Migration Issues Research Articles

Migration: Concept, Factors, Impacts and Migration in India

Migration is the term used to describe the movement of people from one location to another, usually entailing a change of habitation. This movement can occur between nations (international migration) or within a nation (internal migration). A summary of the idea, contributing causes, effects, and Indian context is provided here. Numerous political, social, economic, and environmental elements all have an impact on the complicated issue of migration. It can happen for a variety of reasons, including the pursuit of better economic opportunities, avoidance violence or harassment, reuniting with family, or responding to environmental triggers like natural catastrophes or climate change. It can also be forced or voluntary, temporary or permanent. In summary, migration is a complex issue that affects people on an individual, societal, and economic level. To effectively manage and exploit migration's possible benefits while reducing its obstacles, policy must take into account the variables that force migration and its effects. India's tendencies in international migration have changed significantly throughout time, motivated by social dynamics, political reasons, and economic opportunities. All things considered, migration from India abroad is a complicated phenomenon that is impacted by domestic ties, global mobility patterns, educational goals, and economic prospects. Migration trends and reasons from India change in tandem with the global environment.

The nature of the relations between Turkey and the European Union In the light of illegal immigration

Illegal immigration is one of the long-term and complex problems between Turkey and EU countries. Turkey always been one of the countries because of the historical background of the Ottoman Empire, has been able to resist the dominance of other countries. Turkey with one of the world's strongest economies, has become an obstacle to the European Union, turkey's geopolitical and geostrategic position has made it a regional and international country. It means that part of its success and the political games he plays derived from all its different poles. After Turkey's disappointment with membership in the European Union, and after the rapid changes in the regional equation, especially after the events of the Arab Spring, collapse of the entire political and security system in part of the Middle East, particularly Syria and Iraq, Turkey embraced a new strategy for self-protection and spreading its hegemony. In this regard, the issue of migrants was one of the biggest card of Turkey towards the European Union. However, this issue in several occasions put on the dialogue table. This research is an attempt to introduce the issue of migrants and the refugee agreement between Turkey and the European Union. We will present an assessment of the 2016 Migrant Agreement and the outcome of the agreement.

Czy czasopisma konserwatywne Gazeta Polska i Najwyższy Czas! pogłębiają rasistowskie schematy myślenia? Kryzys migracyjny na granicy polsko-białoruskiej w świetle teorii Étienne’a Balibara

The aim of the research was to determine whether Polish conservative opinion magazines (Gazeta Polska and Najwyższy Czas!) may be responsible for the deepening of racist patterns of thinking. The research context included the issue of migration from the countries of the Middle East and Africa based on the example of events on the Polish‑Belarusian border. The main research method was content analysis, including discourse analysis (media framework). The research sample consisted of a total of 109 texts (GP 86 and NC 23). In formulating the research theses, the theory of the French philosopher Étienne Balibar was used, especially considerations regarding racism and the concept of border. The research results gave a positive answer to the main research problem. The comparative analysis showed similarities between both magazines in terms of the rhetoric used towards migrants (anti-immigrant narrative, the “us-them” division, linguistic treatments that are part of the exclusion strategy), as well as the multiplicity of the border topos, which is understood as: the external border of the territory of Poland, the zoopolitical border and the mental border. The element that differentiated the examined magazines was the political context – GP supported PiS policy and used the conflict to deepen internal polarization, while NC criticized the United Right government’s actions.

Comparing Agenda-Setting Effects for the Issue of Migration Measured with Three Different Indicators of the Public Agenda

Abstract Recent agenda-setting studies have increasingly replaced survey data with readily available, nonreactive data that at first glance might serve as indicators of the public agenda to the same extent: the amount of online search queries regarding an issue and the volume of donations for non-profit organizations that are collecting money for problem solving related to an issue. This raises the question of whether the results of agenda-setting studies depend on which of these indicators is used to measure the public agenda. In this study, we compare the agenda-setting effect of media coverage of migration on the public salience of this issue in Germany between 2015 and 2020 as measured by three different indicators of the public agenda on a monthly basis: survey data, Google Trends data, and fundraising data. Our analyses show significant simultaneous correlations between the media agenda and all three indicators of the public agenda, with a smaller influence of the media agenda on fundraising data than in the other two cases. However, when Granger causality is used to identify causal relationships, a positive influence of the media agenda on the public agenda is only found when the public agenda is measured with survey data.

