Mg Of Gallic Acid Equivalents Research Articles

Efficacy of Argentinean propolis extracts on control of potato soft rot caused by Erwinia carotovora subsp.

Erwinia carotovora subsp. cause the potato soft rot, which is a major disease in agriculture. Antibacterial agents currently applied on potato soft rot often offer a restricted control and have several disadvantages. Propolis has shown a wide range of antimicrobial activity, although its effect has not been investigated on E. carotovora subsp. In this work, we tested extracts from propolis samples of Northwest Argentina against E. carotovora subsp. Ethanolic propolis extracts (EPEs) from samples of Santiago del Estero province, particularly from sample 4 (EPE4), showed the highest antibacterial activity, which was associated with the highest content of flavonoids. 2',4'-Dihydroxychalcone, 2',4'-dihydroxy-3'-methoxychalcone, galangin, and pinocembrin were identified as antibacterial constituents of EPE4. 2',4'-Dihydroxychalcone showed an antibacterial activity (minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC = 0.3-1.2 μg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) mL-1 ; minimum bactericidal concentration, MBC = 0.6-4.8 μg GAE mL-1 ) lower than that of bacterimycin (MIC = 2.4-9.6 μg mL-1 ; MBC = 19.2-38.4 μg GAE mL-1 ) and streptocycline (MIC = 19.2-38.4 μg mL-1 ; MBC = 38.4-76.8 μg mL-1 ). Preventive assays on unwounded and wounded potatoes showed that their immersion in EPE4 containing 87.5 μg GAE mL-1 or streptocycline containing 40 μg mL-1 was equally effective in controlling potato soft rot, reducing the disease incidence by 64.6-67.0% (unwounded tubers) and 88.0-86.0% (wounded tubers) and the disease severity by 49.8-49.8% (unwounded tubers) and 54.5-68.5% (wounded tubers). Flavonoid-rich propolis extracts from Northwest Argentina efficiently reduced in vivo the incidence and severity of potato soft rot caused by E. carotovora subsp.

Postponement growth and antioxidative response of Brassica nigra on CuO and ZnO nanoparticles exposure under soil conditions.

Due to unique physiochemical properties, nanoparticles (NPs) have acquired substantial attention in the field of research. However, threats of ecotoxicity and phytotoxicity have limited their biological applications. In this study in vivo experiments were performed to determine the effect of CuO (12.5, 25 and 50 mg/kg) and ZnO (200, 400 and 600 mg/kg) NPs on growth, and antioxidant activities of Brassica nigra. The results showed that CuO NPs did not affect the seed germination while presence of ZnO NPs in the soil generated an inhibitory effect. Both CuO and ZnO NPs positively influenced the growth of stem and other physiological parameters i.e. stem height increased (23%) at 50 mg/kg CuO while root length decreased (up to 44%) with an increase in the concentration of NPs. Phytochemical screening of apical, middle and basal leaves showed elevated phenolic and flavonoid contents in the range of 15.3-59 μg Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE)/mg Dry Weight (DW) and 10-35 μg Querceitin Equivalent (QE)/mg DW, respectively, in NPs-treated plants. Antioxidant activity was higher in CuO NPs-treated plants as compared to ZnO and control plants. Results conclude that CuO and ZnO NPs at low concentrations can be exploited as nanofertilisers in agriculture fields.

Nutritional Composition, Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Wild Edible Flowers Consumed in Semiarid Regions of Mexico.

In semiarid regions of Mexico, it is common to use the floristic richness of wild plants as food ingredients. Hence, flowers of Agave salmiana, Aloe vera, Erythrina americana, and Myrtillocactus geometrizans, which are typical and traditionally consumed flowers, were analyzed. The physicochemical properties; proximate composition; the contents of minerals, carotenoids, ascorbic acid, phenols, and total flavonoids; the quantification of phenolic compounds by HPLC; and the antioxidant activity in vitro were determined. The flowers were high in carbohydrates, proteins and minerals, mainly K and N in flowers from E. americana and M. geometrizans, respectively. The highest concentration of carotenoids was detected in red flowers (E. americana). Total phenols ranged from 4.73 to 72.40mg of gallic acid equivalents per gram of dry weight (GAE/g DW). However, the highest value of antioxidant activity was 819.80μmol of Trolox equivalents per gram of dry weight (TE/g DW). The highest values of phenolic compounds content and antioxidant activity were found in the flowers of M. geometrizans. The antioxidant activity of flowers was mainly related to phenolic compounds. The main phenolic compounds detected in flowers were rutin and phloridzin. The edible flowers analyzed in this study are a potential source of compounds with high biological activity.

