Metroxylon Sagu Research Articles

Fortification of carrot (Daucus carota L.) and snakehead fish (Channa striata) in bagea product for nutrition fulfillment patients of type II diabetes mellitus (DM)

Sago (Metroxylon sago) is generally found in central and eastern Indonesia. The nutritional content of sago flour per 100 grams is 94 g of carbohydrates, 0.2 g of protein, 0.2 g of fat, 14 g of water content, and 355 cal of calories. Sago flour also has a low glycemic index of <55. One of the sago product developments is Bagea, typical Sulawesi cookies made from sago that can be fortified with local natural resources such as carrots and snakehead fish flour. The purpose of this study was to obtain the best composition, to determine the chemical characteristics of the bagea products produced after fortification, and to analyze the glycemic index and glycemic load levels of the bagea so that it is safe for consumption by people with Type II Diabetes Mellitus (DM). The stages of this study were sample preparation, bagea making with two treatment factors in the form of variations in the concentration of snakehead fish flour (10%, 15%, 20%) and variations in physical treatment in the form of carrots (flour, puree, juice) of 15 grams each. The results obtained were the best formulation of 85% sago flour: 15% snakehead fish flour with fortification treatment of carrot flour, carrot juice, and carrot puree of 15 grams each. The conclusion obtained was that bagea (85% sago flour: 15% snakehead fish flour) with fortification treatment of carrot juice and carrot puree has a high IG category (>70). However, it is still safe to be consumed by DM Type II sufferers with a BG value of 9.44 each for bagea fortification of carrot juice and 9.60 for bagea fortification of carrot puree (low BG<10) if consumed as much as 20grams/serving dose.

The utilization of atonic growth regulatory substances and shallot extract on the growth of sago seeds (metroxylon sagu rottb.)

This study aims to determine and obtain recommendations for the treatment of growth regulators that are appropriate for the growth and development of sago seeds at the nursery stage. The research was conducted in Pengkajoang Village, West Malangke District, North Luwu Regency from May 2022 - July 2022. The sago seeds used in this study were non-thorny types of sago seeds. Parameters observed in this study include the percentage of live seedlings and petiole length. Data obtained from observations were analyzed using ANOVA. The results showed that the shallot extract treatment of 500 ml/Liter had a better average percentage of live seedlings and petiole length, namely 26.7% and 9.6 cm. Meanwhile, the combination treatment of shallot extract and atonic growth regulator 1000 ml/liter had the lowest average on the observed parameters.

A facile-treated sago bark (Metroxylon sagu) as a biosorbent for Cd(II) ions removal in aqueous solution by using the batch method

The performance of sago bark for Cd(II) ions removal in the aqueous solution has been investigated using the batch method. The sago bark was facile-treated using HNO3 0.01 M and its ability on Cd(II) removal was evaluated under specific parameters such as pH, contact time, agitation speed, temperature, initial concentration, and adsorbent mass. The adsorption capacity of sago bark was found to be 2.473 mg/g. The Langmuir isotherm model corresponding to the monolayer adsorption process described the adsorption data well. The kinetic and thermodynamic evaluation confirmed that the Cd(II) ion sorption followed a pseudo-second-order model and endothermic. The adsorption capacity decreased after three times adsorption-desorption cycles. This result showed that the treated sago bark could be a good candidate as an adsorbent for Cd(II) removal.

