Middle Nodes Research Articles

Effect of crop load, fruit position and shoot vigour on yield and quality of Annona atemoya × Annona squamosa in India

ABSTRACT The effect of crop load, position of the fruit on the shoots and vigour of the shoots on yield and quality of Annona atemoya × A. squamosa hybrid ‘Arka Sahan’ was investigated in India over two years. The trees were hand-pollinated and thinned to 20, 40, 60, 80 or 100 fruit after fruit set. Information was collected on total and marketable yield, yield efficiency, average fruit fresh weight, peel weight, the number of seeds per 100 g of pulp, pulp content in the fruit, total soluble solids (TSS) and total titratable acidity. In other experiments, fruit were harvested from weak, medium or vigrous shoots, or from basal, middle or apical nodes. Total yield increased up to 60 or 80 fruit per tree and marketable yield increased up to 60 fruit per tree. Average fruit weight and peel weight increased as cropping increased. These results suggest that optimum productivity and quality is associated with 60 fruit per tree or 0.17 to 0.19 kg cm2 trunk-cross sectional area. The quality of the fruit in different positions on the shoots or on the different types of shoots was highly variable and generally not affected by the various treatments.

Particle Swarm Optimization Based LQ-Servo Controller for Congestion Avoidance

The network congestion is an essential problem that leads to packets losing and performance degradation. Thus, preventing congestion in the network is very important to enhance and improve the quality of service. Active queue management (AQM) is the solution to control congestion in TCP network middle nodes to improve theire performance. We design a linear quadratic (LQ)-servo controller as an AQM applied to TCP network to control congestion and attempt to achieve high quality of service under dynamic network environments. The LQ-servo controller is proposed to provide queue length stabilization with a small delay and faster settling time. The designed controller parameters are tuned by using the particle swarm optimization (PSO) method. The PSO algorithm was fundamentally applied to find the optimal controller parameters Q and R, such that a good output response could be obtained. The PI controller is examined for comparison reasons. The MATLAB simulation result shows that the controller is more effective than the PI in reaching zero steadystate error with better congestion avoidance under the dynamic network environment. Moreover, the proposed controller achieves a smaller delay and faster settling time

Video-assisted esophagectomy using a port-free organ retractor for the prevention of laryngeal nerve paralysis.

Recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) paralysis is a major complication of esophageal cancer surgery. The free jaw clip (FJ clip) was developed as an organ-retracting device, and it can also reduce the number of ports required during surgery. Here, we describe a new technique for lymphadenectomy along the left RLN using the FJ clip. After the middle and lower mediastinal lymph nodes were dissected, the upper esophagus and other tissues, including the lymph nodes and left RLN, were retracted by cutting the tracheal arteries between the esophagus and trachea and then pulling the upper esophagus to the dorsal side with the FJ clip. The esophagus was transected at the upper mediastinum, and the proximal esophagus was drawn by the FJ clip. This technique helped provide a good field of view during lymphadenectomy along the left RLN. The data of nine consecutive patients who underwent video-assisted esophagectomy in the left lateral decubitus position by the same surgeon were reviewed. Postoperative left RLN paralysis occurred in only one patient in whom the RLN could not be preserved. Given the excellent short-term outcomes with respect to left RLN paralysis, lymphadenectomy along the left RLN using the FJ clip was safe and feasible.

Hidden Node Detection between Observable Nodes Based on Bayesian Clustering.

Structure learning is one of the main concerns in studies of Bayesian networks. In the present paper, we consider networks consisting of both observable and hidden nodes, and propose a method to investigate the existence of a hidden node between observable nodes, where all nodes are discrete. This corresponds to the model selection problem between the networks with and without the middle hidden node. When the network includes a hidden node, it has been known that there are singularities in the parameter space, and the Fisher information matrix is not positive definite. Then, the many conventional criteria for structure learning based on the Laplace approximation do not work. The proposed method is based on Bayesian clustering, and its asymptotic property justifies the result; the redundant labels are eliminated and the simplest structure is detected even if there are singularities.

