Mid-20th Century Research Articles

Postcolonial perspectives in the 21st Century: a critical analysis of modern theories and methodologies

The article is devoted to the analysis of modern theories of postcolonial perspective and methodologies applied for their research. The aim of the research is to analyze modern theories and methodologies in studying cultural and social postcolonial phenomena. Also, this research aims to outline methodologies used to investigate postcolonial theories; to introduce practical applications of postcolonial studies across cultural and social dimensions. The research is predominantly interdisciplinary and implies the use of a range of theoretical research methods (theoretical analysis of literature and scientific texts, historical research, discourse analysis, comparative analysis as well as synthesis and interpretation). The article provided the recent interpretation of the concepts of colonialism and postcolonialism. It was found that the mid-20th century marked a shift in focus from colonial to postcolonial studies. The theoretical framework of postcolonial studies is analyzed from diachronic and synchronic tiers. The specifics of six main theories were revealed (postcolonial theory, critical theory, site-specific theory, decolonial theory, and creolization theory). They offer both strengths and weaknesses when analyzing the impacts of colonialism. The methodology of postcolonial studies is usually interdisciplinary and prefers examining the impacts of colonialism based on literary sources and cultural analysis. Other methodologies include: historical research, textual analysis, ethnographic methods, interviews, observations, and comparative analysis. The implications include improving the understanding of the existing socio-political and economic structure and developing effective strategies to overcome the contemporary issues that emerged as a result of colonialism and postcolonialism.

SALTOV POTTERY IN MOKHNACH P SETTLEMENT

The pottery of the Saltiv cultural-historical community period (8th — mid-10th centuries) found in Mokhnach-P settlement is analyzed in the paper. This settlement is the best researched one in the microregion of the hillfort Mokhnach, Chuhuiv district in Kharkiv region. The settlement was a part of the Khazar Khaganate forest-steppe territory at the late 1st millennium AD. All pottery found in the settlement was wheel-made. The traces of local ceramic manufacture, such as two pits for clay homogenization, pointed to this fact. However, it related to the production of the most popular ceramic categories (cooking pots) and was at the level of homemade manufacturing. High-quality imported pottery occupied a dominant position. It was supplied from the Northern Pontic region and neighboring pottery centers of the Khaganate’s forest-steppe. The tableware set was of high quality and diversity. Almost all of its groups and categories are mentioned here. Tare pottery are presented by amphorae, big tare pithoi, hydria, flasks and big ceremonial pithoi. Pots and jugs can be found among cooking ceramics. Tableware includes jars, mugs, kubyshkas, table pithoi, pots, and also a ceremonial vessel with two containers. Form and ornamentation of these vessels are traditional and have a lot of analogies to all territories of the Saltiv cultural-historical community. The peculiarity of the local ceramic complex is in the extremely small amount of remains of thick-walled tare pithoi made of chamotte clay for grain storage. Other features include a lot of high-quality ceremonial pithoi and separate rare ornaments on cooking pots. The volume of pots indicates the domination of a small couple family; it completely correlates with a tiny useful amount of the researched dwellings here. The only vessel with two containers belongs to an extremely limited category of ceremonial and cult ceramics, and has a very restricted range of analogies, mostly on Saltiv sites of the Siverskyi Donets. It reflects the traditions and culture of Iranian-speaking, Turkic and also Caucasian nations, beginning, at least, from the early Iron Age. These vessels could be used in a ritual of fraternity, inter-family reconciliation, and also could serve as an honorable drinking bowl for the most respected guest during a feast.

