Microbiol Infect Research Articles

Helicobacter pylori Virulent Genes in the Upregulation of CCL20 and β-actin Expression and Progression towards Gastric Disorders

Objectives: Helicobacter pylori , infection carryout a substantial role in the pathogenesis of gastric disorders. The pathogenic effect is shown to be associated with host bacterial interplay and Vac A and Cag A are recognized as imperative virulence determinants. A variety of carcinogenic pathways are triggered by H. pylori and CCL20 and β-actin are responsible for cellular progress and upregulation of these genes leads to metaplasia, dysplasia and gastric adenocarcinoma. Therefore, it is of interest to investigate the association of Cag A , Vac A in the upregulation of CCL20 and β-actin expression and progression towards gastric disorders. Methods : Blood and gastric biopsy samples of chronic gastritis subjects (n=100) were collected to identify the incidence of H. pylori by ELISA and Rapid urease test. The samples positive for both RUT and ELISA were subjected to RT-PCR for expression studies. Results: Among the study subjects, 36% and 58% showed positive result for RUT and ELISA of which 29% (p=0.0005) showed positive result for both RUT and ELISA. For expression studies, 48% and 90% showed higher significant (p=0.0005) expression levels of Cag A and Vac A m2. 10% (p=0.023) showed a significant expression levels of Vac A m1 region. Likewise 31% and 90% (p=0.0005) of patients showed higher significant expression levels of CCL20 and β-actin . Conclusion: Thus obtained results illustrated that H. pylori excites the production of Cag A , Vac A , CCL20 and β-actin and expression of these factors signify a promising biomarker in the early diagnosis of the infection and in analyzing the progression towards gastric disorders. J Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 9(3):116-124.

In Vitro Activities of Ceftazidime-Avibactam and Comparator Antimicrobial Agents Tested against ESBL Producing Urinary E. coli Isolates

Objectives: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) remain one of the most common infections for antibiotic prescription. Increased resistance to antibiotics currently used to treat these infections may lead to significant problems. Extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production in organisms causing UTIs are often responsible for the increase in resistance. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of ESBL producing community acquired urinary E. coli isolates to Ceftazidime/Avibactam (CAZ/AVI) and other antimicrobial agents using disk diffusion method. Methods: Between 2016 and 2017, a total of 100 ESBL producing E. coli urine isolates were collected from outpatients who had no history of hospitalization in the last three months in Akdeniz University Hospital. All isolates were tested for in vitro susceptibility to the CAZ/AVI and other antimicrobial agents using disk diffusion method. Results: No CAZ/AVI and carbapenem resistance were observed. Resistance rates to other antimicrobial agents were as follows: ampicillin 100%, amoxicillin/clavulanate 85%, cefotaxime 98%, ceftazidime 89%, cefepime 82%, gentamicin 41%, ciprofloxacin 65%, levofloxacin 39%, fosfomycin 3%, nitrofurantoin 2%, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole 72% and Piperacillin/Tazobactam 41%. Conclusions: Our results showed that ceftazidime / avibactam, carbapenems, nitrofurantoin and fosfomycin may be among the first line treatment options in the empirical therapy. In selected patients, CAZ/AVI could be an option for the treatment of UTI caused by ESBL producing E.coli which may reduce the use of carbapenems. J Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 9(2):112-115.

A Study of Inducible Clindamycin Resistance among Staphylococcus aureus Skin and Soft Tissue Infections in A Tertiary Care Hospital