Educational migration of youth: status, prospects

This article examines the issue of educational migration of youth in Kazakhstan in conditions of fierce competition. As a result of the research, it was revealed that educational migration in Kazakhstan is becoming a trend of the present time, which has its pros and cons, in particular: obtaining a diploma from a well-known foreign university is prestigious, helps in the growth of personal success, but also has a great threat - this is very It is difficult to name the exact number of people who returned from abroad after training. These figures were not found by us, which requires studying the state and prospects of educational migration. In the process of the study it was found that among Kazakh students the migration destinations to the Czech Republic, Russia, Turkey and China are in the greatest demand and availability. At the same time, it is worth noting that such countries as Japan, the USA, South Korea, the UK and Singapore also attract attention, but access to these states is limited. The article touches upon the topic of public policy in the field of educational migration and considers the impact of public policy in the education system through SWOT analysis. Factors that confirm that the Republic of Kazakhstan is a student-supplying country to other EAEU countries and at the same time receives students from Uzbekistan, India and Russia are described. The scientific research was based on the use of information base, including open sources of specialised databases of normative and legal acts, as well as official web resources of the Scopus Preview database, which showed and existing problems concerning the adaptation of students, the most relevant of them: the impossibility of legal employment, the high cost of housing and poor living conditions. To reduce the burden on the state, focus on creating opportunities for youth self-realization and utilizing their potential for regional development.

Disembedding and re-embedding practices of social innovation at the nexus of migration and labour exploitation in agriculture

The last two decades have witnessed a growing academic debate on labour exploitation, caporalato, organised crime, and migration issues in agriculture, which, as wicked problems, are deeply interconnected and resist generalisable solutions. To contribute to this thriving debate from a social innovation lens, we investigate the organising practices meant to disrupt the organised status-quo of exploitation. Drawing upon a case study from Foggia in Puglia (southern Italy), we investigate how an Italian non-profit organisation developed and implemented a multi-stakeholder pilot project of economic integration in rural areas to confront the phenomenon of labour exploitation in agriculture. Through collaboration among authorities, civil societies, and private sectors, this pilot project managed to unlock underused resources to meet the needs of the most vulnerable individuals embedded in the local ecosystem. By developing a grounded theory on practices of disembedding and embedding, this study contributes to theories on social innovation as political actions and interactions that purposely trigger disruption in established systems of labour exploitation, organised crime, and migration.

Mattel's ©Barbie: Preventing Plasticizers Leakage in PVC Artworks and Design Objects through Film-Forming Solutions.

The main conservation problem of p-PVC artworks is phthalate-based plasticizer migration. Phthalate migration from the bulk to the surface of the materials leads to the formation of a glossy and oily film on the outer layers, ultimately reducing the flexibility of the material. This study aimed to develop a removable coating for the preservation of contemporary artworks and design objects made of plasticized polyvinyl chloride (p-PVC). Several coatings incorporating chitosan, collagen, and cellulose ethers were assessed as potential barriers to inhibiting plasticizer migration. Analytical techniques including optical microscopy (OM), ultraviolet/visible/near-infrared spectroscopy (UV/Vis/NIR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were utilized to evaluate the optical and chemical stability of selected coating formulations applied to laboratory p-PVC sheet specimens. Subsequently, formulations were tested on a real tangible example of a design object, ©Barbie doll, characterized by the prevalent issue of plasticizer migration. Furthermore, the results obtained with the tested formulations were evaluated by a group of conservators using a tailored survey. Finally, a suitable coating formulation capable of safeguarding plastic substrates was suggested.

