Migration Attractiveness Research Articles

Правовые аспекты образовательной миграции в контексте вызовов пандемии

The purpose of the study is a brief analysis of the legal aspects of educational migration in the context of the challenges of the pandemic. The article uses a comparative legal method that includes an analysis of Russian and foreign legislation in support of educational mobility and increasing the migration attractiveness for young scientists. The study revealed that the COVID-19 pandemic almost halted migration processes in 2020, signifi cantly affecting educational migration. In general, there is a decrease in the number of foreign students who have decided to study abroad, while some countries have maintained the indicators of attracting students from abroad. What factors have determined this phenomenon in the format of closed borders, what new tools and legal solutions are offered by foreign partners in conditions of restrictions? Findings: the authors of the publication answer these questions by demonstrating both foreign experience and the results of the work of Russian universities in attracting foreign students in the context of the pandemic. The authors also formed proposals for improving the legislation to preserve and develop the achieved indicators of educational migration. Internationalization encourages the quality of education, the diversity of education, and the free exchange of educational resources. In the context of a pandemic, educational migration can stimulate both creative educational technologies and modern legal solutions.

Coastal Regions of Russia: Migration Attractiveness and Innovation Performance

Abstract Coastalisation is a widely known concept that builds on the global urbanisation of the world's marine and ocean coasts. In this paper, the degree of coastalisation of the Russian regions is analysed using a variety of parameters, including population numbers and gross regional products, indicating the accumulation of human activity in the coastal regions against the less densely populated inland territories. This research shows that coastalisation is expected to continue, making coastal regions the most attractive for international and interregional migration, hence their high innovation performance. Based on the principles of human geography, we put forward the hypothesis that Russia's coastal territories are highly heterogeneous in their development dynamics. This study aims to test the interdependence between migration figures and innovation values across 23 regions of Russia with access to the sea. The research design comprises three stages: calculation of innovation performance, evaluation of migration flows and the building up of a typology of coastal regions. The research results reveal an increased migration attractiveness of the country's coastal regions, with the St. Petersburg and Kaliningrad agglomerations and the Black Sea coast of the Krasnodar Krai (region) as the main attractors. Intensive innovation activity is characteristic of St. Petersburg, the northern capital of Russia, whereas peripheral regions where the extractive industries dominate (the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (district), Kamchatka, Krasnoyarsk and Magadan regions) demonstrate a much weaker trend towards combining innovation performance and migration attractiveness.

Assessing the migration attractiveness of the territory for young people

Subject. The article considers the issues of migration attractiveness of territories for young people aged 15–19. Objectives. We focus on a comprehensive study of factors of migration attractiveness of territories for young people between the ages of 15 and 19, development of a methodology to assess the migration attractiveness of regions for young people, and its testing in the subjects of the Russian Federation. Methods. The study employs econometric models of panel data to select the most significant factors of migration attractiveness of territories, methods of statistical analysis and expert assessments to form composite indices. Results. We highlight three groups of factors affecting the migration attractiveness of territories for young people, i.e. in the sphere of employment and economics, living environment and social conditions, and the educational sphere. Using the econometric modeling, in each group, we highlight the most significant ones that are used in the formation of composite indices. We also performed a comparative analysis of ratings of the subjects of the Russian Federation in terms of migration attractiveness of territories for young people aged 15 to 19. The ratings are calculated, using the developed methodology, and are based on the migration load coefficient. Conclusions. The developed methodological approach can be used to create tools for assessing the migration attractiveness of territories for other age and gender categories of migrants, as well as to model migration behavior of young people.

