Migration In Rural Areas Research Articles

Agrotourism as one of the ways to develop entrepreneurship in rural areas

Agrоtourism, as one of the most promising forms of entrepreneurial activity, is attracting increasing attention today, thanks to its rapid spread in both developed and developing countries. The article highlights that agrotourism entrepreneurship can play a decisive role in the development of a new strategy for sustainable agricultural development, since entrepreneurial activity is a driving force for rural economies. It is also an important counteracting factor to adverse socio-economic processes such as unemployment, migration, and the decline in the quality of life of rural residents. It is proved that agrotourism is one of the ways of developing entrepreneurship in rural areas can bring several advantages in three main areas of development. Within the economic dimension, agrotourism can be considered as a strategy of agricultural diversification. This can provide additional income and new employment opportunities for rural residents and, therefore, can reduce poverty and reduce migration in rural areas. From an environmental point of view, agrotourism can help conserve the environment, ecosystems and farmland and minimize environmental damage. From a socio-cultural point of view, agrotourism helps to preserve cultural heritage in rural areas, improve farmers' social status and empower rural people. The development of agrotourism and its positive effects can accelerate the process of rural diversification. The article also highlights a number of common problems that most often hinder the development of agrotourism, including problems of strategic planning, lack of financial and human resources, lack of adequate training and education, lack of professionalism. It is stated that at the state level the policy of promotion and promotion of agrotourism as the most promising form of entrepreneurship in rural areas should be actively pursued. The use of agrotourism potential in modern conditions of decentralization of management will lead to socio-economic development of the region by increasing the income of local budgets, increasing investment attractiveness, increasing employment of the population, especially in rural mostly depressed areas, preserving the landscape or its positive change, historical heritage.

Space, Place and Capitals in Rural Youth Mobility: Broadening the Focus of Rural Studies

AbstractDrawing on fieldwork in six Estonian rural areas from 2010–2019, the article calls for a nuanced understanding of the processes of mobility and migration in rural areas. Based on qualitative in‐depth and focus‐group interviews with rural youth and key stakeholders, several phenomena are identified as crucial to understanding the dynamics of mobility. Mobility is seen as a negotiated process, intertwined with the social structures of the location, and with the global, demographic and political processes around that location. As researchers, we should observe how the interrelatedness of the local context with mobility practices impacts mobilities in later life. Additionally, we must consider how these mobility practices relate to factors like social class and symbolic, social, and cultural capital.

Perceptions of Eastern European migrants in an English village: the role of the rural place image

ABSTRACT Since 2004 significant numbers of post-accession EU migrants have arrived in regional towns and rural areas of England to live and work: places that are unaccustomed to large-scale in-migration. These recent migration patterns mean that new intercultural encounters are taking place in a number of provincial and ‘out of the way’ places [Nayak 2011. “Geography, Race and Emotions: Social and Cultural Intersections.” Social and Cultural Geography 12 (6): 548–562]. This article argues that if we are to fully understand the social interactions and practices of exclusion and inclusion between long-term settled populations and migrants in rural areas that are experiencing new migration flows, it is vital to examine such processes at the local scale. The article draws on 12 months of ethnographic fieldwork, including 30 semi-structured qualitative interviews, to explore English village resident's perceptions of Eastern European migrants who live and work at nearby horticultural nurseries. Village residents’ narratives reveal a discourse of migrants ‘fitting in’ with the collectively held place image of the ‘working village’. However, my findings also reveal that, despite this apparent conviviality, a language of invisibility is used to describe the migrants’ presence. Thus, the place image of the working village serves to mask ambivalent attitudes towards migrants and an unequal power relationship that exists between the two groups.

