Middle Nodes Research Articles

BRAF Mutated Tall Cell Papillary Carcinoma Lung Metastasis Following Thyroidectomy

SESSION TITLE: Metastatic and Other Primary Lung Tumors SESSION TYPE: Affiliate Case Report Poster PRESENTED ON: Tuesday, October 31, 2017 at 01:30 PM - 02:30 PM INTRODUCTION: BRAF Mutated Tall Cell Papillary Carcinoma is a rare tumor infrequently presented as lung metastasis. Although Papillary Carcinoma is one of the most frequent Thyroid Cancers, BRAF-Tall Cell Variant carries the worst prognosis. CASE PRESENTATION: A 65-year-old male former 12-pack year smoking history and total thyroidectomy as a child presents for evaluation of hematochezia. He has no prior history of radiation exposure or familial history of thyroid cancer. Supplemental thyroid replacement therapy was started at age 21 due to clinical hypothyroidism. Residual thyroid glandular tissue was not visible on CT scan or ultrasound studies. Abdominal and pelvic computed tomography (CT) scan demonstrated the incidental finding of a 1.2 cm non-calcified lobulated and speculated pulmonary nodule. Positron Emission Test (PET) Scan demonstrated maximum SUV uptake of 11.0 in mediastinal and pretracheal structures. Mediastinoscopy aborted after experiencing intraoperative bleeding complications. Endobronchial Ultrasound Trans-bronchial fine needle aspiration (EBUS-TB FNA) was was non-diagnostic. Exploratory thoracotomy with right middle lobe wedge resection and mediastinal lymph node dissection was performed. Surgical biopsy diagnosed a poorly differentiated tall cell papillary carcinoma, BRAF positive mutation. DISCUSSION: BRAF is a important oncoprotein responsibile for the MAPK-pathway output. Its role suppresses the expression of genes required for iodide incorporation. Due to poor iodide uptake, radioactive iodine is not useful diagnostically or therapeutically in tall cell variant disease. CONCLUSIONS: BRAF-mutated classical or tall-cell-variant papillary thyroid carcinomas have a high frequency of lymph-node metastases and recurrence after thyroidectomy. These associated carcinomas have a poor response to radioiodine therapy due to the high MAPK-pathway output, which is driven by the BRAF V600E oncoprotein. This case demonstrates the difficulty with diagnosis of mediastinal lymphadenopathy and rare presentation of tall cell variant papillary cell carcinoma as lung metastasis. Reference #1: American Cancer Society: Cancer Facts and Figures 2016. Atlanta, Ga: American Cancer Society, 2016. Reference #2: Gimm, O., Rath, F. W. and Dralle, H. (1998), Pattern of lymph node metastases in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Br J Surg, 85: 252-254. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2168.1998.00510.x Reference #3: Xing M, Westra WH, Tufano RP, et al. BRAF mutation predicts a poorer clinical prognosis for papillary thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90:6373-9. DISCLOSURE: The following authors have nothing to disclose: Brandon Hooks No Product/Research Disclosure Information

Dissecting Genetic Network of Fruit Branch Traits in Upland Cotton by Association Mapping Using SSR Markers.

Genetic architecture of branch traits has large influences on the morphological structure, photosynthetic capacity, planting density, and yield of Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). This research aims to reveal the genetic effects of six branch traits, including bottom fruit branch node number (BFBNN), bottom fruit branch length (BFBL), middle fruit branch node number (MFBNN), middle fruit branch length (MFBL), upper fruit branch node number (UFBNN), and upper fruit branch length (UFBL). Association mapping was conducted for these traits of 39 lines and their 178 F1 hybrids in three environments. There were 20 highly significant Quantitative Trait SSRs (QTSs) detected by mixed linear model approach analyzing a full genetic model with genetic effects of additive, dominance, epistasis and their environment interaction. The phenotypic variation explained by genetic effects ranged from 32.64 ~ 91.61%, suggesting these branch traits largely influenced by genetic factors.

