the research was to identify the main threats accompanying demographic transformations in the Podkarpackie Voivodeship and to recognize the resulting challenges. The factors analyzed were those that determine the demographic potential of a given territory, i.e. those that contribute to the actual increase and decrease in population and those that determine the degree of population aging. Special attention was paid to selected powiats classified as peripheral, least populated in the region. Comparative-descriptive, tabular and graphic methods were used to analyze and present the materials; the data covered the years 2000-2022. On the basis of structure and dynamics indicators, changes in demographic potential were assessed and the problems and challenges resulting from them were identified. Research has shown that the region’s population is declining and its age structure is deteriorating. The continuing negative natural growth and negative migration balance constitute a major threat resulting from the process of population aging and depopulation. Depopulation particularly threatens sparsely populated areas of the region, especially border gminas neighboring war-torn Ukraine.

FUNCTION OF LABOR MARKET OF GEORGIA IN THE POST-PANDEMIC PERIOD

andemics, which has spread all over the world, had a great impact on several directions of socio-economic development of our country. It has also significantly influenced on the function of Georgian Labor market. One of the most important problems in functioning of Georgian Labor Market is a disbalance between the working force requirements and supply. The volume of supplied working force on the labor market mainly depends on the quantity of the population, able to work and the directions they change. In the last decades, there have been serious changes in the quantity of the employable population in Georgia, that affected on forming and function of the labor market of our country. In this article we have discussed the impact of demographic and external migration processes developed in Georgia, on forming the volume of supplying the working force. Currently, external migration processes development directions gained special topicality, which is characterized with the negative migration balance of native Georgian population. Moreover, recently birth rate indicator has decreased, that will cause decrease of the quantity of the category of people, who will be capable to perform active labor activities. All the mentioned will itself effect on forming the working force on the labor market of the country and in general function of the entire Labor Market. Keywords: Labor market, migration, migration balance, birth rate, death rate, national growth.

Move, Stay, or Pay: The Impact of Land Prices on Migration Balances in Germany

This paper examines the effects of housing costs on net migration in Germany, a country with a polycentric structure. We apply a panel data estimation framework with a large array of unit, time, and regional fixed effects to close to 400 individual counties for the period of 2002 to 2018. Our findings suggest a strong and negative relation between residential land prices and net migration. We conclude that higher land prices can largely offset the additional amenities factored into housing costs and hence cause negative effects on migration. We show that our results are robust to various control specifications, including the addition of variables such as income, education, and age structure, and the use of time lags.

КАЗАХСТАН В ЕВРАЗИЙСКОЙ МИГРАЦИОННОЙ СИСТЕМЕ: КЛЮЧЕВЫЕ ТРЕНДЫ НАЧАЛА 2020-Х ГОДОВ

The quarantine measures that were applied almost everywhere in connection with the spread of COVID-19, and then the transition of the confrontation between Russia and Ukraine to a military phase in February 2022 and related events (the imposition of large-scale sanctions against Russia and mobilization activities in Russia) had a serious impact on migration flows in the Eurasian migration system. The article analyzes statistical data to determine the extent to which the changes were systemic for Kazakhstan and whether they led to a transformation of Kazakhstan’s position in the Eurasian migration system. The article demonstrates that the transformations impacted at least three components of migration processes that are significant for Kazakhstan, as identified in the Concept of Migration Policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2023-2027. These components include the balance of external migration, migration of skilled workers and educational migration, and Kazakhs moving to Kazakhstan. First, there is a serious change in the volume of migration related to change of permanent residence. In 2023, for the first time since 2012, Kazakhstan recorded a positive balance of such migration. At the same time, although Russia remains the most attractive country for migration from Kazakhstan, migration flows in this direction have significantly decreased. Moreover, the parity between the number of immigrants and emigrants was reached in 2023. Secondly, there are contradictory dynamics in the field of migration in connection with brain drain. On the one hand, there is an increase in the number of immigrants with tertiary and specialized secondary education and a surplus of such migration in 2023. On the other hand, from the academic year 2019-2020 we can speak about the decrease in the interest of foreign citizens to study in Kazakhstan. Third, in 2022 and 2023, an increase in the migration of representatives of at least two ethnic groups – Kazakhs and Russians – is recorded, with the number of Russians entering Kazakhstan for permanent residence reaching the highest level since 2014. However, the paper argues that it is still premature to draw conclusions about the fundamental transformation of Kazakhstan’s place in the Eurasian migration system.