Миграционная привлекательность приморской зоны Северо-Запада России: локальные градиенты

A well-acknowledged driver of change, population movement intensifies the development of coastal territories. The Russian North-West holds a vast coastal zone. Granting access to the Baltic, the White, and the Barents Seas, it is an area of geostrategic importance where much of the country’s coastal economy — one of the national priorities — is located. Push and pull factors are enormously diverse in the area, as are migration flows forming attraction poles for migrants. There is little research on the issue despite its social and practical significance. Thus, research is required to examine how the coastal factor can benefit the migration attractiveness and human resources of Russian coastal territories of geostrategic importance. This study aims to delineate coastal territories and investigate local migration flows compared to those recorded in inland regions. The research draws on the concept of coastalisation, employing universal, geographical, and statistical research methods. It uses documentary sources and official 2011—2020 statistics. The findings show that the coastal position and maritime economic activity are relevant factors for migration attractiveness. Saint Petersburg and the coastal municipalities of the Leningrad and Kaliningrad regions are more attractive to migrants than more northerly territories. However, there are attraction poles farther north too, and the coastal zone of the Arkhangelsk region attracts more migrants than its inland part. The study demonstrates the growing polarisation of migration space in the coastal areas and especially agglomerations. Changes in the age structure of immigration flows have caused social factors in attractiveness to migrants to replace employment-related factors.

How to Evaluate the Management of Migration Flows to a Region on the Basis of Parameters of the Region’s Migration Attractiveness

Given the decline in the share of the able-bodied population, a large share of low-skilled labor, and the need to implement national projects aimed at changing the demographic background of the state, which are primarily expressed in stimulating the birth rate growth, the Russian Federation is faced with the task of attracting labor migrants capable of supporting the industrial transformation of the Russian economy. The aim of the study is to develop a comprehensive, goal-oriented approach to the analysis of possible tools for migration regulation Russian Federation based on the assessment of the existing world practice. The instrumental and methodical apparatus of the study is based on an integrated approach, within which migration is considered as a goal-oriented process that has characteristic components and is influenced by objective and personalized factors that depend on the conditions of the socio-economic situation in the development of the territory, and also combines various methods of scientific knowledge: system analysis, comparative, economic and statistical, grouping, benchmarking, etc. In the course of this study were developed us suggestions to improve the regulation of migration processes in the Russian regions, based on the orientation of the action on the selected specialization and targeted development priorities of the territories.

Влияние центр-периферийных отношений на молодежную образовательную миграцию

Abstract Introduction: the article outlines the existing trends in interregional youth migration with the view of identifying the factors and long-term threats in the human capital outflow from the Russian regions. Objectives: analysis of center-peripheral relations on youth educational migration, both intraand interregional. Methods: comparative, statistical, graphical and cartographic analysis of statistical data on interregional migration flows and data of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation. Results: the study has been completed in three aspects, namely: (1) analysis of interregional youth educational migration flows based on attractiveness of higher educational institutions in three groups of Russian regions (educational centers; regions with a million- population capital city; other regions); (2) analysis of intra-regional youth migration based on comparing relative total intra- and inter-regional migration of 15–19 age group in 62 municipal districts of the Republic of Bashkortostan located within a distance to republican capital city; (3) analysis of migration attractiveness factors for the regions accepting the migrants aged 14 and over from the Republic of Bashkortostan leaving for reasons related to education. Conclusions: center-peripheral relations as relations between economically and culturally developed center and peripheral districts that are much weaker in this sense, appear to be secondary factors for inter-regional educational migration, much moreimportant factors becoming the high quality of education as well as a subjective perception of socio-economic conditions in the region, where the young people would like to receive education. The educational centers of Russia are the most popular with applicants; while local schools and neighboring regions graduates are more attracted by large higher education institutions of regional capital cities (agglomeration center, million-population city), which focus on the local labour market in the agglomeration. At the same time, the center-peripheral relations have a larger impact on intraregional migration flows of young people, especially within a certain distance (150−180 km for the Republic of Bashkortostan); outside this distance the young people tend to gravitate to the neighboring regions where Russia’s largest cities (including educational centers and agglomerations) are located.