P2.04-038 Primary Pulmonary Meningioma: Rare Tumor with Malignant Potential: Topic: Esophageal Cancer and Other Malignancies

Primary Pulmonary Meningioma (PPM) is a very rare tumor with approximately 40 cases described in previous medical literature. Although majority of the cases documented previously are benign, there were 3 cases that showed malignant characteristics. We report a case of PPM with atypical features. A 65-year-old lady, non-smoker, had an incidental finding of 1.9 × 1.6cm nodule in the right middle lobe on routine chest x-ray. The computed tomography (CT) of the thorax demonstrated a well-defined, homogeneous soft tissue nodule measuring 1.5 × 1.5 cm in the lateral segment of the right middle lobe. CT-guided biopsy did not show features of malignancy. Hence, the patient was managed conservatively with surveillance CT scans. Four years later, repeat CT thorax revealed enlargement of the tumor size to 3.1 × 2.2 cm, with increased lobulations. The patient underwent completely portal robotic middle lobectomy and mediastinal lymph node dissection. The patient made an uneventful recovery and was discharged on post-operative day 3. Histological examination revealed a 3.8 cm solid, circumscribed, whitish, homogeneous nodule that abuts the pleural surface. Microscopically, the tumor comprised of bland spindle cells arranged in fascicles and occasional whorls. The cells had round to ovoid nuclei and moderate amounts of eosinophilic fibrillary cytoplasm. Up to 7 mitotic figures per 10 high power fields were identified. Stromal hyalinization, ectatic blood vessels and focal necrosis were seen in some area. The tumor cells were diffusely positive for vimentin and S-100, focally positive for cytokeratin AE1/3, synaptophysin and EMA, and negative for chromogranin. Overall, histology of the specimen demonstrated characteristic patterns of meningiomas with atypical features. The lymph nodes sampled were negative for malignancy. There were no intra-cranial or spinal lesions. There was no tumor recurrence at the 1-yr follow-up. PPM is a rare tumor which requires timely surgical resection for diagnosis and treatment. Untreated benign behaving lesions have the potential to become aggressive and demonstrate atypical features.

Lightweight Sensor Authentication Scheme for Energy Efficiency in Ubiquitous Computing Environments.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is the intelligent technologies and services that mutually communicate information between humans and devices or between Internet-based devices. In IoT environments, various device information is collected from the user for intelligent technologies and services that control the devices. Recently, wireless sensor networks based on IoT environments are being used in sectors as diverse as medicine, the military, and commerce. Specifically, sensor techniques that collect relevant area data via mini-sensors after distributing smart dust in inaccessible areas like forests or military zones have been embraced as the future of information technology. IoT environments that utilize smart dust are composed of the sensor nodes that detect data using wireless sensors and transmit the detected data to middle nodes. Currently, since the sensors used in these environments are composed of mini-hardware, they have limited memory, processing power, and energy, and a variety of research that aims to make the best use of these limited resources is progressing. This paper proposes a method to utilize these resources while considering energy efficiency, and suggests lightweight mutual verification and key exchange methods based on a hash function that has no restrictions on operation quantity, velocity, and storage space. This study verifies the security and energy efficiency of this method through security analysis and function evaluation, comparing with existing approaches. The proposed method has great value in its applicability as a lightweight security technology for IoT environments.

Changes in light environment, morphology, growth and yield of soybean in maize-soybean intercropping systems

The maize-soybean intercropping system has become increasingly popular in many areas of the world, particularly in China, due to its high productivity and the harvest of two different grains. While efforts have been made to maintain the yield of the taller maize crop, there is limited understanding of how the morphology, growth and yield of the lower soybean crop changes in response to the shading by maize. We therefore conducted a three-year field experiment from 2013 to 2015 to investigate the changes in light environment, growth of individual organs, biomass, and grain yield of soybean under two intercropping patterns (1M1S, one row of maize with one row of soybean; 2M2S, two rows of maize with two rows of soybean) as compared to monoculture. Our results showed that at soybean flowering stage, the R:FR ratio at the top of soybean canopy was reduced 17–21% more than the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) under intercropping compared to monoculture, with 15–19% more reduction under 1M1S than 2M2S. This led to increased internode lengths, plant height and specific leaf area (SLA), but reduced branching of soybean plants under intercropping. These morphological changes enabled the crop to intercept relatively more light and the shading also increased the light use efficiency (LUE) of soybean. However, these positive responses were not able to compensate the effect of reduced leaf area (due to smaller leaf size and less branching) and total light interception, leading to reduced biomass and grain. The reduction in grain yield was mainly caused by the reduced number of grains (particularly on the middle nodes) produced by the intercropped soybean plants, while the grain size remained unchanged. The data and results of this study may be used to develop and parameterize crop models for simulating development and growth of soybean crop in response to changes in the light environment under intercropping.

125 Iodine brachytherapy via a trans-superior vena cava approach in patients with metastases in middle mediastinal lymph nodes: a novel approach.

