Mid-20th Century Research Articles

Гуманитарные и социальные науки: теоретико-познавательные основания

Scientific natural science, which had been established in European culture since the mid-17th century, began to transmit samples of scientific knowledge into the field of studying social reality. Until the 19th century, the only mental form of reflecting this reality was “primary history,” as Hegel defined it, i.e. tradition of historiography coming from Herodotus. This tradition received its design, oriented towards the field of scientific rationality, from the German historian Leopold von Ranke: to show “how it really was” (wie es eigentlich gewesen). Its social function is the formation of national historical memory. But methodological reflection at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries revealed, as it seemed to it, two radical differences between “primary history” and other “sciences of culture” from natural science. In this regard, the categories of “values” and “understanding” were emphasized. The presence of these categories in the foundations of any science determines its specification as a humanitarian science. The first attempts to transfer certain aspects of the disciplinary matrices of natural science to the sphere of social science are associated with the names of Kant and Marx. Both attempts were unsuccessful. But, unlike Kant’s, the “materialist understanding of history” found its supporters and successors. Its main error is the unlawful direct transfer of the semantic content of the category “matter”, as it developed in natural science (the relationships of things), to the relationships between people endowed with consciousness. The addressee of social sciences are cultural forms, the existence of which has an objective status of existence, but relative to the individual consciousness of acting people. These are, for example, social institutions. The humanities deal with meanings, the existence of which is determined by systems of social communications.

VIII. Die sogenannte Epitome Guelferbitana der Lex Romana Visigothorum

Summary or (Alaric’s) Breviary, has survived, following the oldest version of the Lex Salica, in a manuscript from about 760 ad, now in Wolfenbüttel. The Epitome probably originates from mid 6th century in northern Burgundy, and may have been drafted by an instructor of law. It stands out thanks to its practical handling of the later Roman law at that time and environment, adapting traditional regulations to contemporary demands.

Housing Sociology will become a Thing. Discussing the Book Edited by B.J. Mccabe, E. Rosen Titled “The Sociology of Housing: How Homes Shape our Social Lives”

Housing sociology is a fairly modern branch of sociology. It originated in the USA in the mid-20th century and continues to gain popularity all around the world. However discussions about its viability as an independent discipline continue to this day. The publication of the book “The Sociology of Housing” in 2023, which was edited by modern sociologists and researchers of the housing industry B.J. McCabe and E. Rosen, actually puts an end to this dispute. The collective work of the authors reveals not only the variety of issues and the methods for studying them that housing sociology addresses, but also demonstrates the problems and prospects for the development of this discipline, the possibilities of interdisciplinary cooperation, and the specifics of sociological imagination and the thought process of people from the industry. This is precisely what the author of this review focuses on. In fact, this book can be considered a manifesto for housing sociology (by analogy with the manifesto of sociology of mobilities by J. Urry), something not mentioned by its authors and editors out of modesty.

Evolution of flight control systems and aerial photography in unmanned agricultural aircraft

The advancement of UAV technologies has enabled the automated capture of photos and videos, eliminating the need for manual intervention in flight control. (Research purpose) This research aims to conduct a retrospective analysis of the evolution offlight control systems and the development of aerial photography equipment for agricultural land, covering the period from the mid-19th century to present. (Materials and methods) A systematic literature review was conducted using the historical-analytical method. The paper examines original works by both domestic and international authors, including monographs, scientific journals, conference proceedings, museum exhibitions, photographic archives, and open-source software code. (Results and discussion) The paper identifies six distinct phases in the development of aerial photography and flight control systems. The classification is based on key innovations in camera types, control systems, and aircraft designs. Each phase highlights the predominant cameras, control systems, and aircraft utilized for agricultural applications. (Conclusions) Over the past 165 years, notable changes have occurred in aerial photography parameters, including the type of photographic material, image spatial and spectral resolution, camera weight and mounting, shutter types and their mechanisms, inertial control units, integrated GPS/GLONASS receivers, and light sensors. In terms of flight control systems for UAVs, significant developments over the last 106 years include variations in flight control types, the number offlight-stabilizing sensors, obstacle detection systems, size of the flight control units, flight modes, and takeoff/landing techniques, along with interfaces for attachments. It is anticipated that future intellectualization and miniaturization of flight control systems will not only boost UAV performance but also reduce the economic costs associated with the aerial monitoring of agricultural biological assets.