Migration in rural areas of Russia: territorial differences

Abstract The article analyzes indicators of intensity of migration growth of municipal formations of the rank of district or urban district with completely rural or predominantly rural population. Rural areas in the suburbs of regional capitals and intraregional periphery, as well as those located in the South, the Non-Chernozem region, the South of Siberia and the Far East, the territories of the Far North and its equivalent areas, are considered separately. Both general indicators of the intensity of migration population growth (decline) and by 5-year age groups are compared. The source was data on long-term migration for 2012-2016, published in the Indicators of Municipal Entities databases of Rosstat. The analysis showed that suburban/peripheral differences in the migration balance of rural areas are more pronounced than spatial-geographical (zonal). Age profiles of migratory growth (loss) by geographical zones are similar, but differ in intensity — in the north and east outflow is higher. Suburban and peripheral rural areas in terms of intensity of migration balance differ fundamentally: the most intense migratory growth in all ages except for the youngest is noted in the suburbs.

Transmission of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Shanghai: roles of residential status.

Shanghai is a mega city where 39% of the population comprises internal migrants. To examine the different roles played by migrants and permanent residents in the transmission of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). We conducted a population-based cohort study to assess MDR-TB transmission in Shanghai between 1 January 2009 and 31 December 2012 using genotyping and geospatial analyses. A total of 367 MDR-TB cases formed the study cohort. Significant differences between MDR-TB cases who were internal migrants and those who were permanent residents were found with regard to age, sex, region, genetic characteristics and treatment outcomes. Permanent residents had a higher transmission rate than internal migrants (OR 3.36, 95%CI 1.86-6.09). Permanent residents and genotypic clustering cases had similar clusters in central downtown and some parts of suburban areas. Most of the clusters of internal migrants were found in rural areas bordering suburban areas. Clusters of genotypic non-clustering cases showed patterns that closely matched those of internal migrants, suggesting acquired drug resistance in migrants. In Shanghai, permanent residents were significantly associated with recent transmission of MDR-TB in central downtown areas. Clustered cases of internal migrants in rural areas were most likely to have contracted MDR-TB through acquired resistance.

Ecological impact of unemployment on rural-urban migration in Zeberkhan District of Nishapur County

In developing countries including Iran, migration from village to city is considered among the most important socio-economic and political issues. Migration, both in the origin and destination, creates various problems and difficulties such as changes in population composition, unemployment, level of wages and per capita income, the incidence of multiple disorders caused by pressure on the limited resources of urban communities and evacuation and destruction of villages. Today, one of the government’s main concerns is to control the irregular migration, solve the city’s problems and reduce the adverse effects of migration in rural areas. If this problem is not fundamentally addressed, irregular migrations will turn into uncontrollable economic, social and political crises of society. Since the phenomenon of migration makes multiple negative effects on the origin (village) and destination (city), the ultimate goal of all rural planning is to preserve population in the environment of villages, and any study helping to maintain population in villages and reduce the migration process is important and its implementation is necessary. The present study seeks to identify the most effective factors in migration incentives of villagers in the region under investigation. Thus, the main purpose of this research is to evaluate the impact of unemployment on migration. In the present study, field work and document study were used for data collection. To this end, 10 sample villages were selected and questionnaires were distributed and completed among these villages. The reliability and validity and the number of questionnaires were calculated by Cochran formula, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The obtained results demonstrated that unemployment has a great effect (a high impact is relative; we should say the greatest impact) on the migration of villagers in the studied region. Hence, it is essential to make a decisive decision in relation to identifying the factors affecting the migration of villagers and suggest practical solution s to control this migration.

International Migration, Agency and Regional Development in Rural Europe

International migration to rural areas has become an increasingly important process in Europe, with the potential to act as a key driver of change in the localities concerned. Research has started to document patterns of international migration and the experiences of migrants, but this emergent body of literature is partial and fragmented between regionalscale studies focused on specific types of migration. This paper aims to construct a more holistic perspective by drawing on evidence from three research projects that collectively have examined multiple dimensions of migration in several case study regions across Europe. It distils overarching characteristics of contemporary international migration to rural areas that emphasize the complexity of migration processes and impacts and which challenge established perceptions of migration in rural areas. It then proceeds to focus on the impact of international migration for recipient localities and in particular considers the potential contribution of international migration to regional development.