Migration as a factor in formation of the demographic potential of rural areas of the central black earth region

The article studies migration as one of the factors in the formation of the demographic potential of rural areas. The purpose of the article is to identify key trends in migration processes occurring in rural areas of the regions of the Central Black Earth Economic Region, and to determine their impact on the demographic potential of rural areas. The empirical basis of the article was statistical data characterizing the migration movement of the population of rural areas of five regions of the Central Black Earth Economic Region, as well as the results of a series of semiformalized interviews (September-October 2019, N = 50 respondents) conducted as part of the research project “Mental Inequalities as a Factor of Social Polarization of the Russian Province”. The analysis of statistical data made it possible to conclude that the migration attractiveness of rural areas in most regions of the Central Black Earth Region is quite high. However, optimism about the migration attractiveness of rural areas of the Central Black Earth Region and the positive role of migration processes in the formation and implementation of the demographic potential of rural areas is premature. First, the migration inflow to rural areas of the central black earth regions is quite differentiated. There are leading regions and outsiders. Second, the gender imbalance of the migration process indicates the predominance of the “non-family” nature of migration, which means that it has an unstable impact on the demographic potential of rural areas. Third, it can be assumed that even in the case of a positive balance of migration, the human potential of the rural areas of the regions of the Central Black Earth Region may deteriorate. Currently, the migration inflow has a pronounced gender imbalance and does not compensate for the natural decline in the population. Rural areas are mainly viewed by their inhabitants as less advantageous in terms of achieving success in life, the direct and indirect effects of which is the deterioration of the quality of the human potential of rural areas. In the best case, migration processes at the moment make it possible to reduce the intensity of the devaluation of the demographic potential of rural areas, and even then not in all regions of the Central Black Earth Region.

Global migration processes analysis and modelling of migration attractiveness of countries through fuzzy logic

The article deals with the analysis the current state of migration in the context of globalization and identifies the most important corridors for the labour movement. The main donor countries of migrants are developing countries, with low socio-economic indicators, difficult environmental conditions and high levels of poverty. According to forecasts, the most migratory flows will take place in the countries of North America and in Europe, which is due to rising trends in unemployment in the countries of the “third world” and the demand for cheap labour, changes in the structure of the economies of developed countries, changes in labour market demand. The main world regional corridors in 1990–2019 have been identified through statistical analysis. And their growing and declining trends. The need to use economic and mathematical modelling techniques to analyse and determine the migration attractiveness of recipient countries in an uncertain environment has been substantiated. It has been shown that fuzzy logic tools are the most effective in this case. Based on the results of the simulation using the Mamdani method, the world’s attractiveness rating for migration is calculated, which with a “high” thermo leads such countries as Italy, France, United Arab Emirates. The findings suggest that migrants are attracted by countries with the lowest inflation rates, high and average GDP per capita and average or low taxation levels.

Comparative analysis of demographic potential of rural territories of the central black earth

The article presents the substantiation of the methodology for comparative analysis of the demographic potential of rural areas and identifies the main trends in the development of the demographic potential of rural areas of the Central Black Earth Economic Region. Rural areas are considered as an essential factor in the reproduction of the natural, economic, demographic and socio-cultural potential of Russian society. It has been substantiated that the main problems hindering sustainable social development are mainly due to the change in the balance between the urban and rural populations characteristic of the era of accelerated industrialization. The definition of demographic potential as a set of opportunities and conditions for the development of territories lying in the sphere of population reproduction is given, and a great variability of the concept of demographic potential in sociological and demographic discourses is noted. Taking into account two key factors of population dynamics – fertility and migration, it is proposed to measure the demographic potential of Russian municipalities by using indicators such as the proportion of the population of reproductive age, the birth rate and the coefficient of migration inflow/outflow of the population. The expediency of using available statistical data, adapted in relation to the proposed research methodology, is shown. Based on the generalization and analysis of statistical data characterizing the natural and migration movement of the population of rural areas of five regions of the Central Black Earth Economic Region, as well as the results of the sociological study “Mental inequalities as a factor in the social polarization of the Russian province” conducted in the Belgorod and Voronezh regions in 2018-2019, it was concluded that the rural areas of the Central Black Earth Economic Region are characterized by heterogeneity of the demographic potential, which in the Kursk and Tambov regions is acquiring the character of obvious degradation, and the migration attractiveness of the territories (with the exception of suburbs) has rather negative values.