FMCR-CT: An energy-efficient fuzzy multi cluster-based routing with a constant threshold in wireless sensor network

Fuzzy Multi Cluster-Based Routing with a Constant Threshold (FMCR-CT) is presented as a solution to help save more energy in wireless sensor networks. Most of the algorithms introduced so far are based on clustering in each round and single-hop transmission of data to the base station. Clustering in each round increases the number of control messages and the possibility of collision. FMCR-CT is innovative in several areas which includes avoid performing clustering in each round, introducing fixed threshold, using different algorithms to do the clustering and utilizing multi-hop routing by considering a suitable middle node to send data from each cluster to the base station. The main aim of the study is to propose an approach in which improves the wireless sensor network lifetime by lessening cluster head selections and transmitted messages in each round. Remaining energy, number of nodes and distance of each node are considered as fuzzy criteria to select the cluster head. FMCR-CT has been compared to other algorithms in terms of parameters such as network lifetime, dead nodes in each round, the first node die, half node die and the last node die. The results from simulation reveal that FMCR-CT could outperform other methods.

High-risk group of upper and middle mediastinal lymph node metastasis in patients with esophagogastric junction carcinoma.

AimThe aim of the present study was to clarify esophagogastric junction (EGJ) carcinoma patients who are at high risk of upper and middle mediastinal lymph node (MLN) metastasis.MethodsThis was a retrospective study and included 110 consecutive patients with EGJ carcinoma who underwent R0/R1 resection at Keio University Hospital between January 2000 and December 2013.ResultsOf the 110 patients, 18 (16.3%) had MLN metastasis, and the number increased to 23 (20.9%) when recurrence cases were added (adenocarcinoma, N = 11; squamous cell carcinoma, N = 12). Patients whose tumor epicenter was located above the EGJ had a significantly higher incidence of MLN metastasis/recurrence (18/51 [35.3%]) than those whose tumor epicenter was located below the EGJ (5/59 [8.5%]). The MLN metastasis/recurrence rate was particularly high when the distance from the EGJ to the proximal edge of the primary tumor was >3 cm for the upper and middle mediastinum (18.8%). Patients in a selected group (≥T2 and tumor epicenter located above the EGJ or below the EGJ with ≥3 cm esophageal invasion) showed 17.9% and 15.4% upper and middle MLN metastasis/recurrence rates, respectively. Therapeutic value of MLN dissection was relatively high (#105 + 106: 8.9, #110: 12.2).ConclusionsTherapeutic value of MLN dissection to treat EGJ carcinomas was relatively high in patients with MLN metastasis. Our algorithm could select patients at high risk for MLN metastasis.

Three-Level Bidirectional DC–DC Converter With an Auxiliary Inductor in Adaptive Working Mode for Full-Operation Zero-Voltage Switching

This paper proposes a three-level bidirectional dc–dc converter with an auxiliary inductor for full-operation zero-voltage switching (ZVS) in high-output voltage applications. The auxiliary inductor is connected across the middle node of the split flying capacitors and the center tap of the secondary winding in the transformer. In this topology, the outer and inner switches in the three-level stage can generate two independent 50% duty-cycle square waveforms, which are used to control the current in the auxiliary inductor to extend the ZVS from no loads to full loads. Considering the phase-shift angle in three-level stage, the ZVS range of the converter is analyzed, and the modulation trajectory to maintain the full-operation ZVS range with low condition loss is proposed. A flowchart implementation can guarantee the seamless transfer in different working modes. Then, the conduction loss in the proposed converter is compared with the previous three-level bidirectional solution, which illustrates that the conduction loss in the proposed converter only increases in light loads. Finally, the experimental results verify the theoretical analyses and ZVS performance across the whole power and voltage range, and the efficiency curves demonstrate the efficiency improvement.

RA01.04: A METHOD FOR TOTALLY MEDIASTINOSCOPIC TRANSHIATAL MIDDLE AND LOWER MEDIASTINAL LYMPH NODE DISSECTION FOR ESOPHAGEAL CANCER

Abstract Description Thoracoscopic esophagectomy for esophageal cancer is performed via different approaches at each hospital. In order to reduce the thoracoscopic operative time, we perform mediastinal lymph node dissection via the cervical and transhiatal approach whenever possible before thoracoscopic approach. Recently totally mediastinoscopic transhiatal middle and lower lymph node dissection has been performed, and we will report the method involving constant esophageal traction and esophageal transection in the mediastinum. The mediastinal operational field obtains a clear view by transecting the esophagus on the cranial side. Futhermore, towing the thread sutured the transected esophagus to outside the abdominal cavity makes it possible to achieve good visualization of the mediastinum using the assistant's two retractors. The median total operative time was 507 minutes, and the median thoracoscopic operative time after transhiatal approach was 105 minutes. It is possible to safely perform totally mediastinoscopic middle and lower lymph node dissection with this method. Disclosure All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.