Temperature Changes, Household Consumption, and Internal Migration: Evidence from Tanzania

AbstractLarge rural‐urban wage gaps observed in many developing countries are suggestive of barriers to migration that keep potential migrants in rural areas. Using long panel data spanning nearly two decades, I study the extent to which migration rates are constrained by liquidity constraints in rural Tanzania. The analysis begins by quantifying the impact of weather variation on household welfare. The results show how household consumption co‐moves with temperature, rendering households vulnerable to local weather events. These temperature‐induced income shocks are then found to inhibit long‐term migration among men, thus preventing them from tapping into the opportunities brought about by geographical mobility.

An Investigation into the Goals of Building a Second House in Rural Areas and determining its Impacts on the Relations between the City and Village (Case of Study: Central Region of Gorgan County)

Purpose: The emergence and spread of these houses in rural areas lead to the changes in rural-urban relations. The purpose of this study was to analyze factors and motivations in the construction of second houses in countrysides and its effects on rural areas.The areas under study were countrysides in South Astarābād and Anjyrab in the central district of Gorgan county. Methodology: The primary means of data collection was questionnaire and 115 second home owners were selected as the population sample. For the analysis and study of the research data, descriptive and inferential statistics along with the SPSS software were used. Finding: The results suggests that, most respondents had positive effects in terms of the second houses villages economically (supply employment), social aspect (increased reverse migration to rural areas - raising awareness of local people (And the environmental- body (an important tool of climate and beautiful landscape using sustainable materials) And. On the other hand, the most important negative effects of this phenomenon emerging in the study area and within the city of village Economy aspect (rising land prices, stagnant agricultural activities and reduce the supply of products to the city (Socially aspect (increase consumption cultural conflicts in the village and villagers with Migratory In terms of environmental and physical environment aspects (forests and agricultural land use changes), as have. Research limitation: the main limitation of this research is related to the paucity of literature on the objective of constructing second houses in urban-rural relations. Practical implications: Further planning of the authorities for the use of financial and intellectual capitals of the rural migrants for the development and strengthening of rural-urban relations and preparing the ground for increased interaction and dialogue between local people and urban migrants with the aim of strengthening the relationships and social position of villagers. Original/value: innovation in investigating the effects of constructing second houses on urban-rural relations.

Causes and Effects of Rural-Urban Migration in Rural Areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa-Pakistan

The main objective of the study was to see the effect of migration on household income in rural areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa-Pakistan especially in district Peshawar. A total of 93 sampled respondents were purposively interviewed. The study indicates that about 71% of the total respondents migrated with their families during the period (2001-2010). The study revealed that war against terror, quality education, and employment were observed as major causes of rural-urban migration. Paired t-test was used to see before and after effect of migration on household income and expenditure. Moreover, after migration the monthly income and expenditure of the respondents increased. The earning members of 69.9% of the respondents increased after migration. The joint families were scattered in to nuclear family. Before migration farming were the main occupation of about 42% of the respondents while after migration most of them were engaged with private jobs and some have their own business. The education ratio of 83.9% of the respondents increased with migration. Positive changes have been observed in pre and post facilities under consideration. It is recommended that basic facilities like education, health and creation of off-farm jobs, improved training opportunities and development programs should be provided to rural peoples.

Repopulation of the Swedish countryside: Globalisation by international migration

Rural areas have often been treated as mono-ethnic and homogeneous areas, as compared to urban areas that are seen as dynamic and mobile areas. Recent discourses in rural studies have been questioning this idea, adding the perspectives that rural areas are constituted by mobilities, actively engaged in globalization processes, and characterized by ethnic diversity. As population decline is a constant threat to many rural areas, international migration flows can contribute to their repopulation and to a dynamic and transnational countryside. The present paper takes a quantitative perspective, thereby adding to the mostly qualitative studies in this field. Through the use of Swedish full-population register data, patterns of international migrants in rural areas are depicted, using a unique definition of rurality. Our study shows that international migration to the countryside reveals a rich diversity in ethnicity and age. Nordic and European middle-aged and elderly migrants have the highest odds of living in the countryside, while South East Asian women are an upcoming group. Migrants in the countryside are more often women, have a Swedish partner, have less education, live in border areas and are short stayers. Female migrants in rural areas also have a higher employment rate than their urban counterparts. The results suggest a variety of migration motives, ranging from quality of life to cross-border and marriage migration, which indicate increased globalization of the countryside.