Introduction

The June 2023 issue of our journal brings together our valuable readers with six different articles. In this issue, there are two research articles, one focusing on the continent of Europe and one on the Asian continent, two opinion articles focusing on the migration issue, which is one of the most important agenda items of Turkey and indeed the world, and two book reviews. The first research paper, authored by John Conrad Masabo, examines the potential repercussions of the COVID-19 pandemic on the future of European Union (EU) integration and its global impact. Exploring different views on whether the EU can become the most influential power in the post-COVID-19 world, the author suggests that while this possibility exists, there are significant hurdles that the EU must overcome before achieving such status. Merve Özten Yıldız, the author of the second research article, which aims to reveal how India is trying to construct a South Asian identity with Indo-Pacific discourses, examines the rise of India as the second most influential power in Asia. In his article, the author analyzes the official and practical discourse of India to understand its role in shaping regional identity and its growing influence on the international scene. The first review essay, authored by Müzeyyen Okyay, focuses on the issue of migration. The author dealt with the refugee and migrant problem, which has recently become the primary agenda item in EU-Turkey relations. In this study, the situation of people who have to migrate from their homeland, which is a common problem of Turkey and the EU and requires joint efforts to solve, has been examined within the framework of local laws and international agreements, and the effects of migration on the relations between Turkey and the EU have been analyzed. The second review essay belongs to Ufuk Tok. In this article, Tok examines the uncertainties that arose in Afghanistan following the US withdrawal and the Taliban takeover in August 2021. The author, who has the expectation that the integration of the country under the rule of the Taliban with the contemporary world will not be easy and quick, but will be gradual, also analyzes the effect of the long-lasting war on irregular migration from Afghanistan to the west and explores the possibilities of preventing the migration movement towards Turkey. The first review in the publication review section belongs to Selin Çınar. Çınar presents a comprehensive review of the compilation book The Routledge Handbook of Ideology and International Relations, edited by Jonathan Leader Maynard and Mark L. Haased and published in 2022. The second publication evaluation was made by Ahmet Emin Yıldız and is on the book titled Post-Cold War China-India Relations, written by Nezir Oğuş, the first edition of which was published in 2021. We would like to thank all the authors who have contributed to this issue of our journal by sending their works, and all the referees who have put effort in the evaluation process of these works; we hope that the continuing interest in our journal from the national and international academic community will continue.

Stranger – Other – Muslim. On the Integration of Muslim Minorities in Europe (from an Anthropological and Cultural Perspective)

The article aims to characterize the sources of conflicts and social tensions related to the presence of the Muslim minority in Europe. To achieve this goal, I intend to utilize a transdisciplinary strategy that will enable the comparison of research results emerging from political science and sociological studies, as well as cultural studies and anthropology. This approach allows for the formulation of new diagnoses. On the one hand, it makes it possible to describe the main integration strategies regarding the Muslim minority in Europe and shows their insufficiency and ineffectiveness. On the other hand, it reminds us that migration and ethnic issues are rooted in theoretical reflection, preceding the phenomena analyzed in empirical research. It also draws attention to hidden mechanisms that determine the tendency to ethnic isolation and describes cultural processes that may contribute to remodeling the relationship between Muslim immigrants and their social environment.

ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL STATUS OF THE CENTER ON MIGRATION ISSUES

Regulation of migration processes is one of the main tasks of the state. The effectiveness of the activities of entities exercising control and oversight functions in the field of migration depends on the competencies assigned to them in this area. The article discusses the issue of creating a Center for Migration Issues of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation. In particular, attention was drawn to the fact that this Center was created within the framework of the powers available to the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs, which entailed a redistribution of functional responsibilities between existing units of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs in the field of migration. In addition, the authors examine the powers, goals, objectives, as well as the place of the Center in question in the system of units of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs on migration issues. Particular attention is paid to the distinctive features of its activities. In addition, the article provides an analysis of regulatory legal acts that were amended in connection with the adoption of the Center for Migration Issues

“Home” as a Theological Problem for Politics: Weil, Arendt, and the Common Desire for the Common

ABSTRACTThis article engages the global displacement crisis by rendering the concept of ‘home’ as a theological problem for politics, linking contemporary geopolitical conflict to broader issues of forced migration. For help, we engage Simone Weil's theopolitical critique of domination‐based political organising, Hannah Arendt's insights into the texture of political space and belonging, and Jodi Dean's concept of a ‘collective desire for collectivity’ to propose a lateral, connective politics of home that secures local communities while also fostering global connection. Our constructive theological proposal is that the power of love for home entails the embrace of neighbour (near and far) that moves beyond the usual options of liberal cosmopolitanism, communitarian localism, and the Realpolitik of geopolitical alliances. By reconsidering and intensifying the Christian concept of neighbour‐love and linking it to the common reality of displacement and the common longing for home, we take the first steps towards illuming and unveiling a political theology of home that is neither preferential nor naively inclusive.