ABSTRACT Objectives: Drug resistant phenotypes like MRSA are difficult to treat requiring higher group of antibiotics. Topical agents like clindamycin can be used for the therapy of MRSA. The knowledge of prevalence of inducible clindamycin resistance phenotype is essential to prevent treatment failure. Methods : A total of 204 staphylococcal isolates obtained from skin and soft tissue infections and MRSA was detected by Cefoxitin disc diffusion method and detection of Mec A gene by Polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by Kirby Baeur disc diffusion method. The Erythromycin resistant isolates were tested for D test. The differences in antibiotic susceptibility pattern between MRSA and MSSA was compared by Chi Square test using Graph pad Quick Calcs software and p value less than 0.05 was considered as significant Results : Out of the 204 Staphylococcus aureus isolates, 48 (23.5%) were identified as MRSA by Cefoxitin disc diffusion method. All these 48(23.5%) of isolates were also positive for Mec A gene by PCR. Inducible clindamycin resistance (iMLSB resistance phenotype) was observed among 24(11.7%) of the isolates. MRSA showed comparatively lesser susceptibility than MSSA (p ≤0.05). Among the MRSA inducible clindamycin resistance was seen among 11 (22.9%). Conclusions : Emergence of drug resistance warrants antibiotic susceptibility testing for all the isolates in the laboratory. Cefoxitin disc diffusion method can be used in resource constraint laboratory where PCR facilities are not available. Inducible clindamycin resistance phenotype (iMLS phenotype) must be checked for all isolates showing erythromycin resistance to prevent treatment failure. J Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 9(3):125-128.

The role of the gut microbiome in chronic liver disease: the clinical evidence revised.

SummaryRecent research has suggested a role for the intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis and potential treatment of a wide range of liver diseases. The intestinal microbiota and bacterial products may contribute to the development of liver diseases through multiple mechanisms including increased intestinal permeability, chronic systemic inflammation, production of short-chain fatty acids and changes in metabolism. This suggests a potential role for pre-, pro- and synbiotic products in the prevention or treatment of some liver diseases. In addition, there is emerging evidence on the effects of faecal microbial transplant. Herein, we discuss the relationship between the intestinal microbiota and liver diseases, as well as reviewing intestinal microbiota-based treatment options that are currently being investigated.

Bacteriological Analysis of Ready- to- serve Foods from a South Indian City: A Potential Source for Drug Resistant Pathogens

Objective: Street foods are well - known source for bacteriological contamination with pathogens, responsible for health hazards like food poisoning and diarrheal diseases. The present study was undertaken to analyze the bacteriological quality of ready - to - serve foods vended in the streets of Rajahmundry, Andhra Pradesh, India. Method: This cross-sectional study over a 6-month period tested 142 diverse locally sold street foods collected from different locations in Rajahmundry city. Isolates obtained were identified to the species level and antibiotic susceptibility patterns determined. Additional information regarding food preparation, storage and handling practices observed by vendors was noted to correlate with the extent of bacterial contamination. Results: Majority (71.12%) of the ready to eat foods were contaminated with bacteria. Samosa (24%) and panipuri (22%) showed higher bacterial contamination rates. Of the total 177 strains recovered from all street foods, Escherichia coli (44%) and Staphylococcus aureus (29%) were the major isolates. Staphylococcus aureus (23%) was predominantly isolated from panipuri samples; Proteus species (29%) from masala chat; E. coli (31%) from Samosa; Klebsiella pneumoniae (40%) from Samosa; Pseudomonas aeruginosa (40%) from panipuri. Higher degrees of bacterial contamination were associated with poor personnel hygiene of vendors and unsafe food handling practices. Among the isolates, 33% of E. coli were extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) producers while 15% were Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Conclusions: Corrective measures like provision of health education to vendors and strict regulations for implementation of good hygienic practices would improve street foods quality. J Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 9(2):83-89.

Atypical Presentation of Urinary Schistosomiasis

Schistosomiasis or Bilharziasis is a water-borne parasitic disease which affects different organs depending on species involved. Urinary schistosomiasis is diagnosed mainly by the presence of urinary complaints, urinary excretion of parasite eggs and their presence in bladder as seen on histopathology along with changes on cystoscopy. We present a case of an asymptomatic adult Indian female with long standing history of passing adult worms in urine but lack of eggs. The worms were identified as Schistosoma and the patient was treated with Praziquantel. She came from an area which is not known to be endemic for Schistosoma. J Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 9(2):95-99.