PS02.002: EN-BLOC MEDIASTINAL LYMPH NODE DISSECTION USING A LAPAROSCOPIC TRANSHIATAL APPROACH FOR ESOPHAGEAL AND ESOPHAGOGASTRIC JUNCTION CANCERS

Abstract Background The procedure for mediastinal lymph node dissection using a laparoscopic transhiatal approach (LTHA) had not been established for esophageal and esophagogastric junction (EGJ) cancers because of the difficulties associated with surgery. We developed a novel and simple technique for their en-bloc dissection using LTHA. To date, 296 patients had undergone our method during various esophageal surgical procedures, including 39 cases with EGJ cancer. We describe our technique and evaluate the optimal range of mediastinal lymph node dissection for EGJ cancer. Methods The esophageal hiatus was opened and CO2 was introduced into the mediastinum. The posterior plane of the pericardium was extended, and the anterior side of the subcarinal, main bronchial, thoracic paraaortic and pulmonary ligament lymph nodes were separated. The posterior side of these lymph nodes was then separated. Finally, while lifting lymph nodes like a membrane, they were resected from bilateral mediastinal pleura, main bronchi and tracheal bifurcation. Results 1) Patients with EGJ cancers performed middle and lower mediastinal lymph node dissection by LTHA (n = 39) were compared with those performed by the right thoracotomy (n = 41). The total operative time and bleeding were significantly decreased by LTHA. The number of resected middle and lower mediastinal lymph nodes, pR0 rate, and mediastinal recurrence in the two groups were not different. In 87.2% of patients treated by LTHA, extubation was performed at 0 POD. Postoperative respiratory complications was decreased by LTHA (LTHA: 7.7%, thoracotomy: 17.0%). 2) Patients with EGJ cancers performed total mediastinal lymph node dissection by thoracotomy for the time before introducing LTHA were analyzed (n = 37). Upper and/or middle mediastinal lymph nodes metastasis was observed in 10 cases, and all of them had advanced tumors. All of 6 cases with upper mediastinal lymph nodes metastasis were squamous cell carcinoma. Even in adenocarcinoma, middle mediastinal lymph node metastasis was observed in 2 cases, suggesting the importance of mediastinal lymph node dissection for advanced EGJ cancers. Conclusion Our surgical procedure resulted in a good surgical view, safe en-bloc mediastinal lymph node dissection, and the decrease of postoperative respiratory complications. Disclosure All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.

PS02.013: THORACOSCOPIC ESOPHAGECTOMY WITH RADICAL LYMPH NODE DISSECTION FOR THORACIC ESOPHAGEAL CARCINOMA IN THE LEFT LATERAL DECUBITUS POSITION

Abstract Background The rates of thoracoscopic esophagectomy performed in the prone and left lateral decubitus positions are similar in Japan. We retrospectively reviewed short term outcomes of thoracoscopic esophagectomy for esophageal cancer performed in the left lateral decubitus position under artificial pneumothorax by CO2 insufflation in a single institution. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of applying this procedure. Methods Between July 2013 and March 2017, 83 patients with esophageal cancer underwent thoracoscopic esophagectomy in the left lateral decubitus position under artificial pneumothorax by CO2 insufflation. The thoracic procedure is performed as follows: The lymph nodes around the right recurrent laryngeal nerve are dissected. On the cranial side, the lymph node dissection is advanced to the level of the inferior thyroid artery. Then, the assistant rotates the trachea toward the ventral side, and the lymph nodes around the left recurrent laryngeal nerve are dissected. The middle and inferior mediastinal lymph nodes are dissected including supradiaphragmatic lymph nodes and the dorsal lymph nodes around the thoracic descending aorta. Then, the esophagus is transected using an automatic suture device. Finally, the tracheal bifurcation area lymph nodes are dissected. We retrospectively analyzed these patients. Results The completion rate of thoracoscopic esophagectomy was 94.0%, and the procedure was converted to thoracotomy in five patients, due to hemorrhage, severe adhesion. The mean intrathoracic operative time, intrathoracic blood loss, and number of dissected mediastinal lymph nodes were 220.0 min, 130.1 mL, and 22.0, respectively. Postoperative complications included pneumonia (8.4%), anastomotic leakage (16.9%), and recurrent nerve paralysis (8.4%). Postoperative (30d) mortality was 1/83 (1.2%) due to ARDS. Conclusion Standardization of the procedure for thoracoscopic esophagectomy in the left lateral decubitus position under artificial pneumothorax by CO2 insufflation, with a standardized clinical pathway for perioperative care led to favorable surgical outcomes. Disclosure All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.