Anti-bacterial, anti-fungal and anti-oxidative properties of different extracts of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza L. (Mangrove)

IntroductionBruguiera gymnorrhiza L. a Rhizophoraceae is an intertidal marine plant found in mangroves. Previous studies suggest this plant may have antibacterial, antifungal and anti-oxidant activities. This study aimed to explore the potential of the leaf, root and bark extracts of this plant. MethodsThe successive methanol and combination solvent (Chloroform: Methanol: Ethanol in 60:20:20) extraction of the plant materials were assayed against ten pathogenic bacteria and four fungal strains. The total phenolic content, antimicrobial and antioxidant assay were estimated by using well diffusion, DPPH (diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl) assay and FRAP (Ferric-reducing Power) assay ResultsDried root extract of B. gymnorrhiza obtained by a combination of solvents demonstrated maximum effectiveness on tested microorganisms with an optimal zone of inhibition (ZOI) value of 22.31 ± 0.36 mm followed by bark extract with ZOI 21.63 ± 0.49 against Penicillium chrysogenum. Different combinations of solvent extracts of bark exhibited optimal minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) (7.26 μg/mL) against Micrococcus sp.followed by MIC (7.62 μg/mL) against Streptococcus mitis. Methanolic root extracts contained a maximal quantity of phenolics of 25.36 μg Gallic Acid Equivalents and 69.64% of DPPH activity. A combination extract of root obtained a maximum 96.07% of ferric-reducing antioxidant power. ConclusionsCrude extracts of B. gymnorrhiza possess noteworthy toxicity against bacterial pathogens and Candida albicans (a fungal pathogen). Combination solvent extracts showed more promising results with pharmaceutical activities for developing natural compound based drugs.

Production of antioxidants and other value-added compounds from coffee silverskin via pyrolysis under a biorefinery approach

The coffee roasting industry produces about 0.4 Mt of coffee silverskin (CSS) per year, the only residue generated from the roasting process that is mostly disposed as industrial waste. The aim of this study is to convert CSS into value-added products by intermediate pyrolysis, transforming the waste into a resource within an integrated biorefinery perspective. To this end, bio-oils and biochars from the intermediate pyrolysis of CSS at 280 °C, 400 °C and 500 °C have been studied. GC–MS analysis showed that bio-oils were composed of value-added products such as caffeine, acetic acid, pyridine and phenolics, the latter being the most interesting due to their antioxidant properties. Total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of the samples were determined through Folin-Ciocalteu (FC) and DPPH methods, revealing an increase in phenolics in bio-oils compared to CSS extract directly from the feedstock. The bio-oil with the highest phenolic content and antioxidant properties was produced at 280 °C and contained 6.09 and 3.02 mg of gallic acid equivalents /g of bio-oil determined by FC and DPPH methods, respectively. This represents a global potential of up to 487 and 242 tones of gallic acid equivalents per year, considering the FC results and DPPH respectively. The resulting 280 °C biochar presented significant calorific values (22 MJ/kg), indicating its potential use as an energy source. Hence, CSS pyrolysis converts a waste into a by-product and a resource, increasing the environmental benefits and contributing to the circular economy and bioeconomy.