ПРИВЛЕКАТЕЛЬНОСТЬ РЕГИОНОВ ДАЛЬНЕГО ВОСТОКА РОССИИ ДЛЯ МИГРАНТОВ ИЗ ВЬЕТНАМА

The article is devoted to the analysis of migration flows from Vietnam to Russia. Particular attention is paid to the factors of attractiveness of the regions of the Far East for migrants from Vietnam, as well as the characteristics of the main migration flows to Russia, labor and educational migrants. As our studies have shown, the attractiveness of the Russian regions, and especially the Far Eastern ones, turned out to be very low and occupies a modest place in the migration attitudes of the Vietnamese. This is due to a whole range of reasons, among which we can single out the following: rather tough migration policy of Russia in relation to the citizens of Vietnam; higher wage expectations of Vietnamese; low awareness of Vietnamese migrants about the specifics of life and work in most regions of Russia. An important role in shaping the migration attractiveness of the Russian Far East for international migrants is played by the current level of socio-economic development of territories. It is shown that the lag of the Far Eastern Federal District regions in terms of the level of accessibility of social and transport infrastructure is a significant barrier to attracting migrants to the macroregion, including from Vietnam. It is concluded that the formation of a more open Russian migration policy in relation to Vietnamese citizens can contribute to the growth of interest in our country for of labor and educational migrants and, in general, to strengthen the position of Russia in the Asia-Pacific region.

РОССИЙСКИЙ ДАЛЬНИЙ ВОСТОК: УЙТИ НЕЛЬЗЯ ОСТАТЬСЯ. ИНФРАСТРУКТУРА КАК ФАКТОР МИГРАЦИОННОЙ ПРИВЛЕКАТЕЛЬНОСТИ РЕГИОНОВ ДФО

The problems of the demographic development of the regions of the Russian Far East are on the agenda of many federal and regional discussion platforms. Opportunities for sustainable demographic development in conjunction with socio-economic development were also discussed at the recent Eastern Economic Forum (EEF) in Vladivostok. Unfortunately, the demographic results of 2020 showed that despite significant efforts from the Russian Government, the population decline in the federal district continues, and the coronavirus pandemic has given additional losses. In this context, the work discusses the prospects and barriers to the development of the macroregion, strengthening its position in national ratings. Particular attention is paid to the problems of infrastructure development, both social and transport. The availability of various social facilities for the local population, intraregional and interregional transport connectivity are important factors in securing the local population, as well as the formation of the migration attractiveness of the macroregion for Russians from other constituent entities of the Russian Federation and international migrants.

ПУТИ ИННОВАЦИОННОГО РАЗВИТИЯ СЕЛЬСКОГО ХОЗЯЙСТВА ЮЖНОЙ ОСЕТИИ

The article examines some aspects of the innovative development of agriculture in the Repub-lic of South Ossetia. A set of measures and directions for the formation of the innovation system of the Re-public of South Ossetia is proposed. The need to improve the demographic situation in the system of measures for the innovative development of agro-industrial production in modern South Ossetia is shown. The conclusion is substantiated that innovations in order to modernize the production base and infrastructure of the village can act as a factor in the migration attractiveness of agriculture in the region.