PS02.003: SINGLE INCISION TRANSCERVICAL MEDIASTINOSCOPIC LYMPHADENECTOMY FOR ESOPHAGEAL CANCER

Abstract Background A transhiatal approach in esophageal cancer surgery has limitation for mediastinal lymph node dissection compared with thransthoracic approach for esophageal cancer. Because of insufficient lymph node clearance, single incision mediastinoscopic surgery is an one of the minimally invasive surgical option for esophageal cancer. Herein, we introduce our initial experience with use of the procedure in 3 patients with esophageal cancer Methods We retrospectively collected data from 3 patients who diagnosed with esophageal cancer and who underwent 3 field transmediastinal radical esophagectomy (TMRE) between Jun 2016 and December 2017. TMRE was performed in old age patients (> 75 years) and patients with limited cardiopulmonary reserve in whom thransthoracic approach could not be used. After the left cervical incision and cervical lymphadenectomy, a single port was inserted into the wound. Esophageal mobilization with en bloc lymphadenectomy along the left and right recurrent laryngeal nerve was then performed. Carbon dioxide insufflation expanded the intramediastinal space, and deep mediastinal structures were clearly visualized, allowing lymphadenectomy to be safely and carefully performed along the nerves. Laparoscopic transhiatal esophagectomy was then performed with en bloc lymphadenectomy for lower and/or middle mediastinal nodes. Results The mean age was 75.5 ± 3.5. Among the 3 patients, two patients had severe cardiopulmonary dysfunction. The mean operation time in transmediastinal approach and transhiatal approach were 202.0 ± 18.0 and 350.0 ± 27.8, respectively. The mean retrieval number of mediastinal lymph node was 39.0 ± 5.3. There were no severe postoperative complications and there was no postoperative mortality. Mild pleural effusion was occurred in only one patient. Conclusion TMRE with single incision mediastinoscopic approach was technically feasible and oncologically safe procedure for esophageal cancer, especially in patients with old age or with limited cardiopulmonary reserve. Disclosure All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.

PS01.124: AN OPTIMAL SURGICAL APPROACH AND THE EXTENT OF LYMPH NODE DISSECTION FOR BARRETT’S ADENOCARCINOMA

Abstract Background An optimal surgical approach and the extent of lymph node dissection for Barrett's adenocarcinoma remain controversial. The standard surgical approach for Barrett's adenocarcinoma at our institution is performing thoracoscopic esophagectomy. Proximal gastrectomy is preferred in cases where distance between the proximal edge of the primary tumor and the esophagogastric junction is < 3 cm. However, some studies suggest a complete resection of Barrett's esophagus. Methods The clinicopathologic data of 36 patients with Barrett's adenocarcinoma who were admitted to our institution between 1994 and 2017 were retrospectively analyzed to assess the efficacy of lymph node dissection at each station using the index of estimated benefit from lymph node dissection (IEBLD). Results The tumor locations were found to be the middle thoracic, lower thoracic, and abdominal esophagus in 2 (5.6%), 17 (47.2%), and 17 (47.2%) cases, respectively. A total of 28 (77.8%), 6 (16.7%), and 2 (5.5%) patients underwent esophagectomy, proximal gastrectomy, and transhiatal esophagectomy, respectively. The overall lymph node metastasis rate was 41.6%. The IEBLD indexes of the middle/lower thoracic lymph and the abdominal lymph nodes were comparable, whereas those of the paraesophageal lymph nodes (#108 and 110) were relatively high. Conversely, the metastasis rates of the upper thoracic lymph nodes were 13.9%, with no IEBLD values. Cervical lymph node metastasis was not identified, and the significance of dissection was unclear. Stratified by the location of tumor, the ILBLD index of middle/lower thoracic lymph node was relatively high in Lt cases. Conversely, those of abdominal lymph nodes were high and those of middle thoracic lymph nodes were not identified in Ae cases. In proximal gastrectomy cases, the complete resection of Barrett's esophagus was not achieved in 2 (40%) cases with LSBE. Lymph node metastasis was identified in one case (#110). The recurrence-free survival rate was 100%. Conclusion The significance of upper thoracic lymph node dissection was unclear, whereas those of middle/lower thoracic lymph and the abdominal lymph nodes were comparable. The selection of an appropriate surgical approach at our institution was acceptable. The efficacy of complete resection of LSBE was not observed. Disclosure All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.