Миграционные процессы в дальневосточных субъектах РФ: тенденции 2023 г.

The article examines the migration trends that have developed in 2023 in the context of the Far Eastern subjects of the Russian Federation and in the Far Eastern Federal District (FEFD) as a whole. Among the considered indicators characterizing the territorial movement of the population: the number of arrivals and departures, the balance of migration, interregional interaction, migration interactions with countries near and far abroad, and the regional structure of migration. The analysis period mainly covers eight quarters, starting from Q1 2022 to Q4 2023, and in some cases, comparisons are made with the parameters of 2019. Official publications and operational data of Rosstat were used as information sources. The features of migration registration and regulatory restrictions on attracting migrants to work in the subjects of the Russian Federation as part of the Far Eastern Federal District in 2022–2023 and for the period 2024 are presented

Пространственная картина центро-периферийных миграционных взаимодействий в России

The migration appeal of major cities and their suburbs (centers) and the outflow of the population from the periphery in Russia is a well-documented phenomenon. Utilizing detailed spatial data, this study examines the spatial diversity of the migration balance of 137 identified centers, represented by cities with a population of 100,000 or more and their suburbs, and 82 peripheral areas for the 33years 2011-2020. The analysis encompasses not only the flow between centers and the periphery but also among individual centers, as well as migration involving the centers and peripheries within their regions and in interregional exchanges. Out of the variety of centers, 21 main ones are distinguished, concentrating the primary flow of population from peripheral territories and attracting populations from other centers. Meanwhile, half of the centers experienced migration loss. The centers leading the migration flow in each federal district are identified, with particular attention given to the migration balance characteristics of the largest centers. The data used allowed for analysis with and without considering auto-return, which impacts the scale of migration gain/loss, but, as it turned out, virtually does not alter the spatial pattern of population flow between centers and periphery.

Popis 2022 - stanovništvo Srbije prema nacionalnoj pripadnosti

Ethno-demographic and ethno-statistical studies of the population of Serbia according to nationality are based on the census as the most important official source of data, which is held every ten years and provides information on demographic trends, the number and characteristics of all ethnic communities in Serbia, but also provides a database for the adoption of necessary measures population, social, economic, minority and other state policies important for the stable, even and prosperous development of the country. The paper highlights the impact of various factors on national declaration, as well as the buoyancy of this feature, whose subjectivity has influenced large fluctuations in the number of individual ethnic communities, as well as the accuracy and possibility of comparing census results. Changed census methodology, new methodological solutions, criteria, classifications, definitions, often as a result of national ideology, political decisions and social circumstances, had a great immediate impact on the changes in the population dynamics of all, and especially some nationalities. The paper analyzes the national composition of the population of Serbia (without Kosovo and Metohija) according to the data of the last census from 2011, as well as the significant demographic changes that occurred in the period between the two censuses (2011-2022), while looking at the similarities and differences between the regions. of Serbia (Belgrade region, Vojvodina region, Šumadija and Western Serbia region and Southern and Eastern Serbia region). The focus of the research is on the most important factors that influenced the change in the ethnic structure, such as differences in the rates of natural increase and migration balance according to nationality, but also ethnic alternation under the influence of numerous non-demographic, namely political, social, economic, religious, psychological and other factors. The different population dynamics of ethnic communities, i.e. the increase in the number and share of some, while at the same time the decrease in the number of others, determined the direction and intensity of changes and affected the national composition of the population, as well as the process of ethnic homogenization or dispersiveness of individual nationalities, which created and changed everything the ethnic image of Serbia.