Antioxidant properties and phenolic profile of the most widely appreciated cultivated berry species: A comparative study

Abstract Berries are in the form of a semi-bush or shrub, soft fleshy, juicy, often small and edible. They are generally in bright colours and may sweet or sour in taste. The present study reports a comparison of the antioxidant properties and phenolic profile of the most consumed berry species, namely redcurrant (Ribes rubrum L.), blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.), red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.), blackberry (Rubus fruticosus L.), gooseberry (Ribes uva-crispa L.) and jostaberry (Ribes nidigrolaria Rud. Bauer & A. Bauer). Results of the present study suggested that the highest antioxidant activity (426.26 mg ∙ 100 g−1) and anthocyanin contents (226.33 mg ∙ 100 g−1) are found in Heritage variety of the raspberry species. The highest total phenol content was determined as 1,593.92 mg of Gallic Acid Equivalents (GAE) in jostaberry fruits. The highest ascorbic acid content was obtained from the Goliath variety of blackcurrant as 2,659.26 mg ∙ 100 g−1. The highest ellagic acid value was found as 48.30 mg ∙ 100 g−1 in gooseberry, the highest fumaric and citric acid concentrations were noted from jostaberry fruits as 121.88 mg ∙ 100 g−1 and 14.84 mg ∙ 100 g−1, respectively, while the highest malic acid content was determined as 14.70 mg ∙ 100 g−1 in gooseberry fruits. Our results suggest that berries rich in antioxidant properties and phenolic profile may be an important raw plant material for both the pharmaceutical and food industries.

Bio-functional alcoholic beverage preparation using prickly pear juice and its pulp in combination with sugar and blossom honey

A bio-functional alcoholic beverage using prickly pear juice and its pulp, in combination with sugar and blossom honey was studied. A simulation procedure was carried out by preparing different ethanolic extracts (5, 12, and 40% of ethanol, v/v) of the juice and its pulp, representing some typical alcoholic drinks (i.e., beer, wine, and whiskey), and estimating the in vitro antioxidant activity along with total phenolic content using spectrometric assays. Afterwards, alcoholic fermentation was carried out on the juice extracts, and its pulp using commercially available Saccharomyces cerevisiae and a blend of sugar and blossom honey. The aroma profile was also estimated using headspace solid phase micro-extraction coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results showed that the different ethanolic extracts of juice and its pulp showed considerable in vitro antioxidant activity (43 ± 15% to 61 ± 3%, respectively) and total phenolic content (5.8 ± 1.7 to 9.8 ± 5.5 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/ml) according to production area. In addition, the alcoholic fermentation resulted in a bio-functional alcoholic beverage with an attractive appearance and higher antioxidant activity (64 ± 0.1%) and total phenolic content (7.6 ± 0.4 mg GAE/ml) than the juice, having a fruity aroma and distinctive taste due to alcohols and ethyl esters.

Grape Seed Oil Characterization: A Novel Approach for Oil Quality Assessment

AbstractThe amount of organic pomace, left behind agricultural processes, is continuously rising in accordance with industrial progress. Grape pomace, generated in the wine industry all over the world, represents a raw material for obtaining valuable products. Grape seeds are especially rich in oil containing bioactive compounds that can have various health‐related effects. The aim of the study is to compare the quality of seed oils obtained from six white grapes, including two Serbian autochthonous varieties. Linoleic acid, associated with numerous health benefits, is the major fatty acid in all samples (≈66% of total); α‐tocopherol is the main tocopherol homologue. Total polyphenol content ranges from 73.4 to 104.3 mg of gallic acid equivalents per 100 g. In order to provide comprehensive information about antioxidant capacity of grape seed oil (GSO), three tests are performed (ferric ion reducing antioxidant power; 2,2’‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl, and 2,2’‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzthiazoline‐6‐sulphonic acid) radical scavenging). Antimicrobial activity is investigated against different strains; however, GSO inhibits the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. Obtained results are used to develop a novel approach for oil quality assessment. Calculated oil quality scores (OQS) reveal no significant difference between international and autochthonous varieties, although Smederevka stands out as the most potent one.Practical applications: Considering the progressive waste increase in the wine industry and keeping in mind all health‐promoting effects of grape seed oil (GSO), it is clearly observed that oil production represents a profitable and sustainable utilization of grape seeds. The results of the present study show that GSO is a rich source of compounds with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. In addition, this work provides deeper insight into a quality of Serbian autochthonous grape varieties that are still insufficiently explored. Furthermore, the proposed oil quality score could be used as a comprehensive and unbiased method that enables quality assessment of oils. This tool can find practical application in comparing different plant oils regarding their compositional and functional properties. Finally, it would contribute to making some general oil intake recommendations.