PEMBERIAN FERMENTASI AMPAS SAGU (Metroxylon sago) DALAM RANSUM TERHADAP PERFORMA BROILER

This study aims to determine the Fermentation of Sago Dregs (Metroxylon Sago) in Feeds on Broiler Performance. This study was conducted in March – May 2022, in the poultry house of Campus 1 Polbangtan Gowa, Romang Lompoa Village, Bontomarannu District, Gowa Regency. The study method was compiled based on a completely randomized design (CRD) with a population of 48 broilers placed in 16 cage plots, each cage plot containing 3 chickens with 4 treatments each consisting of 4 replications. The treatment was given in broiler rations aged 1 – 29 days, each sample of the experimental design carried out in this study were P0 (without treatment), P1 (ration with 5% fermented sago dregs), P2 (ration with 10% fermented sago dregs), P3 (ration with 15% fermented sago dregs). Parameters observed were ration consumption, weight gain, and feed conversion. Data were analyzed using ANOVA test and continued with Duncan's test. The results of the study showed that in P1 the provision of rations with 5% fermentation of sago dregs, does not give a significant difference in the percentage of feed conversion, but P1 gave a significant difference in the feed consumption test of 1870.62 and body weight growth of 1159.70, so it can be recommended that the best treatment is P1 (giving 5% fermented sago dregs).

The Digestibility and Bacterial Growth Rates of Microwave Treated Sago (Metroxylon sagu) Starch

Sago starch is rich in resistant starch (RS) but less utilised than other commercial starches. Hence, modification is essential to give an add-on value to the starch. Thus, the objective was to determine the influence of microwave heat treatment (MHT) on the digestibility and probiotic growth rates of sago starch. In this study, the starch was treated by MHT for durations of up to 20 min. The digestibility and bacterial growth rates increase as the treatment duration increases to 15 min. It implies the potential of the MHT in increasing the digestibility of the sago starch and improving its prebiotic property based on probiotic growth rates.

Comparative Morphology and Ecological Distribution of Molat Sago Species (Metroxylon sago rottbol) in Anggopi Village

Sago is the staple food of the people of Papua, which has a high starch content, with a distribution area that varies according to the texture of the soil owned by each region in Papua. The purpose of this study was to determine the comparative morphology of the Molat sago species (Metroxylon sago Rottbol) and the Ecological Distribution of the Molat sago species (Metroxylon sago Rottbol) in Anggopi Village, Oridek District, Biak Numfor Regency, Papua Province. This study used an observational qualitative method, in which researchers made observations on comparative morphology and ecological distribution in 3 quadrants in Angopi Village, Oridek District. The results of this study were that researchers were able to analyze the morphology of the sago molat species with details and the ecological distribution of the sago molat (Metroxylon sago Rottbol) in Anggopi Village, Oridek District, Biak Numfor Regency, Papua Province, based on the analysis of the Morisita study, which is in the category of clustered distribution because Id = 0.786 or more than &gt; 0. Factors that affect the group Ecological Distribution of sago plants that grow wild in the forest in the area are Seed Morphology, Soil Texture, Soil Structure and Soil Acidity.

Recovery of Membrane Permeability after Filtration of Sago Starch Suspension by Tangential Flow Filtration

Sago starch is extracted from the stems of the sago palm, Metroxylon sagu, in south-east Asia. Sago starch processing generates approximately 20 tons of starch containing effluents that can be recovered and marketed to sustain a small-scale industry. Tangential flow filtration (TFF) using microfiltration membranes (MFM) has been demonstrated as an effective method for separating suspended solids in biological effluents. When TFF was applied to concentrate sago starch suspensions (SSS), membrane permeability and lifecycle were impacted due to frequent fouling. This study evaluated cleaning methods to recover the permeability and extend the lifecycle of MFM following TFF application. Polysulfone membrane filter cassettes of pore size 0.45 µm and surface area 0.1 m2 were each used to separate starch in 100 L of SSS. Following separation, six chemical and physical cleaning methods were tested at laboratory-scale and the degree of cleaning was measured by normalized permeate flux (NPF) and normalized water permeability (NWP). The results showed that soaking the membranes in a 0.2 M NaOH solution (up to 91%, (p&lt;0.05) within the shortest time of 72 h, (p&lt;0.05) was the best cleaning method. The procedure has been utilized to maintain and extend the lifecycle of the MFM for streams containing starch suspensions.