ANALYSIS OF UKRAINE’S COMPETITIVENESS: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION

The article analyzes the competitiveness of Ukraine, identifies problems and outlines the prospects and consequences of the country’s European integration aspirations. A retrospective review of the development of the country’s economic model was conducted in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the implementation of reforms and identify errors that affected the place and role of the domestic economy in the world markets of goods and capital. This made it possible to single out certain comparative characteristics with the main theories of international trade and international investment. It was noted that unsuccessful attempts to quickly transform from a command-administrative economy to a mixed market system led to a loss of industrial potential and, accordingly, negatively affected the structure of foreign trade relations and the investment climate, which in turn led to a drop in the level of competitiveness of Ukraine. Along with this, the analysis of the key indicators of socio-economic development indicates certain positive changes in the period 2002-2012, which was reflected in the dynamics of GDP growth, an increase in incoming investment flows, stabilization of inflation at the targeted level and overall improved welfare of society. However, the uncertainty and constant change of the vector of economic integration together with the change of power led to the deterioration of the state’s economic condition and made sustainable economic growth impossible. The period of revival of business and investment activity in the post-Covid 2021 year was replaced by a deep crisis with the beginning of the war. At the same time, the aspiration of our state to join the European community nevertheless gave a powerful impetus to the implementation and implementation of innovative reforms, which made it possible to achieve certain success in the direction of digitalization, infrastructure development, and further implementation of educational, medical, and social reforms even during the conduct of military operations. Currently, on the way to European integration, Ukraine is overcoming the difficult path of transforming its economic system to the requirements and values of the EU. Our country, together with the European Union, needs to solve the issues of labor migration and refugees, the introduction of a duty-free regime for domestic goods, the creation of a safe investment climate, etc. And there is not always unity in the choice of tools for solving these issues in the EU countries. Ukraine needs to use its advantages in logistics, geographical location, labor and natural resources, develop an industrial direction, introduce modern technologies, improve its energy independence and take an active part in integration processes. Finding compromises and political will allow Ukraine to successfully reform the socio-economic model and become a full member of the EU.

Innovative Design of a 3D Printed Esophageal Stent Inspired by Nature: Mitigating Migration Challenges in Palliative Esophageal Cancer Therapy.

Esophageal cancer is a complex and challenging tumor to treat, with esophageal stenting being used as a palliative measure to improve the quality of life of patients. Self-expandable metal stents (SEMS), self-expandable plastic stents (SEPS), and biodegradable stents are the most commonly used types of stents. However, complications can arise, such as migration, bleeding, and perforation. To address issues of migration, this study developed a novel 3D printed bioinspired esophageal stent utilizing a highly flexible and ductile TPU material. The stent was designed to be self-expanding and tubular with flared ends to provide secure anchorage at both the proximal and distal ends of the structure. Suction cups were strategically placed around the shaft of the stent to prevent migration. The stent was evaluated through compression-recovery, self-expansion, and anti-migration tests to evaluate its recovery properties, self-expansion ability, and anchoring ability, respectively. The results indicated that the novel stent was able to recover its shape, expand, keep the esophagus open, and resist migration, demonstrating its potential for further research and clinical applications. Finite element analysis (FEA) was leveraged to analyze the stent's mechanical behavior, providing insights into its structural integrity, self-expansion capability, and resistance against migration. These results, supported by FEA, highlight the potential of this innovative stent for further research and its eventual application in preclinical settings.