Interregional Migration and Transportation Improvements in Iceland

This article examines the relationship between migration and transportation improvements. More precisely, will transportation improvements between central business districts (CBDs) and rural areas make migration trends more favorable in rural areas? Due to household utility geographical differentials, there are interregional migration. Thus, it is resaonable to believe that transportation improvements that increase the access of rural population to the labor and the service market of CBDs will influence interregional migration in rural areas positively. I will examine whether this is true for Iceland, a thinly populated area with two CBDs. A macro panel data set from Iceland will be used. It represents several essential varaibles of the house market for seventy-nine municipalities in Iceland during the period from 1986 to 2006. Furthermore, I will investigate whether there are any gender aspects regarding the matter.

Housing policies in China: Issues and options

AbstractThis paper consists in three parts. The first part deals with theory. We evaluate the pros and cons of government involvement in urban housing and of renting versus ownership. In the second part, we summarize the different housing policies that have been implemented in the United States, Europe and Asia. We draw some conclusions. In particular, we show that there is a tradeoff between encouraging home ownership and social housing since countries that have favoured the former have neglected the latter (like Japan, Spain, etc.). In the third part, we use the theory and the international policy parts to address housing policy issues in China. One of the main concerns in Chinese cities is the rise of poverty mainly by ‘illegal’ migrants (who are Chinese rural residents) living in ‘urban villages’. We propose two steps to fight against poverty in Chinese cities. The first one is to require that the Chinese government recognizes these ‘illegal’ migrants by helping them becoming ‘legal’. The second step is to encourage social housing that directly or indirectly subsidizes housing for the poor. In that case, to fight against poverty, one can either implement place‐targeted policies (like the enterprise zone programmes in the US and Europe and/or housing projects in the US, UK or France) or people‐targeted policies (like the moving to opportunity programmes in the US). We also discuss other issues related to poverty. In particular, we suggest that the government could also try to keep migrants in rural areas by attracting firms there and/or introduce a microfinance system that helps them become entrepreneurs.Resumen.Este artículo consta de tres partes. La primera parte trata aspectos teóricos. Evaluamos las ventajas y desventajas del involucramiento gubernamental en temas de vivienda urbana y de arrendamiento versus propiedad. En la segunda parte, resumimos las diferentes políticas de la vivienda implementadas en los Estados Unidos, Europa y Asia. Extraemos varias conclusiones. En particular, mostramos que hay un conflicto entre fomentar la adquisición de viviendas y promover políticas de vivienda social, pues aquellos países que han favorecido lo primero han descuidado lo segundo (p.ej.Japón oEspaña). En la tercera parte, empleamos las secciones de teoría y de política internacional para explorar temas relacionados con políticas de la vivienda enChina. Una de las mayores preocupaciones en las ciudades chinas es el aumento de la pobreza debido principalmente a inmigrantes ‘ilegales’ (residentes en laChina rural) y que viven en los llamados ‘pueblos urbanos’. Proponemos dos pasos para la lucha contra la pobreza en la ciudades chinas. El primero es exigir que el gobierno deChina reconozca a estos emigrantes ‘ilegales’, ayudándolos a convertirse en ‘legales’. El segundo paso es el fomentar políticas de vivienda social que, directa o indirectamente, subvencionen viviendas para los pobres. En ese caso, y en pro de la lucha contra la pobreza, se pueden implementar tanto políticas dirigidas a un área en particular (como los programas de zonas de fomento empresarial –enterprise zones– en losEE.UUyEuropa y los proyectos de vivienda social de losEE.UU, Reino Unido yFrancia), como políticas dirigidas a ciertos grupos de población (p.ej. los programas deAvance Hacia la Oportunidad / Moving to Opportunity, en losEE.UU.). Se discuten también otros asuntos relacionados con la pobreza. En particular, sugerimos que el gobierno podría intentar asimismo el mantener a los inmigrantes en sus áreas rurales, ya sea atrayendo empresas hacia dichas zonas y/o introduciendo sistemas de microfinanciación que los ayuden a convertirse en empresarios emprendedores.graphic