Consumption of an Oil Palm Fruit Extract Promotes Large Bowel Health in Rats

Oil palm fruit is widely used for edible oils, but the health benefits of other components are relatively unknown. We examined if consuming a polyphenol-rich extract of the fruit, from a vegetation by-product of oil processing, which also contains fibre, has gastro-intestinal benefits in rats on a Western-type diet (WD). The oil palm preparation (OPP) was added to food (OPP-F) or drinking water (OPP-D) to provide 50 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/d and compared to effects of high amylose maize starch (HAMS; 30%) in the diet or green tea extract (GT; 50 mg GAE/d) in drinking water over 4 wk. OPP treatments induced some significant effects (P < 0.05) compared to WD. OPP-D increased caecal digesta mass, caecal digesta concentrations of total SCFA, acetate and propionate (OPP-F increased caecal butyrate concentration), the numbers of mucus-producing goblet cells per colonic crypt, and caecal digesta abundance of some bacteria which may provide benefit to the host (Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Akkermansia muciniphila and Ruminococcus gnavus). HAMS induced similar effects but with greater potency and had a broader impact on microbe populations, whereas GT had minimal impacts. These results suggest dietary OPP may benefit the large bowel.

Green Extraction of Alkaloids and Polyphenols from Peumus boldus Leaves with Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents and Profiling by HPLC-PDA-IT-MS/MS and HPLC-QTOF-MS/MS.

Peumus boldus Mol., is a Chilean medicinal tree used for gastrointestinal and liver diseases. Such medicinal properties are associated with the presence of bioactive flavonoids and aporphine alkaloids. In this study, a new green and efficient extraction method used seven natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) as extraction media. The extraction efficiency of these NADES was assessed, determining the contents of boldine and total phenolic compounds (TPC). Chemical profiling of P. boldus was done by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to photo diode array detector and electrospray ion-trap mass spectrometry (HPLC-PDA-ESI-IT/MS) and electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight high-resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS). Among the NADES tested, NADES4 (choline chloride-lactic acid) and NADES6 (proline-oxalic acid) enable better extraction of boldine with 0.427 ± 0.018 and 2.362 ± 0.055 mg of boldine g−1 of plant, respectively. Extraction of boldine with NADES4 and NADES6 was more efficient than extractions performed with methanol and water. On the other hand, the highest TPC were obtained using NADES6, 179.442 ± 3.79 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE g−1). Moreover, TPC in extracts obtained with methanol does not show significant differences with NADES6. The HPLC-PAD-MS/MS analysis enable the tentative identification of 9 alkaloids and 22 phenolic compounds. The results of this study demonstrate that NADES are a promising green extraction media to extract P. boldus bioactive compounds and could be a valuable alternative to classic organic solvents.

Antioxidant Effect of Cocoa By-Product and Cherry Polyphenol Extracts: A Comparative Study.

Background: Recent studies have highlighted the importance of cherry and cocoa extracts consumption to protect cells from oxidative stress, paying particular attention to cocoa by-products. This study aims to investigate the protective effect of cocoa husk extract (CHE) and cherry extracts (CE) against ROS-induced oxidative stress in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs). Methods: CE and CHE had antioxidant activity characterized by total polyphenols content (TPC). HUVECs were treated for 2 h and 24 h with increasing TPC concentrations of CE and CHE (5-10-25-50-100 µg Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE)/mL) and then with H2O2 for 1 h. Cell viability and ROS production were evaluated. CE and CHE polyphenols permeability on excised rat intestine were also studied. Results: CE and CHE showed a similar antioxidant activity (2.5 ± 0.01 mmol Fe2+/100 g FW (fresh weight) and 2.19 ± 0.09 mmol Fe2+/100 g FW, respectively, p > 0.05) whereas CHE had a higher TPC (7105.0 ± 96.9 mg GAE/100 g FW) than CE (402.5 ± 8.4 mg GAE/100 g), p < 0.05. The in vitro viability assay showed that both extracts were non-cytotoxic. CHE resulted in protection against ROS at lower concentrations than CE. CHE showed a 2-fold higher apparent permeability compared to CE. Conclusions: CHE represents a high-value antioxidant source, which is interesting for the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Preliminary phytochemical screening and determination of total polyphenols and flavonoids content in the leaves of Houttuynia cordata Thunb