Intraregional migration in Yakutia: causes and strategies of population behavior

The article analyzes the issues of intraregional migration through the prism of migration behavior strategies of the population, which mean the actions taken earlier by a migrant to change his place of residence, his attitudes and possible steps in the future. Based on the data of a sociological study and statistical indicators, the frequency of respondents’ relocations, the funds they used during the last move, and the composition of those who moved at the same time were analyzed. The differences between the regions of Yakutia in terms of the coefficient of migration mobility are revealed. The degree of severity of migration sentiments and its relationship with the length of residence of respondents in this settlement has been established. It is shown that the assessment of life circumstances underlies the reasons not only for the last move, but is a strong motive for making a decision to change the place of residence in the future. At the same time, differences in the behavior strategies of potential migrants are clearly visible, depending on the direction of relocation, the availability of social capital in a new place.

Charge redistribution of a spatially differentiated ferroelectric Bi4Ti3O12 single crystal for photocatalytic overall water splitting

Artificial photosynthesis is a promising approach to produce clean fuels via renewable solar energy. However, it is practically constrained by two issues of slow photogenerated carrier migration and rapid electron/hole recombination. It is also a challenge to achieve a 2:1 ratio of H2 and O2 for overall water splitting. Here we report a rational design of spatially differentiated two-dimensional Bi4Ti3O12 nanosheets to enhance overall water splitting. Such a spatially differentiated structure overcomes the limitation of charge transfer across different crystal planes in a single crystal semiconductor. The experimental results show a redistribution of charge within a crystal plane. The resulting photocatalyst produces 40.3 μmol h–1 of hydrogen and 20.1 μmol h–1 of oxygen at a near stoichiometric ratio of 2:1 and a solar-to-hydrogen efficiency of 0.1% under simulated solar light.

Functionalization of chlorogenic acid extracted from honeysuckle and preparation of highly efficient anti-aging NR composites: Experimental and molecular simulation study

In this study, chlorogenic acid (CA) was extracted as a natural antioxidant from honeysuckle by ultrasonic method. The CA was quantitatively analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). And the extracted CA was successfully loaded into treated carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by immersion method. An effective strategy to improve the anti-aging property of natural rubber (NR) was proposed by the collaborative use of CNTs-loaded CA (CNTs-CA) and free CA that enabling the NR matrix to maintain a comparatively high concentration of antioxidants for a long period of time. The experiment results showed that the loaded CA was 2.25 times more resistant to migration than that of the free CA after three days of aging. Encapsulation of antioxidant into CNTs inhibited the antioxidant blooming. And the addition of CNTs-CA significantly enhanced the mechanical characteristics of NR. Furthermore, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations elucidated the migration process of the antioxidant in the NR system at the molecular level. The migration kinetics analysis was carried out by MD simulation, and the results showed that the CNTs-CA has more significant migration resistance than free CA. It can be concluded from the calculation results of the binding energy (Ebinding) that the Ebinding of loaded CA and NR was more than three times that of the free CA and NR. In summary, the proposed synergy NR/CA/CNTs-CA system resolved the issue of easy migration and blooming of the antioxidant. Overall, through such efforts, it has become possible to prepare environmentally friendly materials that are durable and resistant to aging.

THE IMPORTANCE OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTS TO REDUCE UNEMPLOYMENT RATE AND MIGRATION CHALLENGES IN UZBEKISTAN

Uzbekistan, with its burgeoning economy and strategic location, stands poised at a critical juncture in its developmental trajectory. However, persistent challenges such as high unemployment rates and significant migration issues threaten to impede its progress. This paper explores the pivotal role of investment and foreign direct investment (FDI) in addressing these challenges. By examining the nexus between investment inflows, economic growth, employment generation, and migration patterns, this paper elucidates the potential of targeted investment strategies to foster sustainable development and mitigate socio-economic disparities in Uzbekistan