Certain metastasis-containing middle mediastinal lymph nodes cannot be approached by standard CT-guided brachytherapy. We here describe a novel trans-superior vena cava approach for such nodes. The aim of this prospective study was to assess the safety and clinical value of 125 iodine (I) brachytherapy via a trans-superior vena cava approach in patients with metastases in middle mediastinal lymph nodes. From February 2008 to October 2011, 32 patients with 43 pathologically confirmed metastasis-containing mediastinal middle lymph nodes underwent CT-guided percutaneous 125 I brachytherapy via a trans-superior vena cava approach. Their complications and treatment responses were analyzed. Variations in blood pressure, heart rate, hemoglobin concentration and oxyhemoglobin saturation before, during and after the procedure were recorded, as were complications, including hemorrhage, pneumothorax and development of Breuer's reflex. Treatment response was assessed according to the response evaluation criteria for solid tumors Version 1.1. According to follow-up CT examination after 6 months, 22 patients (68.75%) achieved complete responses and four (12. 5%) partial responses. One patient died of myocardial infarction. Overall response rate was 81.25%, with a local control rate of 87.5%. The median survival was 25.7 months, with progression-free survival of 19.74 ± 0.81 months. The 1-year and 3-year overall survival rates were 53.13% and 28.13%. There were minimal immediate or delayed complications; no complications were severe. We consider this novel approach a safe means of treating certain mediastinal middle lymph node metastases.

Hand-assisted technique beneficial for laparoscopic transhiatal esophagectomy with en-bloc dissection of middle and lower mediastinal lymph nodes: roles of the operator’s left hand

Background Hand-assisted laparoscopic surgery (HALS) is safe and useful in the management of gastric conduit reconstruction. By applying the HALS technique to mediastinal surgeries, we developed a novel technique for the en-bloc dissection of the middle and lower (M&L) mediastinal lymph nodes (LNs) using a laparoscopic transhiatal approach (LTHA). We describe our technique, with a focus on the roles of the operator’s left hand.

A numerical study of compact approximations based on flat integrated radial basis functions for second-order differential equations

In this paper, we propose a simple but effective preconditioning technique to improve the numerical stability of Integrated Radial Basis Function (IRBF) methods. The proposed preconditioner is simply the inverse of a well-conditioned matrix that is constructed using non-flat IRBFs. Much larger values of the free shape parameter of IRBFs can thus be employed and better accuracy for smooth solution problems can be achieved. Furthermore, to improve the accuracy of local IRBF methods, we propose a new stencil, namely Combined Compact IRBF (CCIRBF), in which (i) the starting point is the fourth-order derivative; and (ii) nodal values of first- and second-order derivatives at side nodes of the stencil are included in the computation of first- and second-order derivatives at the middle node in a natural way. The proposed stencil can be employed in uniform/nonuniform Cartesian grids. The preconditioning technique in combination with the CCIRBF scheme employed with large values of the shape parameter are tested with elliptic equations and then applied to simulate several fluid flow problems governed by Poisson, Burgers, convection–diffusion, and Navier–Stokes equations. Highly accurate and stable solutions are obtained. In some cases, the preconditioned schemes are shown to be several orders of magnitude more accurate than those without preconditioning.

Improved ZVS Three-Level DC–DC Converter With Reduced Circulating Loss

An improved three-level (TL) dc–dc converter is proposed in this paper. The converter contains two transformers. Like the conventional TL dc–dc converter, there are no additional switches on the primary side of the transformer. The rectifier stage is composed of four diodes in the center-tapped rectification. On the primary side of the transformer, the two transformers are connected in series. The middle node of the two transformers is connected to the neutral point of the split flying capacitors. Because it cooperates with the four-diode rectifier stage, the circulating current on the primary side of the transformer decays to zero during the freewheeling period. The zero-voltage switching (ZVS) of the leading switches is determined by energy stored in the output filter inductor, which is similar to the conventional TL converter. The ZVS of the lagging switches is determined by the energy stored in the magnetizing inductor of a transformer, rather than the energy stored in the leakage inductor. The proposed converter can reduce the output filter inductance. Because of the advantages given above, the efficiency of the proposed converter is far better than that of traditional methods. Finally, a 1-kW prototype was built to verify the performance of the proposed converter.