Houttuynia cordata Thunb (H. Cordata), an aromatic medicinal herb belonging to family Saururaceae, is a plant that grows in moist habitats, well known for its medicinal properties and widely used worldwide. H. Cordata is an aromatic medicinal herb belonging to family Saururaceae and is restricted to specialized moist habitats. Three extracts, successively obtained from the leaves of H. cordata, namely the diethyl ether leaves extract (DELE), the ethanolic leaves extract (ELE) and the aqueous leaves extract (ALE), were used to determine the polyphenol and flavonoid content in the leaves. Phytochemical screening of plant extracts showed the presence of flavonoid, saponin, alkaloid, tannin, and steroid compounds. Quantitative determination of total phenolics, total flavonoids of methanolic extract were carried out using colorimetric methods. The result of quantitative determination showed that total polyphenol content of the DELE, ELE and ALE were 32.18 ± 2.64, 97.98 ± 1.77, and 22.22 ± 2.00 mg of gallic acid equivalents per gram dry extract, respectively. Meanwhile total flavonoid content of the DELE, ELE and ALE achieved 31.65 ± 1.07, 35.72 ± 1.23, and 4.06 ± 0.54 mg of quercetin equivalents per gram dry extract, respectively.

&lt;em&gt;Moringa oleifera&lt;/em&gt; leaf extract as a biostimulant on growth and other physio-chemical attributes of rubber (&lt;em&gt;Hevea brasiliesnsis&lt;/em&gt;) under drought and heat stress conditions

Drought and high temperature are the major impediments limiting growth of Hevea. We studied the efficacy of foliar applied Moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaf extract (MLE) as a biostimulant on the response of Hevea to sub-optimal climatic conditions. Rubber plants of clone RRISL 203 cultivated in the Intermediate Zone (IZ) and Dry Zone (DZ) were spray treated with water (mock treatment), MLE at 5, 10 and 15% concentrations for IZ and 3 and 5% for DZ. Physiological parameters viz. net photosynthesis (Pr), chlorophyll content (Cc), stomatal conductance (gs) and leaf water potential (Ψ) were recorded after three months from the commencement of treatments whilst girth measurements were recorded at three and twelve months after treatments in the IZ. Total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activities, employing FRAP (ferric reducing assay power) and ABTS (2,2’-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) techniques, were estimated after three months from first spraying in the DZ. Significantly higher Pr, Cc and gs values were recorded from plants treated with MLE at all three concentrations as compared to control. Significantly higher TPC values (17.17 and 15.90 mg of gallic acid equivalent/ g of leaf sample), and FRAP values (14.79 and 14.70 mg of trolox equivalent/g of leaf sample) and ABTS values (70.26 and 59.43 mg of TE/g of leaf sample) were recorded in plants treated with MLE at both concentrations (3 and 5%) as compared to control (12.50 mg of GAE/g of leaf sample, 10.68 mg of TE/g of leaf sample and 49.96 mg of TE/g of leaf sample), respectively. A significantly higher girth (11.5 cm) was recorded in plants treated with MLE at 5% as compared to control (9.66 cm) after 12 months of treatments. Improved growth and physio-chemical attributes of rubber plants could be attributed to the beneficial effect of MLE as a biostimulant and therefore, exogenous application of MLE could effectively be utilized as an environmental friendly and inexpensive strategy for growth improvement in Hevea under sub-optimal climatic conditions.

Phytochemical Analysis and Toxicity Assessment of Artichoke By-product Extract.