Re-Think Migration in Africa: The Current Geopolitical Challenges of Migration

This study is part of the field of political and social geography and African studies. Its aim is to address the current geopolitical issues (migration policies, migration systems and dynamics, forms of otherness, clandestine migration and different routes, the role of borders in migration as a geostrategic tool) of migration in Africa. To bring scientific rigor and clarity to our study, we draw on both methodical approaches from social and political geography, life stories, ethnographic observation and various documentary sources. Reflection on the current migratory situation in Africa leads us to discuss the impact of the colonial era on the continent through colonial economies centered essentially on the exploitation of African natural resources such as minerals, rubber and cotton. This reality has engendered, on the one hand, an African migratory system represented by the migration of labor from rural regions to economic centers, creating demographic and economic imbalances within African countries; and on the other hand, a migratory system between colonizing countries and colonized countries. It's true that Africa is a continent of glaring disparities. It's a multi-ethnic, plural space that conceals flagrant socio-spatial inequalities, which are becoming increasingly acute. This area of the world becomes a space of paradoxes par excellence, insofar as wealth and poverty are intertwined. As a result, the spatial injustice between North and South generates a great deal of frustration among Africans, and has an impact on the construction of a hopeful migration project. Moving elsewhere offers would-be migrants the right to dream, rebuild their lives and shape their values. This ultimate goal is made possible by cosmopolitanism and the desire to discover a different culture. In the current context, Morocco is becoming a new frontier for Europe. Its geographical and geostrategic position makes it both a place of transit and residence. Indeed, moving there or leaving generates new urban dynamics in Moroccan cities, creating new forms of otherness between migrants and locals. Such mobility generates ephemeral, relocated territorialities that shape the urban landscape of African cities, in this case Moroccan cities. Migration is a highly complex phenomenon, involving individuals and their societal lives on the one hand, and states and their integration policies on the other. Indeed, dealing with the issue of migration in its political, economic, social, cultural and diplomatic dimensions is a necessity, and raises a legitimate question: how can we think about the geopolitical stakes of migration in Africa? To answer this major question, we propose a two-point plan. The first section will address current migration dynamics in Africa. The second deals with migration policies in Africa and future challenges in Africa and in third section, we will look at the future challenges of migration in Africa.

Efficient and Highly Stable Lateral Perovskite Single‐Crystal Solar Cells through Crystal Engineering and Weak Ion Migration

AbstractThe lateral device structure for perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has garnered significant attention, primarily due to its elimination of the need for expensive transparent electrodes. However, the performance of lateral devices, which are more sensitive to crystal quality and charge carrier transport bottlenecks, has lagged far behind the predominant vertical PSCs. Herein, by modulating the crystal nucleation and growth processes of thin FA0.75MA0.25PbI3 (FA = formamidinium; and MA = methylammonium) single crystals, crystal quality and carrier transport are improved, resulting in a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 12.64%, a record for lateral PSCs. Investigation of the device's stability reveals that iodide ion migration is suppressed due to a reduction in the iodide vacancy concentration combined with weak interface iodide ion migration. It is shown that the latter effect is a result of the perpendicular direction of the ion migration and the electric field in the lateral PSCs. Consequently, these lateral single‐crystal PSCs display remarkable operational stability, retaining 100% of their initial PCE after 1200 h of steady‐state output at the maximum power point voltage (Vmpp) under 1 sun illumination. This work highlights the advantages of lateral single‐crystal devices and their potential to address key ion migration issues of PSCs.

Two-dimensional phthalocyanine-based molecular additives realize efficient hole transport and enhanced ion immobilization for durable perovskite solar cells

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have demonstrated high promises in low-cost manufacture and outstanding power conversion efficiencies (PCEs), however, long-term operational stability has become the major obstacle challenging the scalable application of this technology. Although the state-of-the-art hole transport layer (HTL) based on Spiro-OMeTAD becomes the indispensable component in high-efficiency PSCs, the dopants in the HTLs cause severe stability issues of ion migration and phase segregation, all of which induce the degradation of HTLs in the aspects of film conductivity and microstructures. Here we rationally design a two-dimensional phthalocyanine-based molecular additive (TB-C8-Ni) for the HTLs in order to enhance the carrier transportation and immobilize the ions. The incorporation of [8-(4-tert-butylphenoxy)octyl]oxy alkyl units as the side groups in TB-C8-Ni is essential to increase the solubility and improve the HTL uniformity. The superior planar structure of TB-C8-Ni favors the hole transportation and suppresses the migration of lithium ion under the environmental stress, which achieves reliable HTLs and devices. Consequently, the devices based on TB-C8-Ni exhibit boosted open-circuit voltage and fill factor, delivering an increased efficiency from 20.93% to 22.34%. More importantly, the additive TB-C8-Ni in the HTLs reinforces the moisture stability of devices, enabling to maintain 90% of initial efficiency after 2300 h in air.