The ways of penetration and prospects of invasion of the Asian badger <i>Meles leucurus</i> Hodgson 1847 (Carnivora, Mustelidae) into the territory of Yakutia

Two cases of the Asian badger findings in the territory of the South-Western Yakutia in 2000s were discussed, as well as the possibility of this species penetration into the taiga ecosystems of Yakutia. The findings were made in the Lena River valley and its left tributary, the Nyuya River. The most remote site is on the right side of the Lena River, over700 km downstream from the northernmost site where the species is reliably known to inhabit in the Lena River valley, and 300 km from the previous finding site in Yakutia (in the mid-20th century). The second site is located 80 km to the northwest of the first site, in the Nyuya River valley, 1 km from the nearest river, and 30 km from the Lena River. It can be assumed that the cases of badger migration to the territory of Yakutia are associated with climatic changes. There are three possible migration ways for the Asian badger from its primary geographic range into Yakutia: through the Lena River valley, where it can encounter biotopes resembling the forest-steppe habitats typical for this species; from the Nizhnyaya Tunguska River valley through the Nyuya and Chona Rivers into the valleys of the Lena and Vilyuy Rivers; and the third way, through the right-bank tributaries of the Lena River from the Patom Highlands. There are biotopes potentially suitable for the badger in the Central and Western Yakutia, but permafrost and limited food availability can be limiting factors hindering the expansion of the species northwards.

The Tree-Clan-Individual Concept in Traditional Khakas Culture (Late 19th to Mid-20th Century)

On the basis of ethnographic, folk, and linguistic materials, most of them newly-introduced, the “tree-clan- individual” concept in the Khakas culture is reconstructed and analyzed. The status and image of the tree in their traditional mythological and ritualistic system is assessed. Notions of man and his environment were related to anthropomorphic reasoning, by which natural objects, such as trees, were endowed with human attributes. In their religious-mythological views the tree was identified with a person, with the crown of the tree being the head, the trunk being the body, branches as being arms, sap as being blood, etc. Trees were believed to be either male or female. In the traditional consciousness, human life scenarios were closely paralleled to those of trees. The vegetative code was used to refer to various psychophysical, mental, and other human phenomena. Social norms included special rules in dealing with trees, used in logging. In essence, a tree had to be dealt with like a humanlike being. In mythological thinking, felling a tree was to some degree tantamount to murder. Souls of specific individuals or groups were likewise associated with trees, so each Khakas seok (clan) had a sacred tree. It was an integral part of the burial rite. The tree, then, was a key element in the ideological structure, having a broad semiotic field.

Radiocarbon Chronology of the Bronze Age Fedorovka Culture (New Data Relevant to an Earlier Problem)

This article presents the results of excavations and dating of the Fedorovka culture cemetery of Zvyagino-1 in the Southern Trans-Urals. It consists of 12 small kurgans, each of which contains from one to three differently arranged graves with cremations. The funerary items include typical Fedorovka clay vessels. We estimated the age of bones of domestic animals found on the area under the kurgan or in graves. The new dates were compared with those generated previously. Statistical analysis has made it possible to assess the time range as being from the mid-18th to mid-15th centuries cal BC (medians of calibrated intervals). Dates of the Alakul-Fedorovka complexes fall in the same time range, illustrating the process of interaction between these two traditions. The results of modeling were compared with the dates of the Andronovo sites in Kazakhstan, the Baraba forest-steppe, and Southern Siberia. The dates were similar, barring those of the more ancient series from Kazakhstan. Dates for the Alakul sites in the Trans-Urals were earlier (19th to 16th centuries cal BC), documenting the long coexistence of the Alakul and Fedorovka traditions. In the Southern Trans-Urals, the former tradition appears to have declined earlier. The question as to whether the Fedorovka tradition survived until the Cordoned (Valikovaya) Ware cultures remains open due to the lack of dates for the Cherkaskul culture, which resembles Fedorovka, while being stratigraphically earlier than the Cordoned Ware cultures.