Egypt produced 236,314 t of artichoke in 2016, which produce a huge amount of useless by-product, which can be used as cheaper source for many active compounds can be applied for some medical application. The objective of this study was to assess the toxicity of the artichoke by-product extract through its effect on rats' kidney, brain and liver biomarkers. Chemical composition of artichoke by-product (crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat and minerals) was determined. Conventional extraction (CE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) extraction methods were used for artichoke by-product and comparison between them were performed according to antioxidant activity using DPPH and the phenolic profile identity using HPLC technique. Chronic oral gavage of thirty adult male albino rats for 4 weeks in the concentrations of (0.1, 0.5, 1 and 5 g kg-1) artichoke by-product extract was used for evaluation of its toxicity. MAE with ethanol more suitable for extraction of the polyphenols (193.63±4.9 μg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) mg-1) and showed IC50 = 159.7 mg mL-1. Three major active phenolic compounds were identified benzoic acid, ellagic acid and caffeine. Rats administrated 5 g kg-1 artichoke extract have no changes in brain, liver and kidney parameters (p<0.05). Histology of brain and liver exhibited normal architecture. The results showed that the artichoke by-product extract had no any toxic effect on rats and considered be safe for human use even at a high level of doses (up to 5 g kg-1).

Antioxidant and Antiapoptotic Polyphenols from Green Tea Extract Ameliorate CCl4-Induced Acute Liver Injury in Mice.

To investigate the phenolic composition, antioxidant properties, and hepatoprotective mechanisms of polyphenols from green tea extract (GTP) in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced acute liver injury mouse model. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to analyze the chemical composition of the extract. Antioxidant activity of GTP was assessed by O2∙-, OH∙, DPPH∙, and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay in vitro. Sixty Kunming mice were divided into 6 groups including control, model, low-, medium-, and high-doses GTP (200, 400, 800 mg/kg) and vitamin E (250 mg/kg) groups, 10 in each group. GTP and vitamin E were administered at a level of abovementioned doses twice per day for 7 days prior to exposure to a single injection of CCl4. Hepatoprotective effects of GTP were evaluated in a CCl4-induced mouse model of acute liver injury, using commercial enzyme linked immunosorbent assay kits, histopathological observation, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTPNick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay and Western blot. GTP contained 98.56 µg gallic acid equivalents per milligram extract total polyphenols, including epicatechingallate, epigallocatechin gallate, epicatechin, and epigallocatechin. Compared with the model group, low-, medium-, or high doses GTP significantly decreased serum levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate transaminase (P<0.01). Histopathological observation confirmed that pretreatment of GTP prevented swelling and necrosis in CCl4-exposed hepatocytes. Hepatoprotective effects of low-, medium-, and high-dose GTP were associated with eliminating free radicals and improving superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activity in the liver. Additionally, low-, medium-, and high-dose GTP decreased cell apoptosis in the CCl4-exposed liver (P<0.01). Phosphorylated nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), p53, Bcl-2 associated x protein/B-cell lymphoma/leukemia-2 gene, cytochrome C, and cleaved caspase-3 levels were downregulated compared with the model group (P<0.01). GTP achieves hepatoprotective effects by improving hepatic antioxidant status and preventing cell apoptosis through caspase-3-dependent signaling pathways.

Antioxidant Activity of Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) Peel Extract in Soybean Oil during Storage and Deep Frying

AbstractRambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) peel (RBP) is discarded as the main by‐product during processing of the fruit. Increasing attention is now paid to the valorization of RBP for the recovery of valuable compounds. Geraniin, ellagic acid, quercetin, and rutin are the main phenolic compounds found in methanolic RBP extract. Extracted rambutan peel powder (ERPP) is used to evaluate the oxidative stability of soybean oil stored at 4 and 30 °C in the dark and light and deep fried with potatoes at 160 °C. Tert‐butylhydroquinone (100 µg g−1 oil, TBHQ) serves as positive control. Oil supplemented with ERPP of 1000 µg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) g−1 of oil shows positive effects on the retardation of the oxidation process during storage in comparison with oil without addition. During deep frying, either ERPP (1000 µg GAE g−1) or TBHQ retards the lipid oxidation of oil. Levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances of potatoes fried in oil fortified with the extract and TBHQ (0.4–0.59 µg g−1) are much lower than those without the extract (1.31 ± 0.10 µg g−1) (p &lt; 0.05). Therefore, RBP extract exhibits favorable antioxidant effects and can be used for effectively inhibiting lipid oxidation in oil during storage and deep frying.Practical Applications: An extract from rambutan fruit peel containing phenolic compounds, that is, geraniin, ellagic acid, rutin, and quercetin showed promising results to be used as potential antioxidants in soybean oil during deep frying. Both oxidation of the frying oil as well as the oxidation of the food product, that is, potatoes were inhibited. These results demonstrated that rambutan fruit peel extract can be used as a natural antioxidant in frying oil to replace synthetic antioxidants, that is, TBHQ.