Exploration and culture of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from wild sago

The sago palm (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) contains significant potential for carbohydrates. When harvested, the plant produces more than 300kg of dry starch per plant. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF, Glomeromycota) are known to often form symbiotic associations with the majority of higher plants, but there are limited studies on their interaction with Sago. Therefore, this study aims to obtain information on the presence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from the rhizosphere of sago palms as well as to prepare pure cultures of the dominant species. Samples were collected from the test plant’s rhizosphere by exploring the West Papua region with a shallow peat area as a base. The soil bulk density in the region was 0.11-0.20 g cm−3 with a low pH (H2O) of 4.1. At the initial stage, a trapping culture was prepared from the rhizosphere soil sample, and a pure culture was then made from the dominant spore using telang (Clitoria ternatea.L) as the host. The observation results of spore morphology revealed that they belonged to Acaulosporaceae, Gigasporaceae, and Glomeraceae. The low abundance and diversity of AMF were caused by abiotic factors, including soil physicochemical properties.

Sustainable specialized village-based sago (Metroxylon sago Rottb) management direction in Jayapura Regency

The study was conducted in selected sago-specialized villages in Sentani, West Sentani, and Waibu Districts between July and December 2021. The primary data were obtained through interviews with local figures, academicians, sago farmers, merchants, and sago processing business actors. The secondary data were obtained from previous research results published by research institutes, and Jayapura Regional Government relevant to the sago development program, sago production, and land area. A qualitative descriptive sociocultural analysis was made following farmers’ sociocultural conditions. The sago management institutionalization analysis was made based on the functions of sago management. The business analysis of sago starch production and sago cakes was made based using the Revenue/cost ratio. The study found that market and sociocultural institutionalization plays an important role in sustainable sago management. The result of the business feasibility analysis indicated that sago starch production and sago cake business are feasible for further development. The direction of sustainable sago management includes 1) a Sago-specialized village program, 2) Small-scale sago processing businesses, and 3) a sago variety conservation program.

An in vivo study: Prebiotic evaluation of the resistant Starch from Metroxylon sagu on obesity using fat-induced rats

One hypothesis that has gained attention for the occurrence of obesity is due to the reaction of the microorganisms in our gut. It has been established that the food intake and dietary composition modulates the composition of the gut microbiota. The main aim for the study is to determine the potential of sago starch as prebiotic. Whereby, sago starch is one of the major commodities in East Malaysia, that derived from sago palm tree and contains high resistant starch. This study also evaluates the range for low dosage of resistant starch from sago starch that can confers health benefit on the fat-induced rats for its functional value. The Sprague Dawley rats was fat-induced prior to resistant starch intervention. Fecal samples were collected every two weeks. Short-chain fatty acids production was analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography, and gut microbiota quantification using fluorescent in-situ hybridization method. The finding showed that Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp. showed significant increment (P<0.05) when supplement with sago starch. Short chain fatty acids such as acetate, propionate and butyrate showed increment trends, however not significant. Thus, the study demonstrated that sago starch has similar effect with the commercially available resistant starch indicating the potential as prebiotic.

Glycaemic Indices of the Traditional Sago-Based Snack and Staple Food in Sarawak, Malaysia

Sago (Metroxylon sagu) starch was the staple carbohydrate source in Sarawak, Malaysia. Saguk and Linut are two well-known traditional Sago foods. Like many traditional Sago foods, their glycaemic index (GI) has yet to be established. This study aimed to determine the GI for Saguk and Linut. Isoglucidic servings containing 50g available carbohydrate for both foods and glucose drink as reference, were consumed by 12 healthy subjects. Blood was drawn at predefined intervals for 2 hours to measure postprandial glycaemia and subsequently to determine the GIs. Linut and Saguk demonstrated “moderate to high GI” and “moderate to low GI” values of 69.8 ± 5.5 and 46.9 ± 5.1. In addition, glycaemic load (GL) at various serving sizes was also evaluated. Serving sizes illustrated as one quarter, half and three quarters of a regular rice bowl, yielded “low to high” GLs values from 10.0 to 27.4 for Linut, while “low to moderate” GLs values from 5.9 to 17.6 for Saguk. Albeit its high GI, the GL for Linut at a serving size of up to half the volume of a regular rice bowl was moderate, thus suggesting a healthier serving Linut indulgence. This visualization is thought to be useful as portion control for Linut. This low GI characteristic of Sago is believed to be attributed to its resistant starch (RS) content. The marked GI difference between Saguk and Linut was the result of "wet" and "dry" heat treatments, which has profoundly affected the starch structure resulting in loss of RS, thus increasing starch digestibility. It is therefore noteworthy to exercise caution and refrain from any generalisation that meals composed predominantly from high RS sources such as Sago starch would elicit low glycaemic response. This can lead to erroneous deduction if factors such as food processing and glycaemic burden per serving are not judiciously considered.