Mademoiselle de Montpensier: female politician and military leader during the Fronde

Importance. The history of women, the interest in which in national and foreign historiography does not wane, is a pressing problem for historians studying the Fronde in France (1648–1653). During the Civil War, active aristocratic women had the opportunity to express themselves as politicians and even as military leaders on an equal basis with men, and sometimes even overshadow them. An example of this is Mademoiselle de Montpensier who left a detailed account of her enterprises in her Memoirs. They are the main source of this research work and are supplemented by information from the “Memoirs” of another participant in the Fronde, Cardinal de Retz. The purpose of the work is to evaluate her actions in political and military events during the Fronde, to find out the reasons why the Duchess was able to become a political and military leader at a time when women did not have the right to be ministers or generals.Research Methods. To study the materials within the «Memoirs», methods of social history, the study of sources of personal origin, and historical and comparative methods are used.Results and Discussion. The analysis of the sources used shows that Princess de Montpensier was by no means a typical frondeur – her goals, means, and motivations were different from those used by many other “rebels”. Many aristocratic women became “oppositionists” for economic reasons – they joined parties in order to achieve personal goals, which were often selfish. The princess, young, active, physically strong and healthy, received a rich inheritance and solved political and military problems during the Fronde. The combination of personal qualities, wealth and high position in society gave her the opportunity to become the most famous and active frontwoman.Conclusion. To summarize, it should be noted that the memoirist purposefully sought to participate in the political life of France in the mid-17th century. and achieved success. She became a more significant politician than her father, Gaston d’Orleans, and took a significant part in the activities of the party of the Prince de Condé and in the campaigns of his army.

Eksistensi Wilayah Sukadana dalam Dimensi Sejarah

Sukadana is one of the sub-districts in Ciamis Regency which was administratively established in 1992. The name Sukadana itself is an ancient name and has similarities with the name of several regions in Indonesia with quite old existence. This research is quite important because it can open up views on the meaning of the name Sukadana and is the first research to examine the existence of Sukadana in a historical dimension. Based on this, the author is interested in researching the existence of Sukadana and toponymic of Sukadana seen from the historical dimensions. In this research the author uses historical methodology with stages starting from choosing a topic, collecting evidence, making important notes, evaluating, compiling to presenting. Based on the data collected, it can be seen that the area which is now Sukadana District has been listed since the mid-17th century AD. The name Sukadana itself most likely existed long before that. Morphologically, Sukadana has a very sacred role because it is Karesian whose land status is sima land (leuweung kolot). Research on the history of Sukadana must continue to reveal facts about the past of the Sukadana District area.

HISTORICAL ASPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIGITALIZATION IN MODERN SOCIETY

The article is devoted to issues of the development of digitalization in modern conditions. Digitization has become a key driver of social development in recent years, transforming various aspects of our daily lives. From communications and entertainment to education and healthcare, the impact of digitization can be seen everywhere. Historically, the roots of digitization can be traced back to the development of computers and the Internet in the mid-20th century. The topic of the historical development of digitalization is extremely relevant in today's world for several reasons. It helps to better understand how technological innovations have shaped modern society, as well as predict future trends and challenges. The purpose of the article is to analyze the main historical stages of the development of digitalization of modern society. The methodological basis of the research is scientific-empirical methods, namely the collection and comparison of information, complex methods of analysis, synthesis and generalization, and the theoretical basis is the scientific works of domestic scientists, as well as the legislative base. It was determined that the development of digitalization in modern society was shaped by a number of historical milestones and technological achievements. It noted that from the early days of computing and information theory to the current era of artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things, digitalization has profoundly affected every aspect of human life, leading to better connectivity, efficiency and new opportunities for the future. Successful digital transformation can create new opportunities for development, improve the quality of life and ensure the sustainable development of society. Digitization has had a special impact on the development of education in various countries, and also in Ukraine. It allows you to personalize educational processes, develop new forms of interactive learning, promotes cooperation and communication, and improves the management of educational institutions. The successful integration of digital technologies into education opens up new opportunities for learning and professional development, preparing students for the challenges of the modern world.