Impact of labor migrants from Tajikistan on the economic security of the Russian Federation

The article deals with the problems of the influence of migration flows from Tajikistan on the economic security of Russia, the contribution of Tajik labor migrants to the economy of the Russian Federation, the role of remittances and the consequences of Tajik labor migrants for the financial sector of the Russian Federation, as well as the reasons for the reorientation of Tajik labor migrants from Russia to other foreign countries. With the development of the economy, Russia has become a major migration center, a capacious labor market. With a low birth and a high mortality rates, Russia, like most European countries, needs a positive migration growth, an effective mechanism for attracting labor. As in other countries, the boundaries of migration capacity are determined by factors: trends and prospects for economic development, the situation on the labor market, and the availability of social infrastructure. The migration attractiveness of a country determines the level of migration flows to Russia. The Republic of Tajikistan is currently the second country after Uzbekistan that provides Russia with labor migrants. Tajik migrants have a big influence on the economy, financial sphere, as well as on other spheres of activity of the Russian Federation. Every year Tajik labor migrants make a big contribution to the Russian economy.

Migration in intermediary cities in the interior of the brazilian northeast: the attraction of migration as a distinctive element

In Brazil, the debate on intermediary cities gained prominence when the urban population supplanted the rural during the 1970s, and when, in the metropolises, there began a deconcentration of the population which, as from the 1980s, was redistributed across the metropolitan surroundings and the interior of the states. Thus, the aim of the present study is to discover how many intermediary cities there are, where they are located in the interior of the Northeastern region and their relevance in attracting migrants. Microdata was used from the 2010 demographic census, specifically the fixed data topic that questions migrants on their place of residence five years before the reference date of the survey. The results have demonstrated that, although most cities presented a population decline, with a move towards very distant locations (interregional), a large number play a relevant role in intraregional attraction (medium distance) and, notably, intrastate (short distance), which exercise the role of deconcentrating the population of the metropolises. The main immigrant destinations were Caruaru (PE), Petrolina (PE) and Mossoró (RN). On the other hand, the cities presenting the highest negative migration balance were Imperatriz (MA), Itabuna (BA) and Ilhéus (BA). Furthermore, through a literature review and data collected by the study, it was discovered that the definition of an intermediary city based on the criterion of population size is no longer recommended for a country of continental dimensions and distinct stages of development such as Brazil.

A balanced scorecard-based assessment of the migration attractiveness of the Russian Federation Arctic Zone regions

Subject. This article deals with the issues of migration attractiveness of the regions of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. Objectives. The article aims to identify problems affecting the migration attractiveness of these regions, build a model of its assessment on the basis of a balanced scorecard system, and check the model's statistical significance. Results. The article describes the configuration of the developed original balanced scorecard system, which is a set of factors broken up into economic, social, demographic, and natural components. Eight of the nine Russian Arctic zone subjects studied showed an increase in the integrated index of migration attractiveness. However, not all its components have positive changes. Relevance. The integrated index of migration attractiveness is statistically significant, and it can be used to characterize the migration attractiveness of the regions of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation, identify reserves to stimulate migration, and plan and predict the migration situation as a whole.

Постиндустриальные факторы развития Дальнего Востока России

<span>Достижение опережающего среднероссийские показатели социально-экономического развития в Дальневосточном макрорегионе одновременно с приростом численности населения предполагает изменение существующей модели экономического роста, опирающейся на увеличение добычи сырья и энергоресурсов. Добывающий сектор является основным в доиндустриальном обществе и не способен сформировать структуру занятости населения и институты постиндустриального общества, привлекательные для проживания значительных масс населения. Между тем инновационные высокотехнологичные центры, составляющие экономическую основу постиндустриального общества, имеют высокую миграционную привлекательность. Их развитие может внести необходимые положительные изменения в структуру воспроизводства и динамику населения регионов Дальнего Востока. Инструментом формирования инновационной экономики в макрорегионе может стать концепция Региональной инновационной системы, являющаяся современным представлением концепции полюсов роста, положенной в основу принятой Стратегии пространственного развития России. Практическое применение модели инновационного развития региона осуществляется в Приморском и Хабаровском краях и Республике Саха (Якутия).</span>