The Selectivity of Migration and Poverty Traps in Rural Brazil

There are different phenomena that may have an impact on poverty levels, and migration is one of them. In part, this happens due to the selectivity of migration, which we discuss theoretically and empirically in this paper. We propose a theoretical model, based on the Roy and the human capital models, which gives particular attention to the poorest individuals. Based on the mathematical equations of this theoretical model, we present some simulations that address different aspects that may possibly promote the existence of territorial poverty traps. Moreover, with the use of multinomial logistic models, we observe a general tendency of negative selection for migrants in rural/rural flows and a positive one in rural/urban and longer steps of migration. That is, poor migrants in rural areas have a limited range of options whether and/or where to migrate and are partially trapped in their origin.

Housing Policies in China: Issues and Options

This article consists of three parts. The first part deals with theory. We evaluate the pros and cons of government involvement in urban housing and of renting versus ownership. In the second part, we summarize the different housing policies that have been implemented in the United States, Europe and Asia. We draw some conclusions: In particular, we show that there is a tradeoff between encouraging home ownership and social housing since countries that have favored the former have neglected the latter (like Japan, Spain, etc.). In the third part, we use the theory and the international policy parts to address housing policy issues in China. One of the main concerns in Chinese cities is the raise of poverty mainly by “illegal” migrants (who are Chinese rural residents) living in “urban villages”. We propose two steps to fight against poverty in Chinese cities. The first one is to require that the Chinese government recognize these “illegal” migrants by helping them becoming “legal”. The second step is to encourage social housing that directly or indirectly subsidizes housing for the poor. In that case, to fight against poverty, one can either implement place-targeted policies (like the enterprise zone programs in the US and Europe and/or housing projects in the US, UK, or France) or people-targeted policies (like the MTO programs in the US). We also discuss other issues related to poverty. For example, we suggest that the government could try to keep migrants in rural areas by attracting firms there and/or introduce a microfinance system that helps them become entrepreneurs.

Male migration and risky sexual behavior in rural India: is the place of origin critical for HIV prevention programs?

BackgroundRecent studies of male migrants in India indicate that those who are infected with HIV are spreading the epidemic from high risk populations in high prevalence areas to populations in low prevalence areas. In this context, migrant men are believed to initiate and have risky sexual behaviors in places of destination and not in places of origin. The paucity of information on men's risky sexual behaviors in places of origin limits the decision to initiate HIV prevention interventions among populations in high out-migration areas in India.MethodsA cross-sectional behavioral survey was conducted among non-migrants, returned migrants (with a history of migration), and active (current) migrants in rural areas across two districts with high levels of male out-migration: Prakasam district in Andhra Pradesh and Azamgarh district in Uttar Pradesh. Surveys assessed participant demographics, migration status, migration history, and sexual behavior along the migration routes, place of initiation of sex. District-stratified regression models were used to understand the associations between migration and risky sexual behaviors (number of partners, condom use at last sex) and descriptive analyses of migrants' place of sexual initiation and continuation along migration routes.ResultsThe average age at migration of our study sample was 19 years. Adjusted regression analyses revealed that active migrants were more likely to engage in sex with sex workers in the past 12 months (Prakasam: 15 percent vs. 8 percent; adjusted odds ratio (aOR)=2.1, 95% CI 1.2-3.4; Azamgarh: 19 percent vs.7 percent; aOR=4.0, 95% CI 2.4-6.6) as well as have multiple (3+) sex partners (Prakasam: 18 percent vs. 9 percent; aOR=2.0, 95% CI 1.3-3.2; Azamgarh: 28 percent vs. 21 percent; aOR=1.9, 95% CI 1.2-3.0) than non-migrants. Contrary to popular belief, a high proportion of active and returned migrants (almost 75 percent of those who had sex) initiated sex at the place of origin before migrating, which is equivalent to the proportion of non-migrants who engaged in sex with sex workers as well as with casual unpaid partners. Moreover, non-migrants were more likely than migrants to engage in unprotected sex.ConclusionFindings of this study document that returned migrants and active migrants have higher sexual risk behaviors than the non-migrants. Most migrants initiate non-marital sex in the place of origin and many continue these behaviors in places of destination. Migrants’ destination area behaviors are linked to sex with sex workers and they continue to practice such behaviors in the place of origin as well. Unprotected sex in places of destination with high HIV prevalence settings poses a risk of transmission from high risk population groups to migrants, and in turn to their married and other sexual partners in places of origin. These findings suggest the need for controlling the spread of HIV among both men and women resulting from unsafe sex in places of origin that have high vulnerability due to the frequent migratory nature of populations.