The southernmost people of Greenland – Dialects and memories

During the mid-20th century, old South Greenlanders still spoke their genuine dialects when Mâliâraq Vebæk, herself a South Greenlander, born 1917, collected on tape stories and descriptions of pre-modern daily life from 23 informants. In this volume, the texts appear in dialectal transcription and translated into English, as well as in sound on the inserted CD-Rom, containing the tape recordings. Among the South Greenlandic dialects, the southernmost from the Cape Farewell region is now extinct and attracts particular interest, because this area received emigrants from the gradually depopulated southeast coast during the 19th century. The so-called qavak-dialect of the Cape Farewell region thus became an interesting mixture of the southeast and southwest Greenlandic dialects. This publication is targetted at linguists and is the first and only presentation of the South Greenlandic dialects. A phonological introduction is offered for the benefit of the linguists, but any reader of English (or the dialects) interested in stories, Greenland etc. can fully enjoy the texts.

INVESTIGATION OF CYCLIC PROPERTIES OF SOLAR AND GEOMAGNETIC ACTIVITIES: IMPLICATION FOR GLOBAL SURFACE TEMPERATURE VARIABILITY

The cyclic properties of solar-geomagnetic activity and global surface temperature have been investigated using trend, frequency and time-frequency analyses. Results reveal that on decadal-to-centennial timescales, low-frequency cycles in the half-century (~49 to 56 years per cycle) and Gleisberg (~99 to 114 years per cycle) range run in the background of the Schwabe (~9 to 11 years per cycle) as the dominant cycle of solar-geomagnetic activity. The only dominant cycle in the global surface temperature series is the half-century cycle and suggests a possible causal link between it and solar-geomagnetic activity phenomena. Evolution of the amplitudes of the cycles is such that the Schwabe and Gleisberg periods have increased in power from the beginning of the series until the mid-20th century after which they declined. The half-century cycle decreased in amplitude after 1800 to the present. For geomagnetic activity, the amplitude of Gleisberg cycle increased from the beginning of the series around 2000 while the amplitudes of Schwabe and half-century cycles declined within the same interval, except the Schwabe cycle which amplitude increased rapidly after 1980 to the present. For the global surface temperature, the amplitudes of Gleisberg and half-century cycles have continuously increased from the beginning of the series while Schwabe cycle oscillates with very low amplitudes until 1980 after which it increased slightly. Evolution of the amplitudes of cycles of solar-gemagnetic activity suggests a recovery from Maunder Minimum and decline into a grand epsode most likely to be a minimum.

Гуманитарные и социальные науки: теоретико-познавательные основания

Scientific natural science, which had been established in European culture since the mid-17th century, began to transmit samples of scientific knowledge into the field of studying social reality. Until the 19th century, the only mental form of reflecting this reality was “primary history,” as Hegel defined it, i.e. tradition of historiography coming from Herodotus. This tradition received its design, oriented towards the field of scientific rationality, from the German historian Leopold von Ranke: to show “how it really was” (wie es eigentlich gewesen). Its social function is the formation of national historical memory. But methodological reflection at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries revealed, as it seemed to it, two radical differences between “primary history” and other “sciences of culture” from natural science. In this regard, the categories of “values” and “understanding” were emphasized. The presence of these categories in the foundations of any science determines its specification as a humanitarian science. The first attempts to transfer certain aspects of the disciplinary matrices of natural science to the sphere of social science are associated with the names of Kant and Marx. Both attempts were unsuccessful. But, unlike Kant’s, the “materialist understanding of history” found its supporters and successors. Its main error is the unlawful direct transfer of the semantic content of the category “matter”, as it developed in natural science (the relationships of things), to the relationships between people endowed with consciousness. The addressee of social sciences are cultural forms, the existence of which has an objective status of existence, but relative to the individual consciousness of acting people. These are, for example, social institutions. The humanities deal with meanings, the existence of which is determined by systems of social communications.

VIII. Die sogenannte Epitome Guelferbitana der Lex Romana Visigothorum

Summary or (Alaric’s) Breviary, has survived, following the oldest version of the Lex Salica, in a manuscript from about 760 ad, now in Wolfenbüttel. The Epitome probably originates from mid 6th century in northern Burgundy, and may have been drafted by an instructor of law. It stands out thanks to its practical handling of the later Roman law at that time and environment, adapting traditional regulations to contemporary demands.