Quantum entanglement swapping of two arbitrary biqubit pure states

In this paper, the issue of swapping quantum entanglements in two arbitrary biqubit pure states via a local bipartite entangledstate projective measure in the middle node is studied in depth, especially with regard to quantitative aspects. Attention is mainly focused on the relation between the measure and the final entanglement obtained via swapping. During the study, the entanglement of formation (EoF) is employed as a quantifier to characterize and quantify the entanglements present in all involved states. All concerned EoFs are expressed analytically; thus, the relation between the final entanglement and the measuring state is established. Through concrete analyses, the measure demands for getting a certain amount of a final entanglement are revealed. It is found that a maximally entangled final state can be obtained from any two given initial entangled states via swapping with a certain probability; however, a peculiar measure should be performed. Moreover, some distinct properties are revealed and analyzed. Such a study will be useful in quantum information processes.

Shear wave elastography using ultrasound: effects of anisotropy and stretch stress on a tissue phantom and in vivo reactive lymph nodes in the neck

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to evaluate how the anisotropy and the static stretch stress of the cervical musculature influence the measured shear modulus in a tissue-mimicking phantom and in cervical lymph nodes in vivo by using shear wave elastography (SWE).MethodsSWE was performed on a phantom using a pig muscle and on the middle jugular cervical lymph nodes in six volunteers. Tissue elasticity was quantified using the shear modulus and a supersonic shear wave imaging technique. For the phantom study, first, the optimal depth for measurement was determined, and then, SWE was performed in parallel and perpendicular to the muscle fiber orientation with and without strain stress. For the in vivo study, SWE was performed on the cervical lymph nodes in parallel and perpendicular to the sternocleidomastoid muscle fiber direction with and without neck stretching. The mean values of the shear modulus (meanSM) were then analyzed.ResultsIn the phantom study, the measured depth significantly influenced the meanSM with a sharp decrease at the depth of 1.5 cm (P<0.001). Strain stress increased the meanSM, irrespective of the muscle fiber orientation (P<0.001). In the in vivo study, the meanSM values obtained in parallel to the muscle fiber orientation were greater than those obtained perpendicular to the fiber orientation, irrespective of the stretch stress (P<0.001). However, meanSM was affected significantly by the stretch stress parallel to the muscle fiber orientation (P<0.001).ConclusionThe anisotropic nature of the cervical musculature and the applied stretch stress explain the variability of the SWE measurements and should be identified before applying SWE for the interpretation of the measured shear modulus values.

Molecular epidemiology of Rhodococcus equi in slaughtered swine, cattle and horses in Poland.

BackgroundRhodococcus equi is an emerging zoonotic presumably foodborne pathogen. Since the data on the worldwide prevalence of R. equi in meat animals are scarce, the present study aimed to investigate the molecular epidemiology of R. equi in swine, cattle and horse carcasses intended for human consumption in Poland.ResultsTotally 1028 lymph node samples were examined. R. equi was isolated from 26.6 % (105/395) swine and 1.3 % (3/234) bovine healthy submaxillary lymph nodes. In horses, R. equi was isolated only from 0.5 % (1/198) samples of middle tracheo-branchiales lymph node while no lymphocentrum retropharyngeum sample was positive (0/198). The purulent lesions were observed only in 0.8 % swine submaxillary lymph nodes samples (3/398) and in two of them R. equi was detected.All bovine and most of swine isolates (98.1 %) were vapB-positive. 87.9 % of swine isolates carried 95-kb type 5 plasmid, 3.7 % type 1 and plasmid types: 4, 7, 10, 11, 21, 31 were carried by a single isolate (0.9 %). All bovine isolates carried VAPB type 26. Single horse isolate was vapA-positive and carried plasmid VAPA 85-kb type I.ConclusionsThe prevalence of vapB-positive R. equi in investigated healthy swine intended for human consumption was very high.Not only swine, but also even apparently healthy cattle or horse carcasses should be considered as a potential source of R. equi for humans, especially in countries where undercooked or raw beef or horsemeat is traditionally consumed.

Password Verification in Military Networks by using Secure Hash Algorithm

Objectives: The main objective is to provide security for confidential information by exploiting external storage nodes applications for mobile nodes in military environments by using secure hash algorithm. Methods and analysis: In military environments we are having measure partitions like a parcel or a hostile region. There is no doubt at all they suffer from intermittent network property. They are having frequent partitions. Disruption-tolerant network DTN technologies are may be a true and simple solutions. DTN is a Disruption-tolerant network. Findings: These devices take the counseling or control dependably by extending memory module nodes. In these networking environments DTN is extremely successful technology. Once there's no wired affiliation in between supply and destination device, data from supply node need to wait within middle nodes for oversized quantity for your duration until the affiliation would be properly established. One amongst the difficult approach may be a ABE. That’s attribute-based coding that fulfill the requirements to get secure data extraction through DTNs. Here the conception is Cipher text Policy ABE (CP-ABE). Improvement: It provides the applicable means of coding of knowledge. The coding includes the dataset that the secret writing must possess so as to decrypt the cipher text. Hence, different type of users may be given to decrypt complete different components of knowledge in line with the safety policy.