Silk Roads, Trade and Territorial Expansion: Kingdom of Georgia in 11th-14th Centuries

Regional or international trade has always played a central role in the history of Georgia. Trade routes made it possible to establish close political, cultural and economic relations with neighboring as well as distant countries. The kingdom of Georgia’s territorial expansion towards Arran, Shirvan, and Armenia in the 11th-13th centuries was largely driven by economic and trade reasons, name-ly the desire to control the regional trade routes which criss-crossed Dvin, Barda, Ganja, Tbilisi, Ani, Trebizond, Ahlat, Tabriz and many other major cities along Georgia’s southern borders. The present article will also pay attention to the changes to the trade routes in the Caucasus region caused by the Mongols and how their invasions changed the kingdom of Georgia’s position in the regional commerce. By mid-13th century new major trade corridors connecting Asia with the Middle East and the Black Sea were geographically distanced from Georgia harming the latter’s geopolitical position in the region.

History of equine rhinopneumonia research

Materials on the history of the study of equine rhinopneumonia are presented. The study of rhinopneumonia began in the mid-19th century. At first the disease was called Influenza, and then it began to be differentiated as independent diseases: grippe, Influenza, contagious catarrh of the upper respiratory tract, infectious pleuropneumonia. In 1933, American scientists Dimock and Edwards found that abortions were noted in horses with influenza. After examining the findings, they determined the viral etiology of the disease. Since 1941, opinions have been expressed that influenza and equine viral abortion are the same disease, but occurring in different forms. The nervous form of equine herpes virus was first reported in Norway in 1966, then in the United States, Canada, and European countries. In the USSR in 1955, N.N. Oleinik registered viral abortion of horses. Subsequently, rhinopneumonia of horses was investigated by K.P. Yurov. The virus was first isolated and identified by K.P. Yurov and N.N. Kryukov in 1969, 1970 from the foals with respiratory disease on horse farms in the Ryazan region. The Office International des Epizootics (OIE) reference laboratory for equine rhinopneumonia was established in 1995. Methods of diagnosis and prevention of rhinopneumonia in horses have been developed on the basis of this laboratory. Equine rhinopneumonia is widespread in Europe, Asia and Africa, as well as in both subcontinents of North and South America. There is a large proportion of horses on all continents that have antibodies to this infection virus. According to literature data, equine herpes virus has been reported in a number of European countries, including CIS countries and Russia.

3D Puzzle at the Nanoscale-How do RNA Viruses Self-Assemble their Capsids into Perfectly Ordered Structures.

The phenomenon of RNA virus self-organization, first observed in the mid-20th century in tobacco mosaic virus, is the subject of extensive research. Efforts to comprehend this process intensify due to its potential for producing vaccines or antiviral compounds as well as nanocarriers and nanotemplates. However, direct observation of the self-assembly is hindered by its prevalence within infected host cells. One of the approaches involves in vitro and in silico research using model viruses featuring a ssRNA(+) genome enclosed within a capsid made up of a single type protein. While various pathways are proposed based on these studies, their relevance in vivo remains uncertain. On the other hand, the development of advanced microscopic methods provide insights into the events within living cells, where following viral infection, specialized compartments form to facilitate the creation of nascent virions. Intriguingly, a growing body of evidence indicates that the primary function of packaging signals in viral RNA is to effectively initiate the virion self-assembly. This is in contrast to earlier opinions suggesting a role in marking RNA for encapsidation. Another noteworthy observation is that many viruses undergo self-assembly within membraneless liquid organelles, which are specifically induced by viral proteins.

Iconography of the Mythological Characters in the Divine Comedy Manuscripts of the XIV-XV Centuries: Functions and Iconographical Sources

The history of illustration of Dante’s Divine Comedy in the 14th-15th centuries rarely attracts the attention of researchers. Nevertheless, a careful analysis of some manuscripts would clarify the genesis process of specific iconographic schemes within the framework of a very specific task: illustrating a text replete with figures of speech and references to ancient sources that were often unknown to the iconography designer. This contribute is devoted to the iconography of mythological characters found in Dante’s text and their visual sources based on a few manuscripts of the Divine Comedy dated from mid-14th and 15th centuries, six of which are fully illustrated.

Has the owl flown with regard to ‘the constitutional theory of political liberalism’?