Review on sago thermoplastic starch composite films reinforced with nanocellulose

Abstract Recently, many studies have been carried out on developing green composites that are eco-friendly and more sustainable compared to fuel-derived composites. Thermoplastic starch (TPS) is one of the potential biopolymer materials that can be used as food packaging materials, pharmaceuticals and many other applications. Sago (Metroxylon sagu) is unlike other starch-based composite such as cassava and corn, which are highly utilized and popular option sources for variety applications in industries. This renewable starch can be a competitive starch source like other starches if rigorous scientific research study is conducted to explore other findings, which might be important for its production and usage in various industries. Research studies related to sago TPS are still lacked, and it is difficult to compare its performance with TPS made from other starches as its preparation differs based on the starch source. The TPS composite generally exhibits low mechanical strength and poor barrier properties. Reinforcing sago TPS nanocomposites with nanocellulose (NC) is expected to enhance its mechanical and barrier properties. This book chapter covers the overview of characteristics and extraction of sago from its pith as well as its usage to make thermoplastic starch composite. The characteristics of sago TPS nanocomposite reinforced with nanocellulose (NC) is also discussed based on a few research studies due to its published research findings are still limited.

Postprandial glucose-lowering effects by sago (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) resistant starch in spontaneously type 2 diabetes, Goto-Kakizaki rat.

Introduction: The beneficial effects of resistant starch (RS) consumption on health in terms of reducing postprandial hyperglycaemia are evident. However, the potential of local Sarawak sago RS in regulating glucose has not been extensively studied. Objectives: This study aims to identify glucose-lowering effects of Sarawak sago RS, namely native (RS2) and chemically modified (RS4). Methodology: An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed before and after 1 month treatment with sago RS2 and RS4 in spontaneously type 2 diabetes (T2D), Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rat. The mechanisms involved were further explored by screening the in vitro inhibitory activities of α-glucosidase and dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-IV. Histopathology examination for pancreas, kidney and liver tissues was done in response to sago RS intake using haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Results and discussion: The incremental area under the curve (iAUC) for blood glucose in RS-treated groups was decreased and significant in RS2-treated group (p < 0.05). Improved iAUC for insulin and higher glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) levels were observed in all RS-treated groups (p < 0.05). Both sago RS may have potential roles in regulating glucose via α- glucosidase and DPP-IV inhibitory activities by reducing intestinal glucose absorption. For histopathology, although insignificant, sago RS2 and RS4 attenuated lesion scores of pancreatic tissue whereas the liver and kidney tissues significantly showed lesser lesion scores compared to the control diabetic group suggesting the potential of RS in reducing cell degeneration. Conclusion: Findings of this study indicates that RS2 showed greater glucose-lowering effect when compared to RS4, thus the therapeutic potential in the T2D management should be further explored.