A serendipity triangular patch for evaluating weakly singular boundary integrals

Element subdivision is the most widely used method for the numerical evaluation of weakly singular integrals in three-dimensional boundary element analyses. In the traditional subdivision method, the sub-elements, which are called patches in this paper, are obtained by simply connecting the singular point with each vertex of the element. Patches with large angles at the source point may be produced and thus, a large number of Gaussian quadrature points are needed to achieve acceptable accuracy. In this paper, a serendipity triangular patch with four-node is presented to solve the problem. Case studies have been made to investigate the effect of the location of the middle node of the serendipity patch on accuracy, and an optimal location is determined. Moreover, theoretical analysis validating the optimal location is also given with a new form of polar coordinate transformation. Numerical examples are presented to compare the new patch with the conventional linear patch with respect to both accuracy and efficiency. In all cases, the results are encouraging.

Paraneoplastic Cushing's syndrome associated with bronchopulmonary carcinoid tumor in youth: A case report and review of the literature.

Paraneoplastic Cushing's syndrome (CushingPS) caused by bronchopulmonary carcinoid tumors presents a diagnostic challenge for clinicians. The present study reports the case of an 18-year-old male patient presenting with rapid weight gain, polyuria, polydipsia and progressive muscle weakness. Chemical and imaging findings suggested ectopic secretion of adrenocorticotropin. Whole-body 18fluorine-fluorodeoxyglucose (18FDG-PET/CT) positron-emission tomography revealed an increased uptake of 18FDG-PET/CT in the right middle lung mass and lobar lymph node. Postoperative pathology confirmed the presence of a typical carcinoid, as well as a lobar lymph node metastasis. The patient underwent a right middle lobectomy with mediastinal lymph node resection, which resulted in symptom clearance, followed by rapid weight loss. No CushingPS or tumor recurrence was observed at the 3-month postoperative follow-up.

Soybean Yield Components and Seed Potassium Concentration Responses among Nodes to Potassium Fertility

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yield loss by K deficiency has been reported extensively, but very little research has evaluated how the yield loss is distributed among nodes. We evaluated soybean seed yield, individual seed weight, pod and seed numbers, seed abortion, and seed‐K concentration among nodes of an indeterminate and determinate cultivar grown under three K fertility levels (low, medium, and high represented by 0, 75, and 150 kg K ha−1 yr−1, respectively). Chlorosis along upper leaf margin was observed during seed‐filling period in every low K fertility plot. Soybean grown with medium and high K fertility averaged 28 and 43%, respectively, greater predicted seed yield on the top seven (of 10) node segments for the indeterminate soybean and 72 and 101% greater seed yield on the node segments 2, 3, 4, and 7 (of seven) for the determinate soybean than plants having low K fertility. Yield loss was attributed to reduced individual seed weight, fewer pod and seed numbers, and increased seed abortion. The seed‐K concentration of soybean grown with low K fertility was lowest (11.6 [indeterminate] and 15.2 [determinate] g K kg−1) for seeds located on the top nodes and increased (17.8 g K kg−1) quadratically to the bottom of the plant. The largest proportion of seed yield and the greatest yield loss from K deficiency come from the middle and upper nodes of indeterminate plants and the combination of the bottom nodes, due to branching, plus the upper‐middle nodes of determinate plants.Core Ideas The greatest proportion of soybean yield, regardless of K fertility level, was produced by nodes on the top two‐thirds of the indeterminate cultivar and the combination of the bottom node, due to branching, plus the nodes on the top one‐half of the determinate cultivar. The yield loss from K deficiency was greatest on the nodes that produced the largest proportion of seed yield for each growth habit. The yield loss on the top nodes was from reduced individual seed weight, fewer numbers of pods and seeds, and increased seed abortion. For K‐deficient soybean there would be a large seed‐K concentration gradient from the top to bottom of the plant with seed‐K being greatest for seed produced on the bottom nodes and least for seed produced by the top nodes. The K concentration of seed collected from the upper nodes or the seed‐K concentration gradient between the top and bottom nodes might be useful in diagnosing K deficiency at maturity in fields that showed no visible K deficiency symptoms (i.e., hidden hunger) during the growing season.