These are difficult times for the project of ‘political liberalism’. Frank Michelman is one of the most distinguished advocates for liberal constitutionalism, and one can only wonder if the time has past – that is, if the ‘owl of Minerva’ has perhaps flown – with regard to a constitutional project identified very much with the mid-20th century.

Anticholinergic drugs for parkinsonism and other movement disorders.

Anticholinergic (AC) drugs, a medication class that acts by blocking nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, were first utilized for therapeutic purposes in the mid-19th century. Initial applications were as symptomatic therapy for Parkinson disease (PD), a practice continuing to the present. Initially, the AC drugs used were naturally-occurring plant compounds. Synthetic AC drugs were developed in the late 1940s and predominated in neurological therapeutics. Until the advent of pharmaceuticals acting upon striatal dopaminergic motor pathways, AC drugs provided the only effective means for lessening tremors and other clinical problems of the PD patient. However, because dopaminergic compounds are so effective at meeting the needs of the typical PD patient, AC medications are far less utilized by clinicians today. In recent years, there has been only a few investigations of AC drugs as neurological treatments. This review will revisit the clinical landscape of AC pharmacology and application for movement disorders along with recent research in search of improving therapeutics with AC drugs.

‘They abscond’: migration and coloniality in the contemporary conjuncture in Europe*

ABSTRACT Over the past decade, the public sphere in Europe has become increasingly ‘culturalised’. Ideas about European heritage and culture have been used as a way to exclude people, notably migrants. My intention is to understand how at this time the cultural, political and economic are articulated together in Europe. I do so by examining the trope of ‘migrants absconding’ which is a prominent concern of the European Commission, as reflected in legal innovations and in media and far-right generated moral panics. By focusing on the social, political and legal relations around ‘migrants absconding’, I read from the ground up value regimes that animate and organize the European social formation at this conjuncture. This social formation is made up of articulations along political, economic and cultural grounds, which allow for incorporating the themes of populist far right groups into the very core of the European Commission. This fosters and legitimizes value regimes bent on culturally cheapening migrants as incompatible, deviant or dangerous outsiders with a very limited right to social and political participation, much less an independent social reproduction. This then allows for their labour power to be also cheapened, super exploited and disposable. This type of value regime centring on culturally cheapening people deemed outsiders, controlling their social reproduction, and making them available as cheap labour was also a key feature of the colonial social formations of the mid 19th to mid 20th centuries, where concerns about ‘natives’ absconding tended to also be prominent. That there is something colonial about the contemporary conjuncture may be seen in the cultural-political-economic articulations dominant in Europe and their cultural and economic cheapening strategies. To abscond is to leave value regimes. Absconding is transgressive, it is to deliberately step out of place, and to attempt to pursue an independent social reproduction.

ტრიფინის პარადოქსი ოცდამეერთე საუკუნეში

This article presents a fresh perspective on the Triffin Paradox, a concept introduced by economist Robert Triffin in the mid-20th century that continues to have a significant impact on global financial systems and policies. Despite the passage of time and the evolution of the economy, the fundamental principles of the Triffin Paradox remain relevant in today's financial discussions. The paper provides a thorough analysis of the ongoing relevance of the Triffin Paradox in the modern global economy. It draws upon historical context, theoretical frameworks, and empirical evidence to shed light on how the paradox continues to manifest itself in the current financial landscape. Specifically, it explores how the dominance of the U.S. dollar as the world's primary reserve currency perpetuates structural imbalances and systemic vulnerabilities, echoing the concerns raised by Triffin. Moreover, the paper delves into the implications of the Triffin Paradox for various stakeholders, including policymakers and central banks. It examines the challenges posed by the pursuit of domestic monetary policy objectives in an interconnected world, where the stability of the global financial system relies heavily on the stability of the reserve currency issuer. Additionally, the paper explores potential strategies for mitigating the risks associated with the Triffin Paradox and fostering a more sustainable international monetary order. By integrating insights from economics, finance, and international relations, this paper contributes to a deeper understanding of the Triffin Paradox and its enduring significance in shaping contemporary financial dynamics. It emphasizes the need for policymakers and stakeholders to address the inherent structural tensions in the global monetary system, with the goal of promoting financial stability, economic resilience, and inclusive prosperity worldwide.