Etiology, Diagnostic Testing, and Dermatology Consultation Utilization in Skin Infections in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Patients: A 5-year Review

Objectives: Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) patients are at higher risk of infection compared to their healthy counterparts. Aims were identity type and incidence of skin infections, describe the use of diagnostic tests, and identify the role of dermatology consults. Methods: In this single institution retrospective chart review, data were extracted from the medical record. A clinically diagnosed skin infection was defined as any skin pathology treated with antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, or antiparasitics. The diagnostic tests data such as cultures, polymerase chain reactions (PCR), and direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) tests, and dermatology consultations were also collected. Results: A total of 92 patients and 143 skin infections were identified in the 5-year study period. The majority of infections occurred while the patient was not neutropenic. The infectious agents responsible for infections varied depending on a patient’s age, neutropenia status, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) diagnosis, and transplant type. Only 25 infections (17%) received a dermatology consultation. On average, infections associated with dermatology consultation received a higher number of diagnostic tests compared to those that did not receive a dermatology consultation. Conclusions: The etiologies and severities of clinically identified skin infections in HSCT patients are varied and require continuous vigilance of dermatological health. Dermatologists are not necessarily the physician’s ordering more diagnostic. Therefore, earlier assessment by dermatologists might prevent excessive laboratory testing and earlier management of severe clinically identified infections. J Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 9(2):59-67.

Predictors of Urinary Tract Infection and Their Diagnostic Performances among Cameroonian Under-five

Objective: Urinary tract infection (UTIs) in child is serious public health problem especially in developing countries. This aimed at identifying factors associated with urinary tract infection and determining their diagnosis performances as well as resulting algorithms among Cameroonian under-five. Methods: A descriptive and analytical cross sectional study took place from May 2013 to March 2014 at Pediatrics Department of the Bonassama District hospital in the town of Douala. Urine samples were collected dependent on the age of children and its aptitude to micturate. Ten microliters (10 µL) of urine specimen were cultured at 37°C for 24-48 hours. In addition, sociodemographic, anthropometric, clinic and biological information of each child were documented. Results: The prevalence of UTI was 32.2% (129/400) which was mainly caused by Escherichia coli (41.1%). A total of four risk factors for UTI were found after adjustment for all pertinent characteristics of children. These included female gender (ARR= 0.55; p= 0.0046), presence of fever (ARR = 1.83; p= 0.0426), trouble urine (ARR = 1.36; p= 0.0063) and presence of nitrites in urine (ARR = 1.09; p= 0.0001). Presence of nitrites was the most discriminant parameter based on specificity (98.1%), positive predictive value (95.4%) and negative predictive value (90.1%). The diagnosis performances have gradually improved with the increasing number of parameters. Conclusion: This study reported four factors associated with increased risk for UTI. This also outlined that the presence of nitrites in urine had best diagnosis performances and different predictors-based clinical algorithms could be helpful especially in the identification of UTI-negative children. J Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 9(2):68-77.

Post Arthrotomy Prevotella bivia Septic Arthritis and Secondary Osteomyelitis

Prevotella is a common gram-negative anaerobic rod that is frequently associated with female genitourinary tract infections, pelvic inflammatory disease, aspiration pneumonia, lung abscess and pleural empyema. Osteomyelitis in association with septic arthritis is rare with only a handful of cases reported worldwide. In this case study, we report a patient who presented with a clinical picture of septic arthritis complicated by the presence of a sinus tract at the site of a previous arthroscopic surgery. Initial sinus pus cultures demonstrated Streptococcus agalactiae , which were confirmed with intra-operative joint fluid cultures. After a brief period of clinical improvement following arthrotomy, a sudden clinical deterioration prompted re-cultures demonstrating heavy growth of Provetella bivia . Repeat MRI demonstrated new signs of osseous involvement. The patient was managed with a redo arthrotomy, extensive debridement of osteomyelitic tissue, washout and an extended antibiotic therapy regimen. This association is first of its kind in Saudi Arabia. J Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 9(2):100-103.