Aligned PCL Fiber Conduits Immobilized with Nerve Growth Factor Gradients Enhance and Direct Sciatic Nerve Regeneration

AbstractTopographical guidance and chemotaxis are crucial factors for peripheral nerve regeneration. This study describes the preparation of highly aligned poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) fiber conduits coated with a concentration gradient of nerve growth factor (NGF) (A/G‐PCL) using a newly designed electrospinning receiving device. The A/G‐PCL conduits are confirmed in vitro to enhance and attract the neurite longitudinal growth of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons toward their high‐concentration gradient side. In vivo, the A/G‐PCL conduits are observed to direct a longitudinal stronger attraction of axons and migration of Schwann cells in 15 mm rat sciatic nerve defects. At 12 weeks, rats transplanted with A/G‐PCL conduits show satisfactory morphological and functional improvements in g‐ratio, total number, and area of myelinated nerve fibers as well as the sciatic function index, compound muscle action potentials, and muscle wet weight ratio as compared to aligned PCL fibers conduits with uniform NGF (A/U‐PCL). The performance of A/G‐PCL is similar to that of autografts. Moreover, mRNA‐seq and RT‐PCR results reveal that Rap1, MAPK, and cell adhesion molecules signaling pathways are closely associated with axon chemotactic response and attraction. Altogether, by combining structural guidance with axon chemotaxis, the NGF‐gradient/aligned PCL fiber conduits represent a promising approach for peripheral nerve defect repair.

Attractiveness of Centers and Secondary Cities of Regions for Internal Migrants in Russia

Abstract—The article examines the intensity of intraregional and interregional net-migration of the populations of centers and secondary (in terms of population) cities of 74 Russian regions for 2012–2016. The informational basis of the study is a database of municipality indicators for the corresponding years. The low city saturation of the Russian space should logically lead to the fact that in intraregional migration, secondary cities, as important centers of social and economic life, should be attractive for migration, i.e., have a positive net migration rate. In fact, this is observed in 42 regions. In the remainder, the final balance of intraregional migration in secondary cities is negative. Migration can also be considered an indicator of the well-being of secondary cities both in terms of availability of their own sustainable hinterland and socioeconomically. Regional centers are attractive for intraregional migrants almost everywhere. This uniformity results from the concentration of financial and other flows and authority in the capital cities of regions and, regardless of the socioeconomic situation, better quality of life in regional centers compared to other municipalities in their regions. The interregional migration indicators are a more ambiguous characteristics: from the viewpoint of the balance considered in the article, not only regional secondary cities, but also many regional centers, are unattractive for interregional migrants. Limited demographic resources and the presence of two powerful centers of migration attraction at the country level (Moscow and St. Petersburg) leave no opportunities for migration increase owing to interregional migrants to most regional centers.

Сбалансированная система показателей миграционной привлекательности субъекта Арктической зоны Российской Федерации (на примере Архангельской области)

Work forces movement affects substantively on economy of the territory and its development. In order to define migration attractiveness patterns of change as a result of certain statistic indicators changes, which characterize socio-economic, climatic situation on Arkhangelsk region example, the balanced scorecard system of migration attractiveness assessment of Arkhangelsk region was developed. It is possible to use this model for planning and forecasting of migration flows.

МИГРАЦИОННАЯ ПРИВЛЕКАТЕЛЬНОСТЬ РЕСПУБЛИКИ КРЫМ

This article discusses migration processes in the Republic of Crimea and the migration attractiveness of this region. As a result of the research, the authors come to the conclusion that the migration attractiveness of Crimea consists of the following factors: the socio – economic situation of the region, the climate, state programs and benefits, and the investment climate. Thus, the accelerated development of the region's economy, a favorable investment climate, the availability of generous financial support from the state and a pleasant climate are of crucial importance when choosing Crimea as a place for migrants to relocate.