Antioxidant potential of selected underutilized fruit crop species grown in Sri Lanka

Lyophilized aqueous extracts of four underutilized fruit species namely Diospyros discolor (Velvet apple), Pouteria campechiana (Lavulu/Canistel), Phylanthus acidus (Mal-Nelli/Star gooseberry) and Phyllanthus emblica (Nelli/Indian gooseberry) were investigated for the antioxidant potential (AP) by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) assay and ferrous reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. Total phenolic content (TPC) and total monomeric anthocyanin content (TMAC) were determined by Folin-Ciocalteu’s colorimetric assay and pH differential method, respectively. Vitamin C (VitC) content of fresh fruit was evaluated titrimertically and expressed as mg of ascorbic acid in 100 g of fresh weight (FW). The TPC and TMAC were expressed as mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/100g FW and mg of cyanodin-3-glucoside (C3G)/100g FW. The measured parameters differed significantly among four fruit species. The values ranged between 84.42 – 1939.70 mg GAE/100g FW, 10.41 – 55.64 mg C3G/100g FW, 0.067 – 310.63 mg FW/ml, 9 – 81.29%, 238.25 – 2891.57 Fe2+μmol/100g FW and 17.12 – 523.14 mg/100g FW for TPC, TMAC, IC50, RSA, FRAP and VitC, respectively. Phyllanthus emblica possessed highest values in all parameters while Phyllanthus acidus showed the lowest except in TPC. The lowest TPC was observed in Diospyros discolor. The extract of Pouteria campechiana also showed considerable amount of TPC (640 mg C3G/100g FW), RSA (76%) and VitC of 53 mg/ 100g. The results revealed that these underutilized fruit crops can be used as sources of natural antioxidants and vitamin C.

Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Aerial Parts of &lt;i&gt;Artemisia pallens&lt;/i&gt; in Mediating Hepatoprotective Activity of RIF+INH Intoxicated Rats

To investigate the free radical scavenging &amp; hepatoprotective activity of phenolic rich fraction of Artemisia pallens on RIF+INH induced oxidative stress in Sprague dawley rats. Free radical scavenging and hepatoprotective activity was evaluated by using DPPH, Nitric oxide, Superoxide radical and Hydroxyl radical assay models and induced RIF+INH intoxicated rats. The total phenolic content was found to be 312.60 μg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/gm of dry extract. The total flavonoid content was found to be 322.20 μg rutin equivalents (RUE)/gm of dry extract. In the current study, free radical scavenging activity was evaluated by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), nitric oxide, superoxide radical and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity were found to be (42.25 ± 0.95) and (09.16 ± 1.62) μg/ml, (101.62 ± 1.64) and (32.41 ± 1.24) μg/ml, (72.62 ± 1.86) and (10.28 ± 1.96) μg/ml, (33.82 ± 1.12) and (12.82 ± 1.86) μg/ml, respectively. There was also a dose dependent increase in reductive ability of Artemisia pallens extract with increase in concentration and were further investigated in invivo hepatoprotective activity experiment against toxicity induced by RIF+INH. The free radical scavenging and hepatoprotective activity may be attributed to the presence of phenolic compounds and histology of the liver section of the animals treated with the extracts showed the presence of normal hepatic cords, absence of necrosis and fatty infiltration, which further evidenced the hepatoprotective activity of Artemisia pallens.