Seroprevalence of Cytomegaloviruses in Afghanistan

Objective: Human Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a member of the Herpesviridae family, with the ability to establish a long-lived latent infection. CMV infection causes problems in immunocompromised hosts undergoing organ and stem cell transplantation. The prevalence of CMV in adults varies in different geographic regions. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of CMV in the adult population of Afghanistan, which did not have epidemiologic information for CMV infection. Methods: A total of 500 adults residing in main regional provinces of Afghanistan including Nangarhar, Herat, Mazar-i Sharif, Kandahar and Kabul in the age range of 25-70 years old were randomly selected to include in the study. Among the participants, 263 (52.6%) were female and 237 (47.4%) were male. The samples were tested for the presence of CMV IgM and IgG antibodies using chemiluminescence immunoassay on the Abbott Architect automated platform. Results: The seropositivity of CMV was found 99.79 % in Afghanistan. There were no significant differences in the prevalence CMV infection among the five regions. The seropositivity anti-CMV IgG positive rate in Kandahar, Kabul, Nangarhar and, Herat was determined as 100%. The CMV IgG prevalence was 98.99% in Mazar-i Sharif. Anti CMV IgM was found 1.24% in Afghanistan. Conclusions: Our study shown that the seroprevalence is high in Afghanistan. Because of the high frequency of seropositivity in general population in Afghanistan, the approaches for preventing CMV reactivation need to be developed. J Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 9(2): 78-82.

Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis in a Surgically Complicated Patient: A Case Report

Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is an uncommon destructive process that is associated with urinary tract infection and/or obstruction. We present the case of a 63 year old female who had an unusual case of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis due to Streptococcus intermedius in the left kidney. CT scan revealed a chronic obstructive pyelonephritis with associated staghorn calculi, and renal histopathology confirmed xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis with foamy macrophages. She was a surgically complicated patient, who underwent two ventral hernia repairs along with her left nephrectomy. She ultimately had a complete recovery after surgical treatment and antibiotics. J Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 9(2):90-94.

Manipulation of the microbiota to eradicate multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae from the human intestinal tract

Manipulation of the microbiota to eradicate multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae from the human intestinal tract

The Blastomycosis Bluff by Purpureocillium lilacinum

A 73-year-old patient with a history of rheumatoid arthritis and inclusion body myositis on long-term prednisone and azathioprine presented with a 3-month history of tender erythematous nodules on his right lower extremity (Figure 1). A skin biopsy revealed yeast forms with broad-based budding yeast (Figure 2, [arrow]). Initially, a diagnosis of cutaneous blastomycosis was made, and he was initiated on itraconazole. However, (1-3)-β-d-glucan assay was elevated at >500 pg/mL (reference range: <80 pg/mL), and biopsy culture was returned 11 days later growing a violet-colored colony (Figure 3) identified as Purpureocillium lilacinum under microscopy, with phialides with swollen bases and pigmented and rough-walled conidiophore stipes (Figure 4). Review of previous biopsy identified hyphal elements in addition to yeast forms, and he was switched to voriconazole. At 2-month follow-up, he had significant reduction in pain, erythema, and there was healing of open ulcerations.Figure 2Skin biopsy with broad-based budding yeast (arrow) under 400× magnification with Gomori methenamine silver stain.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT)Figure 3Fungal colony with a purple hue on Sabouraud dextrose agar.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT)Figure 4Photomicrograph of Scotch tape preparation of fungal culture with lactophenol aniline with polyvinal alcohol stain under 400 x magnification.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT) Purpureocillium lilacinum is a ubiquitous fungus that can infect immunocompromised patients.1Pastor F.J. Guarro J. Clinical manifestations, treatment and outcome of Paecilomyces lilacinus infections.Clin Microbiol Infect. 2006; 12: 948-960Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (172) Google Scholar Owing to its ability to sporulate in tissues, it can be confused with Blastomyces dermatitidis but is differentiated by the presence of hyphal elements within tissue biopsy, elevated (1-3)-β-d-glucan, and growth on cultures. Purpureocillium lilacinum is also resistant to amphotericin B, fluconazole, and itraconazole: agents often used to treat blastomycosis, highlighting the importance of definitive diagnosis.2Sotello D. Cappel M. Huff T. Meza D. Alvarez S. Libertin C.R. Cutaneous fungal infection in an immunocompromised host.JMM Case Rep. 2017; 4: e005101PubMed Google Scholar This case illustrates the importance of incorporating all available clinical, laboratory, pathological, and microbiological data when approaching infections in immunocompromised hosts.