PS01.121: DISTRIBUTION OF MEDIASTINAL LYMPH NODE INVOLVEMENT IN ADENOCARCINOMA OF THE ESOPHAGOGASTRIC JUNCTION

Abstract Background The distribution of mediastinal lymph node involvement is not clear in patients with adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction (AEG). Based on our experiences with radical lymphadenectomy of upper mediastinum for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, we applied this technique to patients with AEG. We retrospectively investigated it and compared it with that in patients who had lower esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) with clinical invasion of the esophagogastric junction. Methods Sixty-four patients underwent esophagectomy via a right thoracotomy or a minimally invasive esophagectomy for Siewert type I tumor or type II with ≥ 3 cm esophageal invasion. The incidences of mediastinal lymph node involvements and the characteristics of patients with mediastinal nodal involvement were analyzed retrospectively. In addition, these outcomes were compared with 72 patients who had lower ESCC with clinical invasion of the esophagogastric junction. Results In 64 patients with AEG, mediastinal lymph node involvement was seen in 23 patients (36%). The incidences of upper, middle, lower mediastinal nodal involvement were 19%, 16%, and 22%, respectively. No significant differences were found for cStage, Siewert type, endoscopic tumor length, pT or pN status, residual tumor, or survival between patients with upper nodal involvement and those with middle or lower nodal involvement. The incidence of each mediastinal lymph node involvement was similar between AEG and lower ESCC patients. Conclusion Although our outcomes were based on limited data, the incidence of upper, middle, and lower mediastinal lymph node involvement might not be low, and its clinical characteristics were similar to those for middle or lower mediastinal nodal involvement in esophageal adenocarcinoma. Disclosure All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.

FA05.04: CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF ESOPHAGEAL INVASION LENGTH FOR THE PREDICTION OF MEDIASTINAL LYMPH NODE METASTASIS IN SIEWERT TYPE II ADENOCARCINOMA

Abstract Background We focused on the esophageal invasion length (EIL), defined as the distance from the EGJ to the proximal edge, of Siewert type II adenocarcinomas. This study investigated whether the EIL could be a possible indicator of mediastinal lymph node metastasis and survival in the Siewert type II patients. Methods The 168 consecutive patients with Siewert type II tumor who underwent surgery were enrolled. Metastatic stations and recurrent lymph node sites were classified into cervical, upper/middle/lower mediastinal, and abdominal zones. EIL was correlated with overall metastasis or recurrence in individual zones and survival. Results The ROC curve for EIL was generated to predict the rates of upper and middle mediastinal lymph node metastasis or recurrence, and the cut-off EIL value was determined to be 25 mm with an area under the curve of 0.83 (sensitivity, 80.8%; specificity, 72.3%). Siewert type II patients with an EIL of more than 25 mm (> 25 mm EIL group) had a higher incidence of overall metastasis or recurrence in the upper and middle mediastinal zones than those with an EIL of less than or equal to 25 mm (≤ 25 mm EIL group) (P = 0.001 and P < 0.001). Disease free and overall survival in the > 25 mm EIL group were significantly lower than those of the ≤ 25 mm EIL group (P < 0.001). None of the Siewert type II patients with metastasis or recurrence in the upper and middle mediastinal zones survived for more than five years. On the other hand, the efficacy index of the lower mediastinal lymph node and the abdominal lymph node were 5.6 and 21.7, respectively. Only EIL of more than 25 mm was a significant preoperative predictor of overall metastasis or recurrence in the upper and middle mediastinal zone (odds ratio, 8.85; 95% CI, 2.31−33.3; P = 0.001). Conclusion An EIL of more than 25 mm might be a preoperative predictor of overall metastasis or recurrence in the upper and middle mediastinal zones. A multimodal-therapeutic strategy should be investigated in Siewert type II patients once the tumor has invaded to the esophageal wall more than 25 mm. Disclosure All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.