Effect of Landform on the Distribution of Metroxylon sagu Habitat in Yapen Islands, Papua Province, Indonesia

Sago palm (Metroxylon sagu) plays a vital role in the Papuan indigenous community’s social, economic, and cultural life. It is a source of staple food, household income, and embedded cultural values. This research aimed to determine the extent of sago palm habitat spread using spatial data. The classification method and multispectral imaging were used by employing satellite imagery (Landsat 8 and Quick Bird) and field surveys. The sago forest coverage in Yapen islands was 87.73%, located between 9–50 masl, covering 9,456.26 ha. The results revealed that 43.53% of the habitat lies in the inclination of 2–8% (extreme gentle slope), covering 4,692.45 ha. Sago forest was found in a gleysol soil type with precipitation of 3,000-3,100 mm. The sago forest distances of 0–250 m and 251–500 m to the coastline showed that the habitat covers an area of 153.87 ha and 368.19 ha. The preferable area in this category is Raimbawi Subdistrict, followed by Kosiwo, and the less suitable area, or the marginal land, is in Windesi Subdistrict. Keywords: Alternative crop, Metroxylon sagu, sago, spatial distribution, Yapen Islands

Rethinking agency in hiri exchange relationships on Papua New Guinea’s south coast: Oral traditions and archaeology

The maritime hiri exchange system spanned up to 350 km of Papua New Guinea’s south coast, connecting ceramicist Motu with Papuan Gulf villagers who produced large quantities of sago palm (Metroxylon sagu) starch and rainforest logs. Archaeological and ethnographic evidence for the development of the hiri derives mostly from the Motu end of the exchange system. As a result, the Motu are often typecast as adventurous protagonists and Papuan Gulf peoples as passive “recipients” of specialised trade goods (pottery and shell valuables). We trace historical understandings of the hiri and outline the dynamic transformations that took place in this exchange network from the early colonial era to the mid-1950s. We introduce oral traditions recorded in Orokolo Bay in 2015 and ethnography from nearby communities which provide a Papuan Gulf lens through which to see the exchange network. Papuan Gulf peoples assert that their ancestors initiated the hiri in the cosmological past and helped maintain it through reverse-hiri (bevaia) voyages in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Inter-generational exchange partnerships were cultivated and sometimes cemented through temporary adoption. We conclude by drawing out some under-appreciated social dimensions of the hiri’s history and avenues for future research.

The performance optimization of concrete bricks using a sagu fiber

Sagu (sinonggi/kapurung) is a typical food of the Tolaki ethnic group. Sagu (Metroxylon sagu rottb) is an endemic plant in Southeast Sulawesi Province. So far, sagu waste in the form of fibers (sagu fiber) has not been optimally utilized. Sagu fiber waste is only left to mount; some are dumped into the river, so it is feared that it could pollute the environment. Through innovation in reducing waste in the principles of sustainable construction, sagu fiber will be used as an added material to manufacture concrete brick wall pairs. This study aimed to test the compressive strength and water absorption capacity of sagu fiber concrete bricks with variations of 0%, 50%, 60%, and 70% sagu fiber under the sand. This study uses an experimental method with stages such as preparing work tools and work materials, making test objects, and testing. Data were analyzed using mathematical formulas for the compressive strength of concrete bricks and water absorption capacity, compared with SNI 3-0349-1989 for solid concrete bricks, and analyzed comparatively. Based on the test results in this research laboratory, it is concluded that a balanced composition to get good quality is found in 70% sagu fiber and 30% sand.

Efektivitas Fotodegradasi Lignin dari Limbah Ampas Sagu (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) Menggunakan Katalis TiO₂

Lignin degradation from sago (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) waste has been carried out using a TiO2 catalyst. This research aims to determine the effectiveness of lignin degradation from sago waste using a TiO2 catalyst. Lignin from sago pulp was isolated using 10% NaOH and characterized using Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) spectroscopy. The results of the characterization using FTIR show that the absorption at wave number 2937.59 cm-1 is the -C-H stretching vibration of the alkane functional groups, the absorption at wave number 2360.87 cm-1 is the vibration of the C≡C triple bond, the wave numbers 1795.73 cm-1 and 1637.56 cm-1 are associated with the stretching of the carbonyl group. The absorption at wave number 1427.32 cm-1 is a C-H vibration connected to an unsaturated bond in an aromatic ring. Absorptions at wave number 1105.21 cm-1, 1128.36 cm-1, 1153.43 cm-1 were the stretching vibration of -C-H on the guaiasil ring, and the absorption at wave number 1022.27 cm-1 was the stretching vibration of C-O-C ether. From this spectrum, it can be seen that lignin is not completely pure because it is probably still mixed with cellulose. The results of the effectiveness test of lignin degradation using a TiO2 catalyst with the help of UV light were able to degrade the lignin isolated by 31.43%, for 3 hours at a lignin concentration of 40 ppm.