Confinement to the intrapancreatic bile duct is independently associated with a better prognosis in extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.

BackgroundActual differences of long term outcome of extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma according to the location of the tumor have not yet been studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognosis and optimal surgical procedure for middle (BD) cancer.MethodsAmong 109 patients with carcinoma of the extrahepatic BD underwent surgical resection, curative resection of extrahepatic BD cancer was performed in 90 patients. They were classified into three groups according to the location of tumors: DISTAL (n = 32), tumor was confined to the intrapancreatic bile duct; MID (n = 20), tumor was located between below the confluence of the hepatic duct bifurcation and suprapancreatic portion of the BD; and DIFFUSE (n = 38), tumor was located diffusely.ResultsTumor involving the middle BD (MID or DIFFUSE) had a higher rate of perineural invasion as compared to the DISTAL group. The overall and disease-free survival rate for the MID or DIFFUSE group was significantly worse than that of DISTAL. In the MID/DIFFUSE group, there was no significant difference of survival according to the type of the operation (pancreaticoduodenectomy or segmental BD resection). The multivariate analysis showed that tumor involving middle BD (MID or DIFFUSE group) and node metastasis were independently poor prognostic factors for the disease free and overall survival.ConclusionExtrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma involving the extrapancreatic BD has a worse prognosis than those confined to the intrapancreatic BD. In patients with tumors confined to the middle BD, BD resection can be considered as an alternative surgical procedure to pancreaticoduodenectomy, if an R0 resection can be accomplished.

A Stochastic Model to Describe the Fruit Number and Position on Long Peach (Prunus Persicae) Shoot

A stochastic model of fruit number and position on a long peach (Prunus persica cv. yingzhui) shoot of 10- year-old tree is presented. In model there are generally 3 states in which state 2 represents that a node with two fruits, state 1 represents that a node with one fruit, state 0 represents that a node without fruit. Parameters of model are estimated using the STAT module of Matlab software. The observed data are sampled from mature trees at two harvest seasons during two years in a row (2013-2014) in Lianping, Guangdong, China. Results indicate that upper nodes usually have one fruit, middle nodes have no more than one to two fruits, and most of basal nodes have zero to one fruit. The total number of fruits increases with the number of remaining nodes after pruning. Occupancy distributions of different states in model demonstrate that pruned long shoots had 5 to 7 fruits, whereas unpruned long shoots averaged more than 10 fruits. The fruit distributions on the shoots follow a well-defined pattern: nodes that bear one or two fruits were significantly higher in the median part of the shoot but lower on the basal and distal nodes. In addition, three- dimensional representations of the fruit position were reconstructed using PruningSim software.

Steady State Analysis of a Three Node Tandem Communication Network Model with DBA having Homogeneous Compound Poisson Direct Bulk Arrivals at Node 1 And Node 2

this paper, a three stage communication network model with two stage homogeneous bulk arrivals and dynamic bandwidth allocation under equilibrium condition is developed and analyzed. Consider a Communication network in which three nodes are in tandem and the messages arrive to the first node are converted into number of packets and stored in first buffer connected to the first node. After transmitting from the first node, the messages arrive to the second node from first node and the messages which are directly arriving to the second node are converted into number of packets and stored in second buffer connected to the second node. After transmitting from the second node, the messages arrive to the third node are converted into number of packets and stored in third buffer connected to the third node. Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation (DBA) is the strategy that the transmission rate at each node is adjusted depending upon the content of the buffer at every packet transmission. It is assumed that the arrival of packets follow compound Poisson processes and the transmission completions at each node follow Poisson processes. The steady state analysis of this model is carried by assuming that the system is stable under equilibrium. This model is more accurately fit into the realistic situation of the communication network having a predecessor and successor nodes for the middle node. Using the difference-differential equations, the joint probability generating function of the number of packets in each buffer is derived. The performance measures like, the probability of emptiness of the three buffers, the mean content in each buffer, mean delays in buffers, throughput etc. are derived explicitly under equilibrium or steady state conditions. This network model is much useful in communication systems. Keywordsstage communication networks, Dynamic bandwidth allocation, Batch arrivals and Steady state.

Treatment Outcomes of Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy for Clinical Stage I/II Hypopharyngeal Cancer

Treatment Outcomes of Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy for Clinical Stage I/II Hypopharyngeal Cancer