P04 Clinical and Pathological Characteristics of NSCLC and the Relationship with the Development of Brain Metastases

non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is one of the main causes of brain metastases. Most cases are diagnosed at an advanced stage, which elevates the risk for the detection of brain metastases. It is imperative to establish easily accessible criteria to determine clinical and pathological factors that could predispose to the development brain metastases, even before symptoms appear. Such a study has not yet been executed, and with increasing restrictions to basic diagnostic methods and follow-up strategies, clinical stratification becomes an alternative our clinicians can use in their daily practice. To recognize clinical and pathologic characteristics of patients with NSCLC and their relationship with the development of brain metastasis, we reviewed medical records at the Department of Medical Records at the Dr. Luis Razetti Oncology Institute, between 2008 and 2016, searching for patients with NSCLC describing their clinical and pathologic characteristics. The presence of brain metastasis was associated according to the other variables through the non-parametric analysis of Chi Squared (X2) and only the statistically significant results were reported. The level of statistical significance was of P < 0.05. Of 217 patients with NSCLC, 109 had brain metastases. 56.88% were male and the age averaged 59.49 ± 2.3 years, the age group between 45 and 65 years was significant (P=0,039). 72.47% of patients with brain metastases referred smoking habits. Adenocarcinoma was prevalent in 78.3%. Right mid-lobe primary, T3 and N2 disease at the time of diagnosis were significant (P= 0,0002). Nuclear grade 2 was more frequent (P=0,0000). Acinar pattern, presence of tumor emboli or lymphovascular invasion were more frequent in patients with brain metastases but not significant. Protein P63 was positive in 25.81% patients, especially in cases without brain metastases (P=0,00141). We recorded 9 EGFR mutations (8 in exon 19) and 7 had brain metastases (P = 0,0000). Also, 6 patients had ALK translocation detected, all with brain metastases (P=0,0248). Male gender, age between 45 and 65 at the time of diagnosis, ECOG 2, moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma, located in the right middle lobe, sized T3, or N2 nodes, stage IV with M1B metastasis, absence of P63, and mutations of EGFR or translocations of ALK, were more associated with the detection of brain metastases in patients with NSCLC. Other characteristics, like acinar pattern, presence of tumor emboli or lymphovascular invasion, expression of CK7, TTF1, and Napsin-A, were not significant but were frequently present in patients with brain metastases.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: An efficient technique for mitigating stealthy attacks using MNDA in MANET

In mobile ad hoc networks, stealthy packet dropping is considered as a suite comprising four attacks, namely misrouting, control attacks, character designation and the conniving impact, that can be effectively propelled against mobile specially appointed systems. Stealthy packet dropping upsets the packets through malevolent conduct at a transitional node. This paper presents a novel stealthy assault location strategy for distinguishing packet misrouting in the constructed mobile ad hoc networks. Moreover, we propose a new algorithm called dynamic malicious node detection algorithm for identifying the stealthy attack nodes in mobile network environment. This is achieved in two stages. The first stage gathers additional information pertaining to the middle nodes and stores in a special table in the intermediate nodes. The second stage identifies the misbehaving nodes if any in a specified path. Finally, an alternate path is chosen to send the packets to fulfill the communication. Various performance criteria are evaluated for this work. The results of these analysis show that our proposed work is more efficient than the Bayesian linear model-based detection.

Optimized Network for Predicting Total Iron Content and Alkalinity of Sinter with Input and Middle Layers Nodes Reducing

Chemical indicators have always been important parameters to evaluate the quality of finished sinter. At present, however, most sintering plants have no good control over sinter composition. Due to the too long regulation cycle, the analysis results of data cannot guide the ingredients timely. Thus, the advanced prediction of chemical composition of finished product sinter is needed, in order to timely optimize and improve the grade of sinter. The BP neural network is used to establish the prediction model of the chemical composition of sinter. With the strong adaptive and self-learning ability, it can adjust the connection weights of the network in time by referring to the online detection data, and keep the dynamic change of the sinter production system in order to improve the accuracy of the prediction. The simulation results show that good efforts are realized on total iron content and alkalinity prediction.