Housing Sociology will become a Thing. Discussing the Book Edited by B.J. Mccabe, E. Rosen Titled “The Sociology of Housing: How Homes Shape our Social Lives”

Housing sociology is a fairly modern branch of sociology. It originated in the USA in the mid-20th century and continues to gain popularity all around the world. However discussions about its viability as an independent discipline continue to this day. The publication of the book “The Sociology of Housing” in 2023, which was edited by modern sociologists and researchers of the housing industry B.J. McCabe and E. Rosen, actually puts an end to this dispute. The collective work of the authors reveals not only the variety of issues and the methods for studying them that housing sociology addresses, but also demonstrates the problems and prospects for the development of this discipline, the possibilities of interdisciplinary cooperation, and the specifics of sociological imagination and the thought process of people from the industry. This is precisely what the author of this review focuses on. In fact, this book can be considered a manifesto for housing sociology (by analogy with the manifesto of sociology of mobilities by J. Urry), something not mentioned by its authors and editors out of modesty.

Evolution of flight control systems and aerial photography in unmanned agricultural aircraft

The advancement of UAV technologies has enabled the automated capture of photos and videos, eliminating the need for manual intervention in flight control. (Research purpose) This research aims to conduct a retrospective analysis of the evolution offlight control systems and the development of aerial photography equipment for agricultural land, covering the period from the mid-19th century to present. (Materials and methods) A systematic literature review was conducted using the historical-analytical method. The paper examines original works by both domestic and international authors, including monographs, scientific journals, conference proceedings, museum exhibitions, photographic archives, and open-source software code. (Results and discussion) The paper identifies six distinct phases in the development of aerial photography and flight control systems. The classification is based on key innovations in camera types, control systems, and aircraft designs. Each phase highlights the predominant cameras, control systems, and aircraft utilized for agricultural applications. (Conclusions) Over the past 165 years, notable changes have occurred in aerial photography parameters, including the type of photographic material, image spatial and spectral resolution, camera weight and mounting, shutter types and their mechanisms, inertial control units, integrated GPS/GLONASS receivers, and light sensors. In terms of flight control systems for UAVs, significant developments over the last 106 years include variations in flight control types, the number offlight-stabilizing sensors, obstacle detection systems, size of the flight control units, flight modes, and takeoff/landing techniques, along with interfaces for attachments. It is anticipated that future intellectualization and miniaturization of flight control systems will not only boost UAV performance but also reduce the economic costs associated with the aerial monitoring of agricultural biological assets.

Silk Roads, Trade and Territorial Expansion: Kingdom of Georgia in 11th-14th Centuries

Regional or international trade has always played a central role in the history of Georgia. Trade routes made it possible to establish close political, cultural and economic relations with neighboring as well as distant countries. The kingdom of Georgia’s territorial expansion towards Arran, Shirvan, and Armenia in the 11th-13th centuries was largely driven by economic and trade reasons, name-ly the desire to control the regional trade routes which criss-crossed Dvin, Barda, Ganja, Tbilisi, Ani, Trebizond, Ahlat, Tabriz and many other major cities along Georgia’s southern borders. The present article will also pay attention to the changes to the trade routes in the Caucasus region caused by the Mongols and how their invasions changed the kingdom of Georgia’s position in the regional commerce. By mid-13th century new major trade corridors connecting Asia with the Middle East and the Black Sea were geographically distanced from Georgia harming the latter’s geopolitical position in the region.

