The role of the gut microbiome in chronic liver disease: the clinical evidence revised.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the major reason for abnormal liver function in the Western world, is associated with obesity and diabetes and is characterized by insulin resistance (IR). IR is regulated by mediators released from cells of the immune system or adipocytes and proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα). The importance of TNFα in human and animal fatty liver diseases, both caused by genetic manipulation and overnutrition, has been shown convincingly. Furthermore, neutralization of TNFα activity improves IR and fatty liver disease in animals. Adiponectin is a potent TNFα-neutralizing and anti-inflammatory adipokine and in vitro and experimental animal studies have proven the importance of this mediator in counteracting inflammation and IR. Anti-inflammatory effects of adiponectin are exerted both by suppressing TNFα synthesis and by induction of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-10 or interleukin-1–receptor antagonist. Therefore, the balance between various mediators, either derived from the immune system or adipose tissue, appears to play an important role in hepatic and systemic insulin action and in the development of fatty liver disease.

Mechanotransduction in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Ferritin, metabolic syndrome and NAFLD: Elective attractions and dangerous liaisons

Diagnosis and treatment of atopic dermatitis in children and adults: European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology/American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology/PRACTALL Consensus Report

Translating an Understanding of the Pathogenesis of Hepatic Fibrosis to Novel Therapies

Combined alcoholic and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.

The Commensal Microbiota and Enteropathogens in the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

Decoding the Enigma of Urticaria and Angioedema

Adverse events of upper GI endoscopy

The quest for liver progenitor cells: A practical point of view

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Abrogation of the Antifibrotic Effects of Natural Killer Cells/Interferon-γ Contributes to Alcohol Acceleration of Liver Fibrosis

Role of Obesity and Lipotoxicity in the Development of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis: Pathophysiology and Clinical Implications

The role of protease activation of inflammation in allergic respiratory diseases

Expression of MMPs and TIMPs in liver fibrosis – a systematic review with special emphasis on anti-fibrotic strategies