Comparative Evaluation of In-vitro Synergy Testing Methods in Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter Species

Objective: There is an increasing incidence of Acinetobacter species causing serious hospital acquired infections such as blood stream infections (BSI), catheter associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) and lower respiratory tract infections(LRTI) with high mortality rate of 30-75% in patients having long hospital stay especially in critical care units (CCUs). During the past decade, multi drug resistant Acinetobacter isolates have presented a real challenge to clinicians and are posing difficulties in treatment. Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter species particularly A. baumannii , represent a growing public health concern, since they often confer resistance to other critically important antimicrobials. Methodology: In the present study, various antibiotic combinations such as colistin + meropenem, imipenem + tigecycline, polymyxin B + azithromycin and doripenem + sulbactam are used for MDR Acinetobacter infections and tested for in-vitro combination test by Epsilometric test and Broth Micro dilution and confirmation done by time kill assay. Results: We found synergistic results with all three methods used in study with three combinations significantly (p<0.05) but with one combination i.e. doripenem+sulbactam, synergy found only with Etest not with MCB and time kill assay (p~0.069). Conclusions: We have also observed and compared outcome of the patients with respect to the treatment received during hospital stay, but we did not found significant difference between two groups, (two drug regimen & three drug regimen) regarding their mortality. J Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 9(1): 23-33.

Exploring the Less Common Pathogens of Infectious Diarrhea

ABSTRACT Objective: Gastrointestinal (GI) panels have allowed for faster and accurate detection, treatment, and control of pathogens. Because of the large number of potential pathogens included in the panel the clinical significance and manifestations of some organisms, such as Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) and Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), remains undetermined. Methodology: We performed a single-institution retrospective chart review for 222 patients with a stool sample tested on BioFire FilmArray Gastrointestinal Panel (GI Panel) between June 1, 2016 and March 9, 2017. Results: Of the 222 patients, four had EAEC and 17 and EPEC. Patients who tested positive for EAEC and EPEC were younger (26.3 years and 33.9 years, respectively) than patients that did not test positive for a GI pathogen (47.7 years). In cases where multiple organisms were detected, EPEC was present 56.3% of the time. Analysis of symptoms showed that EPEC patients had a high prevalence of abdominal pain (p=0.0425) and vomiting (p=0.0045), but not diarrhea, when compared to the presence of these symptoms in patients with no targets detected. With only four patients positive for EAEC in this study, the results of symptoms in EAEC patients were inconclusive. Cases involving EPEC and EAEC were treated similarly to other cases of diarrhea with no significant difference in the number of imaging studies and medication changes. Conclusions: While further studies are required to determine the specific clinical significance of EAEC or EPEC, it is evident that patients positive for EPEC often experience abdominal pain and diarrhea, suggesting EPEC may be more pathogenic than previously thought. J Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 9(1):1-9.

Disseminated Nocardiosis in an Immunocompetent Adult: Diagnostic Challenges

Nocardiosis is an opportunistic infection seen in people with impaired host defenses usually cell mediated immunity. It can involve a single organ or present as disseminated infection affecting multiple organ systems. We are reporting a case of 60 year old; an immunocompetent female presented with fever, cough, skin lesions and altered sensorium. Thorough systemic examination coupled with meticulous etiological work up including gram stain, acid fast staining and culture established the definite diagnosis of Nocardiosis. This case highlights the utility of clinical suspicion and early microbiological detection for diagnosing such uncommon condition presenting with common clinical symptoms and multisystem involvement in an immunocompetent patient . J Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 9(1): 46-50.

Evaluation of Diagnostic Tests for Visceral Leishmaniasis in Iran: A Meta-Analysis

Objective: There exist various diagnostic tests to detect visceral leishmaniasis, but the most efficient ones have not been demonstrated yet. Herein, we evaluated the accuracy of these diagnostic tests in Iran. Methodology: English and Persian database searching was done from 1993 to 2016. According to heterogeneity of the studies, estimations of the study were pooled by random-effects model. Totally, twenty investigations were eligible for current review with 2115 patients as pooled sample size. Results: The overall pooled estimate of sensitivity and specificity for all diagnostic tests were 0.92 ([95% CI = 0.90–0.95]) and 0.92 ([95% CI = 0.89–0.94]), respectively. Also, the separate sensitivity and specificity of each test were as follow: PCR: 1.00 ([95% CI = 0.99–1.01]) and 0.37 ([95% CI = 0.25–0.49]); DAT: 0.93 ([95% CI = 0.89–0.96]) and 0.92 ([95% CI = 0.89–0.94]); ELISA: 0.78 ([95% CI = 0.47–1.09]) and 1.00 ([95% CI = 0.99–1.01]) as well as IFA: 0.50 ([95% CI = 0.29–0.72]) and 0.96 ([95% CI = 0.95–0.97]). Conclusions: The specificity and sensitivity of PCR and DAT as molecular and serological tests, respectively, are remarkable to detect visceral leishmaniasis; hence, it is highly recommended to simultaneously employ these diagnostic tests for this widespread infection. J Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 9(1): 16-22