History of equine rhinopneumonia research

Materials on the history of the study of equine rhinopneumonia are presented. The study of rhinopneumonia began in the mid-19th century. At first the disease was called Influenza, and then it began to be differentiated as independent diseases: grippe, Influenza, contagious catarrh of the upper respiratory tract, infectious pleuropneumonia. In 1933, American scientists Dimock and Edwards found that abortions were noted in horses with influenza. After examining the findings, they determined the viral etiology of the disease. Since 1941, opinions have been expressed that influenza and equine viral abortion are the same disease, but occurring in different forms. The nervous form of equine herpes virus was first reported in Norway in 1966, then in the United States, Canada, and European countries. In the USSR in 1955, N.N. Oleinik registered viral abortion of horses. Subsequently, rhinopneumonia of horses was investigated by K.P. Yurov. The virus was first isolated and identified by K.P. Yurov and N.N. Kryukov in 1969, 1970 from the foals with respiratory disease on horse farms in the Ryazan region. The Office International des Epizootics (OIE) reference laboratory for equine rhinopneumonia was established in 1995. Methods of diagnosis and prevention of rhinopneumonia in horses have been developed on the basis of this laboratory. Equine rhinopneumonia is widespread in Europe, Asia and Africa, as well as in both subcontinents of North and South America. There is a large proportion of horses on all continents that have antibodies to this infection virus. According to literature data, equine herpes virus has been reported in a number of European countries, including CIS countries and Russia.

3D Puzzle at the Nanoscale-How do RNA Viruses Self-Assemble their Capsids into Perfectly Ordered Structures.

The phenomenon of RNA virus self-organization, first observed in the mid-20th century in tobacco mosaic virus, is the subject of extensive research. Efforts to comprehend this process intensify due to its potential for producing vaccines or antiviral compounds as well as nanocarriers and nanotemplates. However, direct observation of the self-assembly is hindered by its prevalence within infected host cells. One of the approaches involves in vitro and in silico research using model viruses featuring a ssRNA(+) genome enclosed within a capsid made up of a single type protein. While various pathways are proposed based on these studies, their relevance in vivo remains uncertain. On the other hand, the development of advanced microscopic methods provide insights into the events within living cells, where following viral infection, specialized compartments form to facilitate the creation of nascent virions. Intriguingly, a growing body of evidence indicates that the primary function of packaging signals in viral RNA is to effectively initiate the virion self-assembly. This is in contrast to earlier opinions suggesting a role in marking RNA for encapsidation. Another noteworthy observation is that many viruses undergo self-assembly within membraneless liquid organelles, which are specifically induced by viral proteins.

Iconography of the Mythological Characters in the Divine Comedy Manuscripts of the XIV-XV Centuries: Functions and Iconographical Sources

The history of illustration of Dante’s Divine Comedy in the 14th-15th centuries rarely attracts the attention of researchers. Nevertheless, a careful analysis of some manuscripts would clarify the genesis process of specific iconographic schemes within the framework of a very specific task: illustrating a text replete with figures of speech and references to ancient sources that were often unknown to the iconography designer. This contribute is devoted to the iconography of mythological characters found in Dante’s text and their visual sources based on a few manuscripts of the Divine Comedy dated from mid-14th and 15th centuries, six of which are fully illustrated.

Has the owl flown with regard to ‘the constitutional theory of political liberalism’?

These are difficult times for the project of ‘political liberalism’. Frank Michelman is one of the most distinguished advocates for liberal constitutionalism, and one can only wonder if the time has past – that is, if the ‘owl of Minerva’ has perhaps flown – with regard to a constitutional project identified very much with the mid-20th century.

Anticholinergic drugs for parkinsonism and other movement disorders.

Anticholinergic (AC) drugs, a medication class that acts by blocking nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, were first utilized for therapeutic purposes in the mid-19th century. Initial applications were as symptomatic therapy for Parkinson disease (PD), a practice continuing to the present. Initially, the AC drugs used were naturally-occurring plant compounds. Synthetic AC drugs were developed in the late 1940s and predominated in neurological therapeutics. Until the advent of pharmaceuticals acting upon striatal dopaminergic motor pathways, AC drugs provided the only effective means for lessening tremors and other clinical problems of the PD patient. However, because dopaminergic compounds are so effective at meeting the needs of the typical PD patient, AC medications are far less utilized by clinicians today. In recent years, there has been only a few investigations of AC drugs as neurological treatments. This review will revisit the clinical landscape of AC pharmacology and application for movement disorders along with recent research in search of improving therapeutics with AC drugs.