Phosphorus Sorption following the Application of Charcoal and Sago (Metroxylon sagu) Bark Ash to Acid Soils

Acidic cations such as Al, Fe, and Mn tend to fix P in soils, and this reaction make P unavailable for plant uptake. Several conventional strategies for farmers had been proposed to ameliorate Al toxicity either via liming or continuous P fertilization. However, these approaches are not only expensive but are also environmental unfriendly. Thus, a sorption study was carried out using charcoal and sago bark ash as soil amendments to determine their effects on P sorption characteristics of low pH soils. Phosphorus sorption determination was based on standard procedures and the P adsorption data for the samples tested in this study were fitted to the Langmuir equation. The results suggest that the combined use of charcoal and sago bark ash decreased P adsorption and increased P desorption relative to the untreated soils. Organic matter in the charcoal reduced P sorption by providing more negatively charged surfaces, thus increasing anion repulsion. Apart from increasing the amount of P adsorbed in the soil, the use of the sago bark ash increased the amount of P desorbed because the primary reaction between the sago bark ash and soils is an acid neutralization reaction. These improvements do not only reduce P fixation in acid soils but they also promote the effective utilization of nutrients via the timely release of nutrients for maximum crop production. In conclusion, the incorporation of charcoal and sago bark ash to the soil had a positive effect on replenishing the soil solution’s P. The organic matter of the charcoal reduces P sorption capacity by blocking P binding sites, increasing the negative electric potential in the plane of adsorption, causing steric hindrance on the mineral surfaces and decreasing goethite and hematite-specific surface areas. However, there is a need for the inclusion of more soil chemical, physical, and mineralogical properties in predicting soil P sorption to enhance the reliability of the findings.

Design, Fabrication, and Performance Evaluation of Sago (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) Starch Extractor

Design, Fabrication, and Performance Evaluation of Sago (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) Starch Extractor

Recognition of Sago Palm Trees Based on Transfer Learning

Sago palm tree, known as Metroxylon Sagu Rottb, is one of the priority commodities in Indonesia. Based on our previous research, the potential habitat of the plant has been decreasing. On the other hand, while the use of remote sensing is now widely developed, it is rarely applied for detection and classification purposes, specifically in Indonesia. Considering the potential use of the plant, local farmers identify the harvest time by using human inspection, i.e., by identifying the bloom of the flower. Therefore, this study aims to detect sago palms based on their physical morphology from Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) RGB imagery. Specifically, this paper endeavors to apply the transfer learning approach using three deep pre-trained networks in sago palm tree detection, namely, SqueezeNet, AlexNet, and ResNet-50. The dataset was collected from nine different groups of plants based on the dominant physical features, i.e., leaves, flowers, fruits, and trunks by using a UAV. Typical classes of plants are randomly selected, like coconut and oil palm trees. As a result, the experiment shows that the ResNet-50 model becomes a preferred base model for sago palm classifiers, with a precision of 75%, 78%, and 83% for sago flowers (SF), sago leaves (SL), and sago trunk (ST), respectively. Generally, all of the models perform well for coconut trees, but they still tend to perform less effectively for sago palm and oil palm detection, which is explained by the similarity of the physical appearance of these two palms. Therefore, based our findings, we recommend improving the optimized parameters, thereby providing more varied sago datasets with the same substituted layers designed in this study.