Anadromous sturgeon fish of the Azov Sea under conditions of natural and anthropogenic transformations of the water ecosystem

The aim: assessment of the state of populations of anadromous sturgeon in the Sea of Azov, the efficiency of their reproduction and the possibility for the existence of populations in the medium term until 2030–2040. Methods: the calculation of the biomass and population size of sturgeon in the Sea of Azov was carried out using the direct counting method and a modified cohort solution of the Baranov equation. 18and 25-meter bottom trawls were used as standard fishing gear. The assessment of the number of juvenile sturgeon in the Don River was carried out with 3and 2-meter beam-trawls. Molecular genetic methods for the analysis of microsatellite loci and sequencing of a fragment of the control region of mitochondrial DNA were used.Novelty: materials are presented on natural reproduction of sturgeon in the Don River after flow regulation, and the rate of decline in the survival rate of generations of Russian sturgeon and stellate sturgeon under the influence of illegal fishing is shown. Based on the results of a study of the genotypes of Russian sturgeon individuals, migrations sturgeon from Azov to the Black Sea, as well as Black Sea populations to the Sea of Azov, were confirmed.Results: an analysis of the dynamics and current state of anadromous sturgeon in the Sea of Azov is presented under the conditions of anthropogenic transformation of their habitat, loss of natural reproduction and climate-related fluctuations in the salinity of the sea waters. A retrospective overview of their commercial use from the mid-19th century to the present is given. The prospects for restoring commercial stocks of sturgeon fish are considered.Practical significance: the possibility of restoring commercial stocks of sturgeon in modern conditions is shown by increasing the number of released juveniles and increasing the effectiveness of fish conservation measures to a level of more than 90 thousand tons and creating an commercial population of sturgeon in the Sea of Azov.

VIEWS OF THE NATIONAL ELITE OF THE COSSACK ERA ON THE MONARCHICAL FORM OF GOVERNMENT

At the present time, when the Ukrainian state is going through a difficult process of defending its independence, it is important to study the historical origins of our statehood, which shows the process of state formation in Ukraine. Specifically, it is important to understand the historical experience of the Cossack statehood during the latter half of the seventeenth century, including the challenges it faced in terms of foreign policy and international relations. In the mid-17th century, Europe underwent a period of social and political development marked by the formation of national states and the establishment of bourgeois relations. Ukraine was not exempt from these pan-European processes. The Ukrainian liberation struggle aimed to create an independent Ukrainian state and introduce new social and economic relations based on small-scale (in fact, farmer-type) Cossack ownership of land. During the latter half of the 17th century, the Cossack state was divided between two forms of government due to the hetmans’ desire to establish a monarchy. However, the Cossacks’ senior officers (starshyna) firmly adhered to republican principles, primarily defending their own class interests. This article aims to elucidate the unique characteristics of the political culture of the Cossack officers and their inclination towards establishing a monarchical form of government. The article’s methodology is grounded in general scientific principles and methods of cognition, with the aim of providing an objective and comprehensive coverage of facts, events, and phenomena. It is based on the principles of historicism and objectivism in scientific research, which prioritize factual material and avoid subjective evaluations. The topic was approached using general scientific and specific-historical research methods. Sources and literature were analyzed and synthesized, research was structured using periodization, historical material was presented using problem-historical method, and similar indicators and facts were compared using comparative- historical method in the same historical conditions. Result: Yet even the monarchical tendencies were essentially democratic: the legitimacy of power, the public-law rights of Cossack officers, the preservation of local self-government bodies and legal procedures give all the reasons to assert that there were prospects for the development of the European-like monarchical form of government in the Ukrainian Cossack state of the second half of the XVII century. Conclusions: The knowledge gained from studying this topic can be used to prevent, forestall, or overcome various crises that inevitably arise during the determination of public policy in various areas of public life.