Subcritical water extraction, identification, antioxidant and antiproliferative activity of polyphenols from lotus seedpod

In this study, polyphenols from lotus seedpod were extracted by subcritical water. Based on single factor experiments, the extraction conditions were optimized by response surface methodology (RSM). Under optimal conditions [temperature of 140 °C, time of 20 min, liquid-solid ratio of 70 mL/g and 4‰ (W/V) NaHSO3], the maximal yeild of lotus seedpod polyphenols (LSPP) was 178.32 mg of gallic acid equivalents (mg GAE) per gram dry weight (g DW), significantly higher than that of hot water extraction (HWE). This study further investigated antioxidant activity of LSPP. The results showed that, compared with HWE, LSPP extracted by SWE had better reducing power and ability to scavenge DPPH, ABTS*+ and NO2−, (P < 0.05). In addition, the antiproliferative ability on human hepatoma G2 (HepG2) cells of LSPP extracted by SWE was also evaluated to be significant (P < 0.05). Moreover, the antioxidant and antiproliferative activity of LSPP were found to be positively correlated with the polyphenols concentration. Detailed HPLC-ESI-MSn analyses with literatures and contrasted with authentic standards allowed the identification of 8 compounds (proanthocyanidin dimer 1, proanthocyanidin dimer 2, catechin, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-glucuronoside, isoquercetin, kaempferol-3-O-glucuronide and isorhamnetin) in LSPP (SWE). This work can provide a reference for the utilization of subcritical water extraction in the field of natural product extraction and the development and utilization of lotus seedpod as bioactive materials.

In Vitro Antioxidant, Antithrombotic, Antiatherogenic and Antidiabetic Activities of Urtica dioica, Sideritis euboea and Cistus creticus Water Extracts and Investigation of Pasta Fortification with the Most Bioactive One.

The present work evaluated the in vitro antioxidant, antithrombotic, antiatherogenic and antidiabetic activities of Urtica dioica, Sideritis euboea and Cistus creticus and investigated pasta fortification with the most bioactive one. The methods employed were total phenolic content (TPC) in mg of gallic acid equivalents per g of dried-herb, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline- 6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) free radical scavenging in mg of dried-herb, cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) in micromol trolox equivalent per g of dried-herb, platelet aggregation inhibition (PAF-PAI); plasma oxidation inhibition (POxI); and alpha glucosidase inhibition (a-GaseI) all in mg of dried-herb. Pasta fortified with the most bioactive herb was also studied for the above activities. Cistus creticus extract was more bioactive (p < 0.05) compared to Sideritis euboea and Urtica dioica in all but antithrombotic assay, where Sideritis euboea was superior to the others (TPC: 37.9 ± 0.56 versus 9.6 ± 0.83 and 5.4 ± 0.70; SA50-ABTS: 0.040 ± 0.001 versus 0.400 ± 0.010 and 0.520 ± 0.008; ACUPRAC: 860 ± 6.23 versus 170 ± 4.25 and 80 ± 3.63; IA50-PAF: 1.8 ± 0.14 versus 1.2 ± 0.10 and 5.2 ± 0.21; POxI: 0.095 ± 0.016 versus 0.216 ± 0.021 and 0.534 ± 0.029; IA50-aGase: 0.2 ± 0.01 versus 2.1 ± 0.16 and 1.7 ± 0.12). Fortified pasta with cistus creticus extract exhibited significantly higher levels (p < 0.05) in all assays compared to plain pasta (TPC: 0.392 ± 0.064 versus 0.137 ± 0.020; SA50-ABTS: 9.4 ± 0.2 versus 126.9 ± 2.7; ACUPRAC: 5.4 ± 0.5 versus 0.9 ± 0.1; IA50-PAF: 1.87 ± 0.04 versus 2.28 ± 0.06; POxI: 3.21 ± 0.18 versus 12.2 ± 0.73; IA50-aGase: 8.9 ± 1.1 versus 18.2 ± 0.9). The current findings add to the mounting evidence on the potential health benefits to be derived from consuming pasta fortified with herbal extracts and indicate that Cistus creticus could form an ideal raw material towards the production of fortified pasta with increased nutritional value.