Determinants of International Seasonal and Permanent Migration in Comparison to Local Activities in Rural Areas of the Kyrgyz Republic

This paper uses a unique representative household budget survey from the Asian Development Bank to analyze the determinants of permanent and seasonal migration in rural areas of the Kyrgyz Republic and compare them with determinants of other local income generating activities. We have found that both permanent migration and local wage nonfarm employment substitute agricultural activities and compete for the most educated rural individuals. The difference is that permanent migration option is unattainable for individuals from poor households with small size of land and they engage in local nonfarm activities, while those who are educated and have resources to finance cost of migration choose to leave permanently the country. Finally, brain drain effect seems to be relevant only for permanent, but not for seasonal migration which does not require possession neither of higher nor vocational education

Migration in contested linguistic spaces: The challenge for language policies in Switzerland and Wales

This paper explores the role of language as constructed by policies for the acculturation of migrants in the competing discourses of national belonging and multiculturalism as the right to difference. Where national policies have adopted multicultural approaches to foster societal cohesion, immigration represents a potentially valuable addition to diversity. However, language policy directed towards migrant communities appears to undervalue diversity in language competencies. The material is drawn from the highly charged linguistic environments of Wales and the canton of Grisons in Switzerland. In these regions work opportunities, exist for migrants in rural areas where regional language minorities pursue vigorous revitalisation policies. This highlights conflicting discourses between language for integration purposes (official discourse), language learning for identity, and integration in the regional/cantonal discourse (migrant discourses). National policies engineer economic and social integration thro...

Introduction: Social Policy in the Devolved Scotland: Towards a Scottish Welfare State?

Ten years have passed since devolution was implemented for Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. This anniversary is worthy of note for all scholars of UK social welfare, not just those with a specialist interest in political reform or the ‘Celtic’ nations, because reflection on the first decade of devolution inspires a rethink of some of the basic working assumptions of social policy analysis (see below, also Mooney et al., 2006), for example the extent to which the notion of a UK welfare state remains meaningful (cf. McEwen and Parry, 2005). This themed section provides an opportunity to consider the impact of devolution on broader understandings of polity, policy and practice as well as pointing to further possible divergences in and across the UK. These are explored in relation to key areas of social welfare intervention in Scotland, focussing particularly on poverty, inequality and social justice; immigration and the experiences of labour migrants in rural areas; the use of private finance; key literature and useful sources.

International migration to non‐metropolitan areas of high income countries: editorial introduction

AbstractIncreasing levels of immigration in response to ageing and fertility decline is one of the most significant demographic trends in OECD countries. Most of this immigration has focused on major metropolitan centres, but in recent years the proportion settling outside of these centres has increased. This phenomenon has largely got under the radar of policy makers and researchers alike but is significant for at least three reasons. The impact of ageing and fertility decline has been exacerbated in rural areas by outmigration so that immigration can potentially play a major role in reversing population decline and maintaining economic and social sustainability. In fact while immigration is much smaller in these areas, its impact can be magnified because of smaller local populations. Secondly, immigration is a neglected dimension of the much studied counterurbanistion phenomenon. Thirdly, the settlement experiences and integration processes for migrants in rural areas may be different to those of their urban counterparts. The countryside in high income countries is undergoing a transformation and international migration will play an increasingly important role in this over the next two decades. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.