The Utilization of Alpha-1 Anti-trypsin (A1AT) in Infectious Disease Monitoring and Treatment

Alpha one anti-trypsin (A1AT) is a major serine protease inhibitor found circulating in human blood. A1AT related studies mainly focus on A1AT potential biomarker as well as therapeutic target in non-infectious diseases. Their findings indicate A1AT beneficial features may also be applied for monitoring and treating infectious disease. However, only a few studies have reviewed A1AT’s useful properties as a biomarker and therapeutic agent for infectious diseases. This narrative review aims to summarize growing evidences that support the idea of utilizing A1AT as a tool for monitoring and therapy for infectious diseases. A1AT showed potential as a biomarker for a wide spectrum of infectious disease, from virus, bacteria, to parasite. Its level and functionality were proposed to predict risk for disease susceptibility or progression and to indicate response therapy. As promising therapeutic agent in various infectious diseases, the administration of A1AT has shown antimicrobial activity, immunomodulatory and anti-apoptotic effect, in addition to more familiar function, suppressing excessive proteolysis. The broad utilization of A1AT, both as biomarker and therapeutic agent, in studies on infectious diseases seems promising. However, there are issues need to be investigated further before establishing its feasibility as a monitoring and therapy tool against infection diseases . J Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 9(1): 51-58.

Eruptive Xanthoma During Antiretroviral Therapy

We present a case of eruptive xanthoma in a man living with HIV after changing antiretroviral therapy. People living with HIV are at increased risk of dyslipidemia due to the infection itself and the use of antiretroviral medications. Prompt recognition of eruptive xanthomas may allow for timely diagnosis of metabolic disorders and dyslipidemia in patients being treated for HIV infection . J Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 9(1): 43-45.

Class 1 Integron, Sulfonamide and Florfenicol Resistance Genes in Bacteria from Three Unsanitary Landfills, Ibadan, Nigeria

Objective: Municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills recently emerged as potential reservoirs of antibiotic resistance. However, little is known about the potentials of unsanitary landfill sites which are common in developing countries as reservoir of antibiotic resistance. In this study, we investigated the antibiotic resistance pattern and presence of selected resistance genes in bacteria from three MSW landfills in Ibadan, southwestern Nigeria. Methodology: Fifty six antibiotic- and metal-resistant bacteria isolated from leachate and leachate-contaminated surface and groundwater collected from three MSW landfills in Ibadan, Southwestern Nigeria, were searched for sulfonamides, florfenicol and beta-lactams resistance genes and integrons by PCR. Results: None of the 27 β-lactamase genes tested was detected in the isolates. sul1 , sul2 and floR were however detected in 12 (21.4%), 2 (3.6%) and 12 (21.4%) bacteria species identified as Alcaligenes faecalis , Advenella kashmirensis , Brevundimonas spp. and Ralstonia pickettii . The 12 bacteria carrying sul1 / floR gene combination were also positive for class 1 integron. Analysis of the gene cassettes in the variable regions of the class 1 integrons (>1.5kb) of the 12 intl1-positive isolates revealed the presence of aadB and unknown genes. The deduced amino acid sequence of the unknown portion of the gene cassettes shared 42-65% identity with sequences of Class D β-lactamase and OXA-2-like protein in the GenBank. Conclusions: Findings of this study suggest that the landfill ecosystem is a potential site for the evolution of novel resistance genes and are hence important reservoir of antibiotic resistant bacteria. J Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 9(1): 34-42.