On territorial border markers of the settlement of Russians of the Middle Tom River region in the beginning of the 18th — mid 20th centuries

The concept of studying of ethnographic and archaeological complexes (EAC) involves the analysis of their individual components: population, villages, communication routes and others, including borders — both external and internal. The analysis of archaeological, historical, and ethnographic literature has shown that borders or borderlands can be traced in almost all populations at any stage of their development. However, while the borders between large associations, like states or ethnic groups with different cultures, have been addressed by experts, almost no attention is being given to local boundaries between smaller collectives, although there are written, cartographic and oral sources that can be used as a basis for such research. After considering the materials of various origins concerning the native villages of the Middle Tom region, it became possible to discuss the bounda-ries between them, and the boundaries of the administrative entities which encompassed them in the 18th century. At this time, residents of villages located 15–30 km north of the Kuznetsk fortress were moving to new unoccupied lands in the upper reaches of the river Inia and its upper tributaries, as well as to the left bank of Tom below the mouth of the Mungat River. According to the drawings of S.U. Remezov, there was a boundary between the Tomsk and Kuznetsk districts. The borderline rivers could be Unga-Promyshlennaya in the north and Osipovo-Mungat in the south. Possibly, there were small settlements of Tulbers. After the middle of the 19th century, an-other process of settlement of the Tom riverbank territories of its both sides began. By the 1930s, all its banks were inhabited, and the reserve of free lands came to end. Indigenous people began developing islands on the river or starting settlements within 15–20 km from the village. In the second third of the 20th century, new villages were developing in the remote territories away from Tom. Almost all of them were abandoned in the second half of the 20th century. The available information suggests that there were borderlands between the villages within single districts. Most often these were represented by watercourses — small rivers and streams, ridges — elon-gated hills located perpendicular to terraces, and sometimes lakes. These borders were well known to locals. It cannot be ruled out that river rapids and shoals could also have been used as borders. The analysis of the corre-lation of locations of the villages, river rifts and stretches suggests that, in the studied area of Tom, villages were located on the river stretches between the shoals. There is also information about the existence of boundaries between minor objects, though they require further research.

The Waqf of Nûrî Bimaristan in Aleppo in the Mid-16th Century

Aleppo has been home to many civilisations, and especially during Zangid, Ayyubid, Mamluk and Ottoman periods, many waqf works were built in the city. One of these buildings, the Bimaristan of Nūrī, was built by Nūr al-Dīn Mahmud, one of the Zangid rulers. This hospital which was known as the Bimaristan of Nurī or the Bimaristan of Nūr al-Dīn Şehīd, was also known as “Bīmāristan-ı ‘Atīq” because a second bimaristan named Ergûn Kâmil was built in the city later on. In this bimaristan, patients were treated free of charge and their medication costs were covered by the waqf budget. In this study, after providing information about bimaristans, the Bimaristan of Nūrī and its founder Nūr al-Dīn Zangi, the waqf assets of the Bimaristan of Nūrī and their income amounts in the Mid-16th century, the waqf and hospital staff, their salaries and other expense items of the waqf are emphasised. The main sources of this study, which aims to reveal the importance of bimaristans in general and the Bimaristan of Nūrī in Aleppo in particular in terms of the history of medicine and architecture and its operating model, are the Aleppo awqaf registers in various funds with waqfs records in the Ottoman Archives.

Ethnic specifics in birth rates in Kazakhstan in the middle of the 20th century

The purpose of this study is to examine ethnic variations in population fertility in the 1950–1960s, formed in the context of socio-economic development of Kazakhstan. The 1959, 1970, 1989 population censuses, and sta-tistical almanacks “National Economy of Kazakhstan” became the source base of this research. The theory of modernization, interpreted as the transition from traditional to modern society and reflecting the details of ethni-cally differentiated process of demographic development of Kazakhstan in the mid-20th century provided the methodological basis of the research. Ethnic differentiation within the settlement system and socio-economic ac-tivities that developed in Kazakhstan in the 1950–1960s led to ethnically distinct birth rates among Kazakhs and Russians. The demographic potential acquired by Kazakhs in the middle of the 20th century became the demo-graphic basis of sovereign Kazakhstan.

The medical use of Málaka wine and cola nuts in late 19th/early 20th century Greece

The lands of Malaka in Spain have been renowned for their wine since the 8th century BC. Malaka wine gained popularity among merchants and consumers since the 17th century, becoming one of Europe’s favourites. The seeds (nuts) of the African Cola acuminata trees had been used in daily life as an invigorating and stimulating chewing or eating delicacy. In the late 19th century, Stamatios Krinos, who had opened one of the first (or the first) pharmacies in Athens in 1836, and his son Athanasios, produced an Elixir named Krinos Cola Wine to treat neurasthenia, chlorosis, anaemia, indigestion, gastralgia, chronic diarrhoea, cardiopathies, weakness and infertility. The properties of both the wine and the nuts, along with the chemical compounds of cola, were already known by the mid-19th century and the Krinos family took advantage of this knowledge to introduce a novel herbal drug (cola seeds) to the Hellenic pharmacopeia. The properties attributed to the Krinos elixir are de novo and in depth validated today by a series of modern medical studies. The fact that cola was not included as a therapeutic agent in the Hellenic textbooks of pharmacology of that era suggests that Krinos made an innovative addition to the timelessly popular Hellenic herbal medicine and pharmacopeia.