INVESTIGATION OF THE FORCE AND MOMENT EFFECTS OF ST 37 AND ST 70 ROOF LATTICE STEELS IN ANSYS PROGRAM

St 37 and St 70 steels are materials used in the manufacturing of general building materials, produced by processing the hot-formed steel further through a cold drawing process. Finite element method helps simplifying complex engineering problems and solving them with controllable parts. The roof lattice model simulated in the present study is a 4-surface pyramidal roof which is 4 mm in diameter, 0.5 mm in thickness and it is designed in 3D in Ansys software by using the finite element method. The bottom corner nodes of the roof lattice model are stabilized and the vector stress effects of 65.000 N force applied in F x , F z directions and 75.000 N force applied in F y direction on the top node truss axes, 65.000 N.m moment applied in M x , M z directions and 75.000 N.m moment applied in My direction on middle truss nodes are investigated. According to the test results in Ansys software, vector stress increase due to both force and moment effect in truss axes of the St 70 lattice roof steel compared to the St 37 steel.

T35. Developing a mathematical model of the human peripheral myelinated axon: Effects of segmental demyelination and impaired sodium channel conductance

Immune-mediated neuropathies affect myelinated nerve fibers, including Schwann cells, axons, and the complex array of ion-channels and other proteins in their membrane. The downstream events leading to damage or dysfunction of these structures in human neuropathies are often impossible to investigate because the available experimental methods cannot assess the consequences of a single pathophysiological mechanism and are only applicable to lower mammalian myelinated axons. Knowledge of these mechanisms is essential for the development of treatments aimed at prevention of irreversible nerve damage. The present study is a first step in the development of a complex forward mathematical model of the human peripheral myelinated axon which should incorporate all available functional knowledge on higher mammalian or human myelinated axons obtained, for instance, by patch-clamp studies. Here we assessed activation threshold for electrical stimulation and conduction behavior by focussing on segmental demyelination and sodium channel dysfunction in human motor and sensory axons. We applied an established peripheral myelinated axon model consisting of 40 nodes. To simulate human motor axons, we modified the nodal membrane dynamics to those used in human peripheral motor nerve excitability tests in the median nerve. Sensory axons were simulated by doubling the percentage of persistent sodium channels. Focal segmental demyelination was simultaneously applied on the paranodal, juxtaparanodal, and internodal regions surrounding the three middle nodes by gradually increasing myelin capacitance and conductance until conduction failure occurred. Subsequently, impaired nodal sodium channel function on the three middle nodes was simulated by gradually decreasing the nodal transient and persistent sodium conductance. Normal motor and sensory conduction velocity was approximately 53 m/s and 54 m/s. The activation threshold in the motor axon model was 2% higher than for the sensory axon model. At 70% demyelination, the motor and sensory conduction velocity dropped to 37 m/s. Conduction block occurred for both at 97% of segmental demyelination. With decreasing sodium channel conductance motor axons showed conduction block at a decrease of 94% and sensory axons at 95%. At the site of demyelination the activation threshold increased up to approximately 4-fold in motor and sensory axon model before conduction block occurred. For impaired sodium channel conductance the activation threshold increase was approximately a factor of 3. Using the longitudinal myelinated axon model, we successfully explored the increase in activation threshold and conduction slowing and block due to demyelination and decrease in sodium channel conductance.

A Review On Mobile Ad-hoc Network And Routing Protocols

A wireless ad-hoc network is a collection of mobile/semi-mobile nodes with no pre-established infrastructure, forming a temporary network. Each of the nodes has a wireless interface and communicates with each other over either radio or infrared. Laptop computers and personal digital assistants that communicate directly with each other are some examples of nodes in an ad-hoc network (Pang Yang, 2008), Nodes in the adhoc network are often mobile, but can also consist of stationary nodes, such as access points to the Internet. Semi mobile nodes can be used to deploy relay points in areas where relay points might be needed temporarily. Figure 2.1 shows a simple ad-hoc network with three nodes. The outermost nodes are not within transmitter range of each other. However the middle node can be used to forward packets between the outermost nodes. The middle node is acting as a router and the three nodes have formed an ad-hoc network (Abhishek Seth , 2007).In the current paper we are going the Manets and different routing protocols.