New methods for old questions: Predicting historical urban renewal areas in the United States

Mid-20th century urban renewal in the United States was transformational for the physical urban fabric and socioeconomic trajectories of neighborhoods and its displaced residents. However, there is little research that systematically investigates its impacts due to incomplete national data. This article uses a multiple-model machine learning method to discover 204 new Census tracts that were likely sites of federal urban renewal, highway construction related demolition, and other urban renewal projects between 1949 and 1970. It also aims to understand the factors motivating the decision to “renew” certain neighborhoods. I find that race, housing age, and homeownership are all determinants of renewal. Moreover, by stratifying the analysis along neighborhoods perceived to be more or less risky, I also find that race and housing age are two distinct channels that influence renewal.

Families and Households of the Pribidola in the Municipality of Srebrenica during the 19th Century

The turbulent past has marked the entire area of Bosnia and Herzegovina, especially its peripheral parts, which were often influenced by violent demographic changes, reflecting on various population structures. The wider area of Podrinje was affected by forced migrations of the Bosniak population during the 19th and 20th centuries. The expulsion of Bosniaks from the Principality of Serbia in the early 1830s significantly impacted the demographic structures of the Bosnian Podrinje region, especially the Osat region. This study does not explore various anthropogeographic changes in the settlement of Pribidol, whether they occurred during normal or forced social events, but rather investigates the process of family formation and households during the 19th century. The most important historical sources used for the mentioned research are: the Ottoman census of male household members of the Srebrenica District in 1850/51, the Ottoman cadaster of 1867/75, the list of residential property owners from 1880/84, as well as the land registry books of the Srebrenica District in 1894. This study explored the families that lived in the settlement of Pribidol during the 19th century. These are the following families: Ahmetović, Aljić, Begić, Dervišević, Džananović, Halilović, Husić, Ibišević, Ibrahimović, Janković, Marković, Mešanović, Mitrović, Muminović, Mustafić, Osmanović, Salkić, and Smajić. In the Muslim area of Pribidol, 19 households, or family households, were recorded, with a total of 79 male individuals, with an average age of 20.1 years. In the then-independent settlement of Pribidol, 15 households were recorded, with 59 male individuals, with an average age of 19.0 years. In the Barakovići mahalla, 3 households were recorded, with 14 male individuals, and in the independent settlement of Zgunja, one household was recorded with a total of 6 male individuals. Therefore, the total population of Bosniak Pribidol was around 160 individuals of both sexes. During the conducted census in 1850/51, only two families had a family surname, which changed in the early 1880s. According to the 1879 census in the settlement of Gaj (Turkish Pribidol), there were 171 inhabitants (93 male individuals) all of Bosniak nationality. There were 25 houses and an equal number of apartments in the settlement, with an average of 6.8 individuals per household. The 1895 census recorded 315 inhabitants (158 male individuals). There were 255 Bosniaks and 60 Orthodox inhabitants. There were a total of 50 houses (2 uninhabited) with 50 households - an average size of 6.3 members. Between 1850/51 and 1895, there was a significant increase in the population of the settlement of Pribidol, especially in the last census of 1895. This growth was conditioned by the settlement of Orthodox inhabitants, who constituted 25% of the total population in 1895. The list of residential property owners from 1880/84 identified three new mahallas (Kadrići, Podševar, and Živkovići) compared to the census of 1850/51. These Bosniak families of the settlement of Pribidol persisted throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, either through male or female lines, except for changes in the family surname among married female inhabitants. Some family surnames ceased to exist in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, either due to the extinction of their male members or their emigration from the settlement of Pribidol. This particularly applies to families with the surnames Ahmetović, Halilović, and Mešanović. The number of households (families) increased among other Bosniak families until the mid-20th century, and some of their members moved to other settlements in the Podrinje region, primarily around the cities of Bijeljina, Bratunac, and Srebrenica.